Kutsatira Makonzedwe Monga Mphungu ya Chilungamo

Chitsimikizo cha dongosolo la malamulo loyenera chili chimodzi cha zitetezero zofunika kwambiri m'dongosolo la malamulo lililonse lomwe limadzinenera kukhala loyenera. Sichiri kokha lamulo lalamulo lamwambo koma pangano la maziko lakuti boma liyenera kutsatira malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi kulemekeza ufulu wa munthu aliyense asanamlande moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu. Popanda njira yoyenerera, kufufuza kwa lamulo kumakhala kodzifunira mphamvu mmalo mwa ziŵiya zachilungamo. Nkhani ino ikupenda tanthauzo la njira yoyenerera, mizu yake yalamulo, chisinthiko chake kupyola m'mbiri, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kogwira ntchito kwalamulo kwamakono.

Kodi Zinthu Zimayenera Kuchitika Bwanji?

Malamulo asinthanso mfundo za m'Baibulo ndipo agwiritsidwa ntchito pa Demendment yachisanu, yomwe imagwira ntchito ku boma la boma, ndi kuwonjezera pa Zamphumphu la 14, zimene zimatsatiridwa ndi maboma. Mpando wa Finute Amendment umanena kuti palibe munthu amene adzakhala "wopatuka moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda lamulo. Mpando wa 1448 umagwiritsa ntchito chinenero chimodzi. Pamapeto pake, ntchito yoyenerera imafuna kuti malamulo ayendetsedwe bwino ndi kuti anthu alandire chidziŵitso chokwanira ndi kuti alandire mpata woti boma lichitepo kanthu kena.

Kutsimikizira kuti zinthu zidzayenda bwino kumagwira ntchito pa ndege ziwiri zosiyanasiyana koma zofanana ndi zimenezi: njira yopangira zinthu ndi kuteteza ufulu wa munthu.

Mmene Lamulo Limagwiritsidwira Ntchito: Mmene Limagwiritsidwira Ntchito

Profectary project imasumika pa njira zopangira zosankha ndi masitepe boma liyenera kutsatira pamene likufunafuna kuletsa ufulu wa munthu. Mbali zazikulu zimaphatikizapo chidziŵitso cha kachitidwe kolingaliridwa, mwaŵi wakumva, kuyenera kupereka umboni ndi kuitana mboni, kuyenera kwa kuyang'anizana ndi mboni zowombana, ndi chosankha chochitidwa ndi wopanga malamulo wopanda tsankho. Zofunika zimenezi zimasiyana malinga ndi nkhani yonse. Mwachitsanzo, kuweruza kokwanira kwa mlandu wa apandu, pamene kumvetsera kwalamulo kukhoza kukwanira kubweretsa kutsutsana ndi phindu la boma. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhazikitsa kulinganiza bwino za malamulo, kuyesa chikondwerero chaumwini choyambukiridwa ndi kusoŵa zinthu kolakwika mwa njira zimene zilipo, ndi chiwongola cha boma. [Onelctive promotemental Institute of Legation promotion provition"'''

Dziŵani ndi Mwaŵi Womveka

Mizati iŵiri ya kuulutsa nkhani ndi chidziŵitso chokwanira ndi mpata wofunika kumvedwa. Dziŵani kuti mukhale woyenerera kudziŵitsa munthu woyambukiridwayo za kachitidwe ka kuyembekezera ndi maziko ake. "Kugwirizana kuti amvedwe" kumatanthauza mwaŵi wa kupereka mbali ya nkhaniyo pamaso pa bwalo la milandu lopanda tsankho. Nthaŵi zambiri, kumvetsera kuyenera kuchitika munthu asanachotsedwe, ngakhale kuti mikhalidwe yamwadzidzidzi ingalole kuti amvere mwamsanga makutu a paposi poti amvedwe kwanthaŵi yaitali pamene kuli kupenda kofulumira.

