Kutsutsana kokhalitsa kwa chiphunzitso cha choyambirira monga njira ya kumasulira kwa lamulo kwakula pamene magulu akukhala osiyana ndi a mitundu. Pamutu pake, kuyambirira kwake kumati, Konsichushoni iyenera kumvedwa mwa kuzikidwa pa tanthauzo lake lapoyera kapena zolinga za olemba ake panthaŵi ya kutchuka. Ochirikiza kutsutsa njira imeneyi amasunga malamulo ndi kusamala ntchito za democracy. Otsutsa kuti m'chitaganya cha anthu amwambo, kumamatira zolimba ku tanthauzo la mbiri yakale kungafooketse chilungamo ndi kupangitsa magulu amene ufulu wawo sunadziŵike bwino kwambiri. Kupsinjika kumeneku kumabutsa mafunso ofunika ponena za mmene chikalata chakale chingakhale choyenera ku dziko la makhalidwe ndi mipatuko yosiyanasiyana.

Maziko a Kuyamba kwa Mawu a Mulungu

Chiphunzitso choyambirira chinatulukira monga nthanthi yalamulo yosiyana kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, makamaka monga chivomerezo cha ntchito yolingaliridwa ya Warren ndi Burger Courts. Akatswiri onga Robert Bork ndi Jasitian Scalia anachirikiza kuyambirira kwa kukhazikitsa monga njira yotsendereza kuweruza ndi kumasulira kwa lamulo la boma. Bork anagogomezera cholinga cha poyamba cha poyamba [[FLT:]] cha mafirensi [malangizo oyamba], pamene Scalia pambuyo pake anachirikiza tanthauzo laponsepo [[FLT:]] tanthauzo la munthu wolingalira bwino lomwe likanamvetsetsa lembalo panthaŵi ya kuchitidwa mwambo. Kusintha kumeneku kuchokera ku cholinga cha kulongosola tanthauzo la kutsutsa kwa kwa kwa kwa kawonete wandale zadziko kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Kulingalira kwa m’Chiphunzitso cha Chiyambi kumagwiritsira ntchito mfundo zingapo zofunika: (1) Lamulo, ndipo lamulo liyenera kukhala lodziŵika ndi lokhazikika; (2) kumasulira kwachiweruzo sikuyenera kusinthika kusonyeza mapindu amakono, chifukwa chakuti ntchito imeneyo ndi ya nyumba yokhayokha kapena kukonzanso kachitidwe ka ka kasupe pa Mfundo V; ndi (3) kumamatira ku tanthauzo loyambirira kumachirikiza kukhazikika, kutsimikizirika, ndi kuŵerengera kwa democracy. Malamulo ameneŵa amakopa awo amene amalingalira zosankha malamulo awo. Komabe pamene United States ikukula kwambiri, fuko, ndi chipembedzo, chiphunzitso choyambirira, chimayang'anizana ndi mavuto amene amayesa kuyenera kwake ndi chilungamo.

Kutsatira Malamulo Amitundumitundu Monga Zenizeni za Malamulo

Chitaganya chamakono cha Amereka chimadziŵika ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mtundu ndi fuko komanso chipembedzo, kaonedwe ka kugonana, kudziŵika kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi, ndi chithunzi cha dziko. Lamulo linalembedwa mu 1787 ndi gulu laling'ono, lachiyera, lopanda amuna; pambuyo pake linakonzedwa kuti lithetse ukapolo, kutsimikizira chitetezero chofanana, ndi kuwonjezera ufulu wosankha. Komabe nkhani zambiri zamakono . Zokhudza thameset-sex, ufulu, iokct, ufulu wa kubala , ndipo ngakhale tanthauzo loyamba la poyera la Reconstanplain Conflationtiontion sizingawathetse bwino. Mpata umenewu pakati pa nkhani yoyambirira ndi ya kakhalidwe ndi yoyambirira ndi ya anthu ndi malo amakono ndiwo vuto lalikulu m'kangano.

Multiculturalism also brings into focus the ways that the Constitution’s original meaning was shaped by exclusion. The Three-Fifths Compromise, the Fugitive Slave Clause, and the original Senate representation formula all embedded racial inequality into the constitutional structure. While the post–Civil War amendments repudiated much of that framework, originalists must confront whether the meaning of phrases like “equal protection of the laws” and “privileges or immunities” should be fixed in 1868 or allowed to evolve as understandings of equality deepen. Scholars such as Jamal Greene and Kermit Roosevelt III have argued that originalism’s faith in a single, stable meaning overlooks the contested and pluralistic character of constitutional interpretation.

Mavuto Aakulu a M’madera Osiyanasiyana

Kugwirizanitsa Tanthauzo la Mbiri Yakale ndi Mapindu Amakono

Chimodzi cha zitokoso zowopsa kwambiri ndicho kutsutsana pakati pa nkhani za mbiri yakale ndi kuvomerezana kwa makhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, Board of Education ya 14th inalembedwa m'chitaganya chimene chinakakamiza mwalamulo kusankhana mafuko m'maiko ambiri; opangawo sangakhale ndi cholinga choletsa mitundu yonse ya boma ndi kutsendereza. Komabe Khoti Lapamwamba mu Brown v. Board of Education [[FLD:] [FLT:] [54] [194]) Akhoza kumasulira Chitetezo cha Claise kuletsa sukulu zopasulidwa ndi zifukwa. [5] Chosankha chimene akatswiri oyambirira ayesa kulimbana ndi njira zawo. Monga Michael McConnell, imatsutsa kuti [FLD:] BBN] ndi kutsutsana ndi kuwonjezera kutsutsa kwake koyambirira. [FLG.FFrective "F]

