Nthaŵi zambiri njira yalamulo ingaoneke yovuta ndi yocholoŵana, makamaka kwa awo amene sanaloŵepo m’khoti. Kumvetsetsa zimene ayenera kuyembekezera kungathandize kuchepetsa chokumana nachocho ndi kukonzekeretsa anthu kaamba ka mbali zawo m’malamulo. Nkhani ino ikufuna kudziŵikitsa njira yalamulo ndi kulongosola zinthu zofunika zimene munthu angayembekezere m’khoti, kaya muli wogwirizana ndi mlandu, mboni, kapena wopenyerera. Mwa kuswa malo a khoti, mbali za mlandu, mitundu ya umboni, ndi ulemu wofunika, mungafikire dongosolo lalamulo ndi chidaliro chachikulu ndi tsatanetsatane.

Kumvetsa Mmene Mlandu Ulili

M’khotimo mumakhala malamulo ovomerezeka ndipo aliyense ali ndi udindo wothandiza kuti ayende bwino.

  • Woweruza: Mkulu woyang'anira amene amatsimikizira mlanduwo akupita bwino ndi mogwirizana ndi lamulo. Woweruza amalamula pa kutsutsa, amalangiza oweruza, ndipo angagamulenso chigamulo m'maweruzo a ben ben (maweru opanda juli).
  • Jury : [[FLT :1] Gulu la nzika zokhala ndi ntchito yofufuza umboni ndi kupanga chigamulo m'khoti. Oweruza ayenera kukhala opanda tsankho ndi kuzika chigamulo chawo pa umboni woperekedwa m’khoti.
  • Malamulo (Atcheney): Oimira alamulo onse aŵiri a mlandu (m'milandu yaupandu) kapena apritiff (m’milandu yachiŵeniŵeni) ndi otetezera. Amapereka mikangano, kupenda mboni, ndi kuchirikiza makasitomala awo.
  • Khoti Clerk: Ofesala waboma amene amayang'anira zikalata za khoti, kulumbira mboni, ndi kuthandiza woweruzayo ndi milandu ya khoti.
  • [[MTL:0] Bailiff: Ofesala wa lamulo amene amasunga bata ndi chisungiko m'khoti, amasamalira ajuli, ndi kutsimikizira kuti onse otengamo mbali atsatire malamulo a khoti.
  • The Court Reporter: Katswiri amene amapanga kalembedwe kosonyeza chilichonse chonenedwa mkati mwa mlandu, kamene kangagwiritsiridwe ntchito pochonderera.
  • Parities (Plaintiff & Mtetezi): Anthu kapena mabungwe oloŵetsedwa m'milandu. M'milandu yaupandu, maphwandowo ndi apolisi (boma) ndi woimbidwa mlandu.

Oweruza akukhala kumbali ina, pamene maloya ndi zipani zikukhala pa magome kutsogolo kwa benchi. Mboniyo ili pafupi ndi woweruza, ndipo chipinda cha milandu (chodyera openyerera) chili kumbuyo kwa denga.

Kuzenga Milandu: Kuzenga Milandu

Kumvetsa zimene mlandu umachita usanayambe kungathandize kuti munthu akonze zinthu zimene akuyembekezera n’kuchepetsa zinthu zimene sakuyembekezera.

Kufeŵetsa ndi Kutsogolera

Mlandu umayamba ndi kulembetsa chidandaulo (m'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni) kapena kuweruza (m'milandu yaupandu). Woimbidwa mlanduyo kenaka amapanga yankho kapena njira yochotsera. Kusinthana kwa zikalata zalamulo kumeneku kumadziŵika kukhala “kuchonderera.”

Kutulukira

Kufufuza ndi njira imene mbali zonse ziŵiri zimaperekera chidziŵitso ndi umboni. Zimenezi zingaphatikizepo kutumiza (umboni wa kunja kwa khoti), kufunsa mafunso (mafunso olembedwa), kupempha zikalata, ndi kupempha kuti alowe. Kupezeka kwa zinthu kumathandiza mbali zonse ziŵiri kuzindikira mphamvu ndi kufooka kwa milandu yawo ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kumathandiza kuthetsa.