Zimene Chilamulo Chinkalephera Kuchita:

Makhoti azindikira kuti pali ufulu wokwatira, kuyenera kukwatira, kuyenera kwa kulera ana, ufulu wa kulowa m’malo mwa boma pokhapokha ngati boma lingaonetse chifukwa chake. Pakapita nthawi, makhoti azindikira ufulu wofunika kwambiri pa ntchito yongofunika, kuphatikizapo ufulu wokwatira, ufulu wolera ana, ufulu wotsogolera ana, ufulu wa kuyenera kukakhala pawekha, ndi ufulu wa kuyenera kuumirira thupi. Malamulo akafuna kuyang'anira kumanja, amayang'anira kwambiri, amafuna kuti boma litsimikizire kuti likhale ndi chikondwerero chachikulu. Kuchokera kumbuyo, onani [FL: 0] Projects , ndi kuyenera kwa kuyang'anira kwa kuyenera kwa kuyang'anira kwa kuyenera kwa kuyang'anira kwa kuyang'anira koweruza. [FL:1]

Mbiri Yakale: Kuchokera ku Magna Carta Kufika ku Nyengo Yamakono

Lingaliro la njira yoyenerera silinayambike kotheratu kuchokera ku American Constitution. Mazina Carta ya m'zaka zapakati ku England, makamaka ku Magna Carta ya 1215. Mutu 39 wa Magna Carta ananena kuti “padzakhalabe munthu waufulu amene adzagwidwa kapena kumangidwa, kapena kuchotsedwa ufulu wake kapena katundu, kapena kuchotsedwa m'dziko, kapena kulandidwa kaimidwe kake m’njira ina iliyonse, kapena kutumizidwa ndi mphamvu ndi anthu ena kuti achite zimenezo, kusiyapo kokha mwa chiweruzo chololedwa cha anthu ake kapena lamulo la dziko. Chikalatachi chinayambitsa lingaliro lakuti mfumuyo inali yolamulidwa ndi lamulo ndi kuti njira zina ziyenera kutsatiridwa munthu asanalangidwe.

Mawu akuti "lamulo la dziko" potsirizira pake anasinthika kukhala "njira yapanthaŵi ya lamulo". Mu 1354, lamulo pansi pa Edward III linaloŵa mmalo mwa "lamulo la dziko" ndi "kuyambika kwa lamulo" m'kubwerezanso kwa Magna Carta . Malamulo a anthu wamba anapanga zitetezero zonga ku kuyenera kwa mlandu wa oweruza, mwaŵi wakulimbana ndi kudzipatula, ndi kuyenera kwa uphungu, zonsezo zinasonkhezera a Magna Carta a ku America.

Zimene Zinachitika ku United States Yoyambirira

Malamulo a ku United States poyamba anali ndi machinjirizo ochepa ofunikira. Mpando wachisanu, umene unavomerezedwa mu 1791 monga mbali ya Bill of Rights, inapereka chitsimikizo choyamba chotsimikizirika. Komabe, kusinthako kunangoperekedwa ku boma la boma. Maboma anasiyidwa kulongosola njira zawo, ndipo ambiri sanafune kuteteza kwambiri. Mpando wa 14neth, wovomerezedwa mu 1868 pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, unasintha kuti mwa kugwiritsa ntchito Claus Procession ku maboma. Kusinthaku kunangotsalanso ndi boma la Proviment Claus, limene pamodzi ndi njira yake inakhala maziko a ufulu wamakono wa kutetezera anthu.

Mabungwe Osonyeza Kuyenda kwa Dziko Amene Anasintha Njira Yoyenera

Zigamulo zingapo za khoti Lalikulu zapereka tanthauzo lenileni la chitsimikizo chosatsimikizirika cha kukwaniritsidwa kwa zinthu zofunikira.

  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti mwaŵi wa Kusintha kwa Gawo 5 pa kudzipatula kumafuna apolisi kudziŵitsa okayikira kuyenera kwawo kukhala chete ndi kuyenera kwawo kwa loya asanafunse mlandu. Machenjezo a "Miranda" akhala mbali yozoloŵereka ya njira zaupandu za ku Amereka.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Mlandu umenewu unatsimikizira kuti Kusintha kwa Sikisi kuyenera kupereka uphungu kumagwira ntchito kwa boma ozengedwa mlandu kupyolera mwa Geneth Amendment’s Reformation Claus. Khoti linagamula kuti lamulo liyenera kupereka loya kwa oimbidwa mlandu woyang'anizana ndi milandu ya kulakwa, ndipo pambuyo pake mlanduwo unafutukulidwira ku kulakwa kwa ozengedwa mlandu wokhoza kuikidwa m’ndende.
  • Mu Gault (1967): [[FL: 1] Khoti linapereka chitetezo choyenerera kwa achichepere m’zochitika za kupulupudza, likufuna chidziŵitso cha milandu, kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu, kuyenera kwa kuyang’anizana ndi mboni, ndi mwaŵi wotsutsa kudzitsutsa.
  • Roe v. Wade (1973) ndi Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992: Milandu imeneyi, pamene kuli kwakuti ikutsutsana, ikuchitira fanizo njira yoyenerera yochitira ntchito. Khoti linazindikira kuyenera kwakukulu kwa kukhala chinsinsi kumene kumaphatikizapo chosankha cha mkazi cha kuchotsa mimba, choyenera kulamulidwa ndi boma pambuyo pa kuthekera kwake.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti Commort Reformation’s Readference Process ndi Aumeal Programme Claus amatsimikizira okwatirana a kugonana ndi amuna kapena akazi omwe ali oyenera kukwatirana.

Kutsatira Lamulo Lolamulira

Malamulo afunika kuwonjezerapo njira yochitira zinthu kuposa milandu ndi milandu yachiŵeniŵeni. Mabungwe oyang’anira boma, amene amapanga zosankha zokhudza mapindu a Social Security, zonena za kusoŵa kwa anthu, kusamuka, malaisensi a ntchito, ndi malo ena ambiri, ayenera kuperekanso njira zolungama. Nkhani yosonyeza Goldberg v. Kelly[[[FLT:] [1970] [1970])) adanena kuti olandira chithandizo ali ndi ufulu wa kukumva bwino asanachotsedwe phindu. Chiyambire pamenepo, makhoti anafuna kuti apereke umboni, kukonza mosakondera, ndi ndemanga yolembedwa ya zifukwa zofunikira pa chigamulo. Njira zofunikira zikusiyana malinga ndi mmene munthu amachitira, koma mfundo zamakhalidwe abwino: palibe amene angachotse chiwongolala choyenera. Pambuyo pake, akufotokoza njira yoyenerera pa kayendetsekene. [F.]

Kutsatira Njira Yochitira Zinthu: Zimene Zimatanthauza Kaamba ka Kupita Patsogolo Kwalamulo

Kuzindikira njira yoyenera m’nthanthi nkofunika, koma kuyesa kwenikweni kumadza m’njira imene kumagwira ntchito m’zochitika zenizeni za lamulo.

Kuyenera kwa Kuzengedwa Mlandu Mwachilungamo

Pa sixte Amendment pamapereka ufulu wa kuweruza kofulumira ndi kwa anthu onse kochitidwa ndi ajuli opanda tsankho m'milandu. Kuzengedwa mlandu koyenera kumafunanso woweruza ndi wajuli wosatenga mbali, malamulo a umboni wakuti woimbidwa mlanduyo apereke chitetezero, ndipo mpata wowolokera mboni za aimeri. Mlandu wa boma, ufulu wa mlandu wa oweruza suyenera kuweruzidwa koma umatetezedwabe ndi Gendetic Amendment. Chilungamonso chimafunikira kuti mlandu uchitidwe popanda kuchedwa, popeza kuti kufulumira kwa woimbidwa mlandu kungasokoneze kukhoza kukonzekera, ndipo kuchedwa kungaswe kuweruza mlandu kofulumira.