Kuyenda kwa Pasadakhale ndi Makutu

Oweruza angapange masinthidwe kuchotsapo umboni wakutiwakuti, kuchotsa mlanduwo, kapena kuthetsa nkhani zina za lamulo asanazengedwe mlandu. Woweruzayo amamva kutsata kumeneku m'milandu isanayambe kuzenga mlandu.

Kukhazikika ndi Kudya Moŵa

Milandu yambiri imathetsedwa mlandu usanathetsedwe (chingalango) kapena kuchonderera kutsatizana (mlandu). Kukambitsirana kwachikhalire kukhoza kuchitika panthaŵi iriyonse, ngakhale mkati mwa kuzenga mlandu. Msonkhano wa anduna ndi woweruza ungalimbikitse zigamulo kufikira chigwirizano.

Zotsatira za Mlandu

Ngakhale kuti njira yeniyeni yozengezera mlandu ingasiyane malinga ndi malire ake ndi mtundu wa mlanduwo, mbali zotsatirazi nzofala m’maweruzidwe a oweruza:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kusankha (Voir Dire): [Oweruza ndi maloya okhoza kugamula amafunsidwa ndi oweruza ndi maloya kutsimikizira kuti iwo angakhale opanda tsankho. Mambali onse aŵiri angagwiritsire ntchito zitokoso zopinga kuchotsa ajuli ena popanda kupereka chifukwa, ndipo zitokoso kaamba ka kuchotsa ma jursers okondera.
  • Mfundo zotseguka: Mbali zonse ziŵiri zikulongosola mwachidule mlandu wawo kwa oweruza. Mlandu kapena mtsogoleri wa milandu ayamba kutuluka, kutsatiridwa ndi chidziwitso. Mawu otsegulira saali umboni; amangofotokoza kokha chimene mbali iliyonse ikufuna kutsimikizira.
  • Kupereka Umboni (Plaintiff/Prosection Case-in-Chieef): Gulu lonyamula mtolo wa umboni limapereka umboni wake choyamba. Izi zimaphatikizapo kuitana mboni kuti zifufuzidwe mwachindunji ndi kuonetsa zionetsero. Kudzitetezerako kuli ndi mwaŵi wa kudutsa mumsewu wa masamu.
  • Upo wa mlandu mu Khief :[FLT ] Pambuyo pa kuikidwa kwa mlandu kapena mtsogoleri, chidzitetezera chimapereka umboni wake ndi mboni, zokhoza kupendedwa ndi mbali ina.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kutsutsa ndi Kudzitetezera : Umboni wowonjezereka ungapereke umboni wotsutsa mlandu wa wodzitetezerayo, ndipo wotetezerayo angayankhe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kufotokoza mawu: Mbali zonse ziŵiri zikufupikitsa milandu yawo ndi kuyesa kukopa oweruza. Chikalata cha Plantiff / kupha kwenikweni chimayamba, wodzitetezera kenaka amatsutsa, ndipo wophayo angapereke chigamulo chomaliza.
  • [[FULT:0] Mitengo ya Chipulumutso: Woweruza amalangiza ajuli pa lamulo loyenera, mtolo wa umboni, ndi miyezo ya kufikira chigamulo.
  • Jury Delibration: Oweruza amakambitsirana umboniwo mwamseri, amasankha wotsogolera, ndipo amagwira ntchito kufikira chigamulo chogwirizana kapena cha anthu ambiri (chodalira pa ulamuliro).
  • Dict: Court imalengeza chigamulo chake m’khoti lapoyera. Woweruzayo kenaka amachotsa ajuli ndipo angalembe chigamulo chozikidwa pa chigamulo. M'zengero la benchi, woweruza amalemba malingaliro kapena chigamulo cha pakamwa.

Ngati chigamulocho n’chakuti “pa mlandu” wa munthu wophwanya malamulo, pamakhala kuzenga mlandu kosiyana.

Umboni Wosonyeza Kuti Umboni Ulipo

Umboni ndi maziko a mlandu uliwonse, chidziŵitso chimaperekedwa kwa woweruza kapena oweruza kuti atsimikizire kapena kutsutsa mfundo inayake imene ilipo. malamulo a umboni amalamulira zimene zingavomerezedwe ndi mmene zingagwiritsidwire ntchito.

Umboni Wosiyanasiyana

  • Umboni wa kuyerekezera: Mawu operekedwa ndi mboni zolumbira. Izi zimaphatikizapo umboni wachindunji mkati mwa kufufuza ndi kusanthula.
  • Umboni weniweni (Mmenedi): Zinthu zosawoneka zoperekedwa m'khoti, zonga zikalata, zida, zithunzithunzi, mavidiyo, kapena zinthu zina. Umboni wakuthupi uyenera kusungidwa usanavomeredwe.
  • Umboni wa Malo: Zolembedwa kapena zojambulidwa, kuphatikizapo mapangano, makalata, zolembedwa za mankhwala, ndi malipoti a apolisi. Izi kaŵirikaŵiri zimavomerezedwa kukhala zisonyezero.
  • Umboni wotsimikizira: Malingaliro operekedwa ndi akatswiri a nkhani zogwirizana, monga asayansi a zamankhwala, kapena akatswiri a zachuma. Mboni ziyenera kukhala zoyenerera ndipo umboni wawo uyenera kukwaniritsa miyezo yodalirika.
  • Umboni wa Chidziŵitso: Umboni wosalunjika umene umalola kuti chinthu chotsimikizirika chipereke mapeto (m’ lekuatiso, zidindo za mzera pa malowo zimasonyeza kukhalapo, koma sizitsimikizira mwachindunji liwongo). Umboni wa m'malemba udakali wamtengo wapatali ndipo ungakhale wokwanira kuchirikiza chigamulo.
  • Umboni wosonyeza: zothandizira zowoneka zonga zithunzithunzi, matchati, zithunzithunzi, kapena mafanizo ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kuchitira umboni kapena kupanga umboni womvekera bwino kwa oweruza.

Zimene Anthu Amadana Nazo Ndiponso Malamulo

Mkati mwa kuzengedwa mlandu, maloya angatsutse kuyambitsidwa kwa umboni wina kapena mafunso osayenera. Zitsutso zofala zimaphatikizapo luntha, kuyenerera, mafunso otsogolera, ndi kukayikira. Woweruza amalamula pa chitsutso chilichonse: “Wotsutsidwayo” (mwa kutsutsa ndi kuchotsapo umboni) kapena“ kuvomereza umboniwo). Kumvetsetsa zitsutso kuli mfungulo ya kutsatira njira zoyesera.

Kodi Muyenera Kudziŵa Mawu a Malamulo?

Kudziŵa bwino malamulo a boma kungakuthandizeni kumvetsa bwino nkhani ya mlandu.

  • [[FULT:0] Plaintiff / Pempho: [[FL:1] Munthu kapena chipani chimene chimayambitsa mlandu wa boma.
  • [[ML:0] Defentant / Revont: [[[FL:1] Munthu kapena chipani chikuimbidwa mlandu kapena kuimbidwa mlandu.
  • Kumasulira: Chipani cha boma m'nkhani yaupandu imene imabweretsa milandu kwa woimbidwa mlandu.
  • Umboni: Thayo lakutsimikizira zimene munthu akunena. Mlandu waupandu uli “woposa kukayikira koyenera”; m'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, kwenikweni“ umasonyeza umboni.
  • Amamva: Ndemanga yoperekedwa kunja kwa bwalo kutsimikizira chowonadi cha nkhaniyo yotsimikiziridwa. Mawu omveka kaŵirikaŵiri sagwira ntchito pokhapo ngati chinthu china chosiyanacho chikugwira ntchito.
  • Motion mu Limine: Kuyendayenda kwa sadakhale kupempha kuti umboni wina uchotsedwe ku kuzenga mlandu.
  • Directed Verdict: Chigamulo cha woweruza chakuti mbali imodzi siinapambane ndipo mlanduwo uyenera kugamulidwa popanda chigamulo cha oweruza.
  • Kuzengedwa mlandu kwa Khoti: Khalidwe limene limanyoza khoti kapena kusokoneza milandu, kulangidwa ndi malipo kapena nthaŵi ya ndende.
  • Dict: Chigamulo chopangidwa ndi ajuli kapena kuweruza ponena za zotulukapo za mlanduwo.
  • Imodzi ya malamulo a khoti lomaliza limene limathetsa mlanduwo, kaŵirikaŵiri malinga ndi chigamulo.