Kuyenerera Uphungu wa Malamulo

Monga momwe zakhalira zokhazikitsidwa mu [[FLT: 0] Gedeon v. Wainwright , oimbidwa mlandu aupandu ali ndi kuyenera kwa kuikidwa uphungu. Kuyenera kumeneku nkofunika chifukwa chakuti dongosolo la malamulo nlovuta, ndipo anthu osaphunzitsidwa sangakhoze bwino. Kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu kumafikira ku zigawo zowopsya za zokambirana, kuphatikizapo kupempha, kufunsa, kuzengedwa, kuweruza, ndi apilo loyamba monga la kuyenera. Komabe, kuyenera sikumafikira ku milandu yonse yachiŵeruza kapena kuchonderera kwachindunji. Mabungwe ambiri alamulo amagwira ntchito kudzaza mpata umenewu, koma kusoŵa uphungu wa anthu kumakhala chitokosokoso chachikulu. Chigwirizano cha American Association chazindikira kuti: [FLB]

Buku Lopanda Tsankho

Kuyenera kuti oweruza akhale opanda tsankho. Izi zikutanthauza kuti sayenera kukhala ndi tsankho, kusamala za ndalama, kapena kuloŵerera m’nkhani imene ingawalepheretse kusankha bwino. A Century Classiale anamasuliridwa kuti afunikira kudzudzulidwa pamene kuthekera kwa kukondera kwenikweni kuli kokulira kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu Caperton v. A.T. Massolel Co. (2009), Khoti Lapamwamba linakhulupirira kuti woweruza amene analandira chikalata chopereka chokulira kuchokera ku ligigalamu.

Onani ndi Kulemba

Anthu ayenera kulandira chidziŵitso chomveka bwino, chapanthaŵi yake cha mlandu uliwonse wotsutsana nawo. Chidziŵitsochi chiyenera kuphatikizapo mtundu wa milandu kapena zinenezo, ulamuliro walamulo umene kachitidweko katenga, ndi zotulukapo zothekera. M'milandu yaupandu, zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti boma liyenera kukonza chikalata choloza mlandu. M'milandu ya boma, woweruzayo ayenera kupereka mayeso ndi kudandaula. Pakachitika zimenezi, pamafunikanso kuti nkhanizo zilembedwe kapena kuti chigamulo cholembedwa chiperekedwe, kuti chikhazikitso cha chiperekedwe pa apilo.

Mavuto Amene Alipo Panopa

Ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma ndi aakulu, ntchito yake imakhala yovuta kwambiri chifukwa kudziwa kuti zinthu zimenezi zikuwalepheretsa kukhazikitsa malamulo, n’kofunika kwambiri kuti chilungamo chikhale choyenera.

Kufikira Kuimira Malamulo

Chitokoso chofala kwambiri ndicho kulephera kwa anthu ambiri kupeza loya. Pamene kuli kwakuti oimbidwa mlandu ali ndi kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu, madongosolo otetezera anthu onse m'madera ambiri amathodwe kwambiri, ndi milandu imene imapanga kuwoneka kogwira ntchito. M'nkhani za boma, palibe kuyenera kwachisawawa kwa kupereka uphungu, ndipo ambiri a anthu olandira ndalama zochepa ayamba popanda loya, kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi otsutsa mwaukatswiri. Kusintha kumeneku kumachepetsa lonjezo la kachitidwe kabwino chifukwa cha mlanduwo kaŵirikaŵiri kumadalira pa kuimira kwa lamulo kuposa pa mayeneredwe.

Kucholoŵana kwa Malamulo

Lamulo lenilenilo lakhala locholoŵana kwambiri. Malamulo, malamulo, ndi makhoti alembedwa m’chinenero chochuluka. Malamulo amasiyana pakati pa makhoti a boma ndi a boma, ndipo pakati pa mabwalo a boma, upandu, ndi maulamuliro. Munthu wosaphunzitsidwa mwalamulo, amazindikira masitepe amene ayenera kutenga, ndi nthaŵi zimene ayenera kukumana nazo, ndipo umboni wovuta kuuzindikira. Kucholoŵana kumeneku kumapanga chopinga cha njira yoyenerera chifukwa chakuti anthu sakudziŵa zoyenera kuchita kapena kulephera kukweza chitetezo choyenera chifukwa cha kulakwa kwake.