Zimene Muyenera Kuyembekezera Monga Mboni

Kudziŵa zimene muyenera kuyembekezera kungakuthandizeni kukhalabe okhazikika ndi kupereka umboni womveka bwino ndi woona.

  • Kukonzekera : [[FLT :1] Kambiranani umboni wanu ndi loya amene anakugwetserani mlandu musanazenge mlandu. Pita pa mfundo ndi zikalata zilizonse zimene mungafunsidwe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Chinsinsi: Mudzafunikira kulumbira (kapena chitsimikizo) kuuza chowonadi. Kunama pansi pa lumbiro kuli kulakwa, upandu waukulu.
  • Drect Centresttion: Loya amene anakuitanani kufunsa mafunso kuti munene umboni wanu. Mvetserani mosamalitsa, yankhani zimene zikufunsidwa, ndipo musadzipereke.
  • Kugaŵanitsa: Loya wotsutsayo adzakufunsani. Angayese kutsutsa kukhulupirika kwanu kapena kumasulira mawu anu mosiyana. Khalani wodekha, ganizirani musanayankhe, ndipo musamakangane.
  • Kulunjika ndi Kupatulira: [[FLT :1] Atasanthula, loya woyamba angafunse kutsatiridwa, ndiyeno loya wotsutsayo angafunse mafunso owonjezereka. Izi zikupitiriza kufikira mbali zonse ziŵiri zitakhutiritsidwa.
  • Khalanibe Modekha ndi Mowona mtima: Nkwachibadwa kumva mantha, koma kukhala wodekha kumakuthandizani kupereka umboni wolondola. Ngati simukudziŵa yankho, yankhani kuti “Sindikudziŵa. [1] Ngati simukumvetsetsa funso, funsani kaamba ka kulongosola.
  • Dremeor ndi Attire: [[FL:1] Dzidzola mogwira ntchito, lankhulani bwino, ndi kusungitsa ulemu. Peŵani kuchita nthabwala, kusonyeza mkwiyo, kapena kukambitsirana ndi ena nkhaniyo panthaŵi ya kupuma.
  • Musakambirane Umboni ndi Ena: Pamene mlandu ukupitirizabe, musalankhule za umboni wanu ndi mboni zina kapena pamaso pa oweruza. Tsatirani lamulo la khoti ngati wina waperekedwa.

Kuzindikira Kukhudzidwa kwa Bwalo Lamilandu

Malamulo oyenera a m’khoti n’ngofunika kuti anthu azilemekezana ndi kukhala adongosolo.

  • Mavalidwe moyenerera: [[FLT :1] Valani zovala zamwambo, zosasintha. Suti za mabizinesi kapena zokongola zozoloŵereka nzovomerezeka. Pewani kuvala zovala zapachabechabe monga shirt, machesi, kapena ma fliplops.
  • Khalani aulemu: Alankhula woweruza monga “Ulemu Wanu” (kapena kuti“ Kulambira Kwanu” m'madera ena). Musadodometse olankhula, ndi kudikira nthaŵi yanu kuti mulankhule. Ima pamene woweruza aloŵa kapena atuluka m’khoti.
  • . Kusiya zipangizo: Kutonthola kapena kuzima mafoni am'manja ndi zipangizo zina zamagetsi. Palibe kujambula, kujambula, kapena kutsazikana popanda chilolezo chomveka.
  • Kufika panthaŵi: Nkofunika kwambiri; kufika mochedwa kungasokoneze zochitika. Ngati mwachedwa, loŵani modekha ndi kutenga mpando wanu mopanda chilolezo monga momwe kungathekere.
  • Kopera Malangizo: Gwiritsitsani malangizo ndi malamulo a khoti nthaŵi zonse. Musadye, kumwa, kutafuna chingamu, kapena kuŵerenga zinthu zina zosakhala zapamutu. Musagone kapena kusonyeza zizindikiro zoonekeratu za kusakondweretsedwa.
  • [[MTL:0] Palibe kulankhula mkati mwa kuyendayenda: Kutsokomola, kutsokomola, kapena kupanga phokoso kungasokoneze khoti. Ngati mufuna kuchoka, chitani zimenezo mwakachetechete mkati mwa kupuma kapena kupuma.
  • Musafikire Benk:[[FLT ] Kusiyapo ngati woweruza waitanidwa, musafikire benchi kapena oweruza. Ima kumbuyo kwa balere (njanji yolekanitsa malo a anthu onse kuchokera ku chitsime cha bwalo lamilandu).

Kusiyana Pakati pa Mpandu ndi Ziyeso za M’boma

Nkofunika kudziŵa kuti njira zoweruzira milandu zimasiyana pakati pa milandu yachiŵeniŵeni:

  • Mayeso Opalamula: [[FLT :1] Boma (kuzunza) libweretsa milandu kwa woimbidwa mlandu chifukwa cha kuswa lamulo. Woimbidwa mlandu amalingaliridwa kukhala wopanda liwongo kufikira atatsimikiziridwa kukhala ndi liwongo mosakaikira kwenikweni. Zotuluka zingaphatikizepo kulipiriridwa, kusungidwa, kapena kuikidwa m’ndende.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mayeso a Chikole: [[FLT :1] Chipani chachinsinsi (lofuna ndalama) chimaimba mlandu chipani china (kapena kuti chiwongola dzanja) kaamba ka zowonongeka kapena ntchito yapadera. Mtolo wa chitsimikizo ngwaung'ono (kutsimikizira umboni). Mapilo amaphatikizapo kwenikweni malipiro a ndalama kapena malamulo.

Milandu ya mlandu wa Jury njofala kwambiri m’milandu yaupandu, koma zipani zingapemphenso mlandu wa oweruza. milandu ina, monga ngati lamulo la banja kapena zinenezo zazing’ono, ingamvedwe ndi woweruza yekha.

Kukopa ndi Kuyenda kwa Pambuyo pa Kupita

Pambuyo pa chigamulo, chigamulocho chingakhale ndi kuyenera kwa apilo. Zipilo sizili milandu yatsopano; ndizo kupenda mbiri ya mlandu wa milandu. Zifukwa zokambidwa zophatikizapo kuvomereza kosayenera kwa umboni, malangizo a ajuli olakwika, kapena kusachita bwino ndi loya. Zipilo zimamvedwa ndi khoti lapamwamba (m’jere, khoti la Apilo kapena Bwalo Lapamwamba). Kuwonjezera apo, njira zapambuyo pa milandu (m., kuyendera mlandu watsopano, ngakhale kuti chiweruzochoweruzidwa) zingaperekedwe chisanathe.

Zomwe Tingachite Kuti Tiphunzirenso

Kwa awo amene akufuna kuphunzira zambiri ponena za kachitidwe ka lamulo, ziŵiya zingapo zamphamvu ziripo:

Kumaliza

Kumvetsa malamulo ndiponso zimene mungayembekezere ku khoti kungalimbikitse anthu ndi kuchepetsa nkhawa. Kudziwa bwino malo a khoti, kuchuluka kwa milandu, mitundu ya umboni, mfundo zofunika kwambiri za lamulo, ndiponso malamulo abwino, kungakuthandizeni kuyendetsa bwino malamulo. Kaya ndinu woweruza milandu, mboni, kapena wongoonerera, ndi njira yoyamba yopezera chipambano m’khoti. Kudziwa zinthu sikumangokuthandizani kukwaniritsa udindo wanu komanso kumathandiza kuti chilungamo chigwire ntchito bwino kwa aliyense amene akukhudzidwa.