Kudya Mafuta ndi Kusuntha

M'dongosolo la chiweruzo chaupandu, milandu yambiri imathetsedwa mwa kuchonderera kochitidwa osati kuzengedwa. Ngakhale kuti oimbidwa mlandu ayenera kuchotsa modziŵa ndi modzifunira ufulu wawo, chitsenderezo chachikulu cha zigamulo zothekera chimapangitsa malo operekera mlandu. Oimbidwa mlandu ambiri amatsutsa mlandu wa upandu umene sanachite, kapena milandu yocheperapo, kungopeŵa chiwembu chankhanza kwambiri pozenga mlandu. Dongosolo limeneli limakulitsa njira yoyenerera chifukwa chakuti limanyalanyaza chitetezo cha malamulo olinganizidwa kuweruza milandu. Vuto lenileni ndilo: kufufuza kuti 4-6% ya akaidi ali olakwa, ambiri amene anadandaula mlanduwo.

Luso la Zaluso ndi Kuyenda Bwino

Luso lamakono limapereka ponse paŵiri mipata ndi ziwopsezo ku njira yofunikira. Malamulo oneneratu ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'zosankha za belo, kugamula, ndi kugawa upo ndi kugwira ntchito kwa polisi, kukana oimbidwa mlandu kukhoza kutsutsa umboni wawo. Mofananamo, kuyang'anira ndi kusonkhanitsa kwa makompyuta kochitidwa ndi boma kumadzutsa mafunso onena za chidziŵitso ndi kuyenera kwa kuyang'anizana ndi otsutsa. Makhoti akulimbanabetsenderezedwa ndi mmene malamulo amakhalidwe abwino amagwiritsirira ntchito ku makompyuta, kupanga zosankha zolinganizidwa ndi zigamu zachinsinsi. Kuti mufufuze mwatsatanetsatane, onani Centereans's pa kachitidwe ka masamu a maadictive .

Kuzindikira ndi Kuulutsidwa Molakwika

Zitetezero zoyenerera nthaŵi zina zimamvedwa molakwa kapena kunyozedwa. Osuliza angawasonyeze kukhala okhoza kulola anthu a liwongo kupita, kunyalanyaza kuti chitetezo chimenechi chimateteza anthu osalakwa komanso. Pamene anthu asiya kukhulupirira chilungamo cha dongosololi, pali chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko kuti achepetseko chitetezo cha pulogalamu. Koma, dongosolo loyenera lochita zinthu limalimbitsa chikhulupiriro mu lamulo. Maphunziro onena za cholinga ndi phindu la kachitidwe kake n’ngofunikabe.

Kumaliza: N’kofunika Kwambiri Kudziwa Kuti M’pofunika Kutero

Chitsimikiziro cha kulinganiza kwa dongosolo loyenera sichiri njira ya moyo wapamwamba kapena yachikale. Ndi njira imene boma limasonyeza nayo kuti limalemekeza ulemu ndi zoyenera za munthu aliyense wogonjera ku ulamuliro wake. Kuyambira ku Magna Carta mpaka ku chigamulo cha Supreme Court, lamulo lasintha kuti lithe kulimbana ndi mavuto atsopano pamene likukhalabe logwirizana ndi maziko ake: Palibe munthu amene ayenera kulandidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma popanda mpata wabwino ndi watanthauzo. Pamene madongosolo a zamalamulo akukula ndi kupita patsogolo kwa luso la zopanga zinthu, kudzipereka kwa dongosolo lapamwamba kuyenera kukhalabe kolimba. Ndilo chitetezero chimene chimatetezera anthu ku mphamvu yopanda tsankho ndi maziko ake pa chilungamo.