Zigamulo za Chiweruzo pa Zoyenera Kuthetsa

Oweruza ongopeka nthaŵi zambiri amayang'anizana ndi nkhani zimene oweruza osalingalirapo. Mwachitsanzo, makompyuta achinsinsi pansi pa Demetrimenti lachinayi: tanthauzo loyamba la “kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda” silinaone ngati pali metadata, mafoni am’manja, kapena makompyuta. Makhoti ayenera kusankha ngati angasunge mapendedwewo mpaka 18 a kachitidwe kapena kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo apamwamba a sayansi yatsopano. Mofananamo, nkhani zokhudza kufanana kwa amuna ndi akazi, LGBTQ+ zoyenera, ndi kubereka sikunadzutsa mafunso akuti kaya tanthauzo loyamba la ufulu ndi kulingana kuyenera kumatetezera magulu omwe amachotsedwa pa moyo wa anthu. Komabe, [FLT:] "Kuthandiza . Hogbergefell. [FLP] [FLP] [FLP] [1] [1], pamene anthu ambiri amatsutsa kutchuka kwa ufulu wa anthu.

Kudziŵa Tanthauzo Loyambirira

Chitokoso china nchakuti tanthauzo loyambirira la malamulo ambiri latsutsidwa. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo amatsutsa za zimene zinafotokozedwa poyambirira. Mwachitsanzo, Second Amendment imateteza munthu aliyense kuyenera kwake kwa kukhala ndi zida kapena kuyenera kogwirizana ndi ntchito ya asilikali. Khoti Lapamwamba limapereka chigamulo cholakwika mu . Heller [2008] [malingaliro ake] [2008]] anatengera maganizo akale, kudalira kwambiri pa zolembedwa za mbiri yakale. Otsutsa atsutsa kuti mbiri yakale njosamveka bwino ndi kuti chiyambire zikhoza kutulutsa zotsatira zimene zingaoneke ngati zokayikira zokonda zoweruza. Mkhalidwe wa anthu, kumene anthu osiyanasiyana ali ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana ndi mafotokozedwe osiyanasiyana a malamulo, njira yofotokoza mfundo ya malamulo, imene imanena kuti siiloŵera ndi mfundo yolakwika.

Nkhani Zochirikiza Kuyambirira m’Chikhalidwe Chosiyanasiyana

Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto amenewa, oteteza chiphunzitso choyambirira amapereka zifukwa zomveka za kufunika kwake. Choyamba, chiphunzitso choyambirira chimathandiza kuti malamulo azikhala odalirika mwa kukakamiza kuti malembo alamulo akhale ndi tanthauzo lotsimikizirika limene oweruza ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito, osati kukonzanso. Kulosera kumeneku kumathandiza nzika kudziŵa ufulu wawo ndi ntchito zawo, kulimbikitsa bata, ndi kuletsa makhoti kukhala otchuka kwambiri. M'chitaganya chosiyanasiyana pamene makhalidwe amatsutsana, malamulo alamulo ogwirizana ozikidwa pa malemba opangidwa angathandize kuthetsera kusaloŵerera m’malemba popanda kukonzanso zokonda za gulu lililonse lamakono.

Chachiwiri, Chiphunzitso choyambirira chimalemekeza njira ya democracy . Masinthidwe aakulu a malamulo ayenera kubwera kudzera m'Chigawo V, chimene chimafunikira maufumu aakulu kwambiri ndipo motero kugwirizana kokulira. Njira imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti mawu osiyanasiyana ali ndi lingaliro losintha malamulo alamulo. Pamene oweruza akonzanso malamulowo mwa “kupezanso ufulu watsopano m'mapenumbra, iwo ndi machidule a democracy. Chiphunzitso chamwambo, mwa kufuna kuti anthu agwirizane ndi zimene zinavomerezedwa, mphamvu zosintha kuti akope nzika zinzake kudzera m'dongosolo la makompyuta.

Chachitatu, Chiphunzitso choyambirira chingasinthidwe kugwirizanitsa mikhalidwe yothetsa popanda kusiya maziko ake. Akatswiri ena amanena kuti oweruza ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito tanthauzo loyamba la malamulo aakulu (monga ngati “chitetezero chofanana”) mmalo mwa magwiritsiridwe ntchito a m'mbiri. Njira imeneyi, nthaŵi zina imatchedwa njira zoyambirira zoyambirira [, . Kulola chinenero cha malamulo cha malamulo kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ku zochitika zatsopano pamene akukakamizabe kumasulira tanthauzo la mawu amene ali nawo pamene avomerezedwa. Mwachitsanzo, tanthauzo loyamba la “malangizo ndi zilango zachilendo zingatsimikizidwe mwa kugwirizanitsa malamulo a anthu, osati chabe miyambo ya 1791. Kusintha kumeneku kungatheketse kuti zoyambazo kugwirizanitsa ndi nkhani zamakono za kuvomereza.

Nkhani Zotsutsana ndi Kuyamba kwa Mafuko Osiyanasiyana

Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira sichingathetse bwino zosoŵa za anthu a mafuko osiyanasiyana. Chitsutso chawo choyamba nchakuti kukonza zinthu kumabweretsa mavuto ena a kusalungama kumeneku, akatswiri a mbiri yakale nthaŵi zambiri amakana kuteteza malo amodzi. Otsutsa nkhani ngati kuvota, akazi satha kuvota, ndipo anthu ambiri a mafuko ndi achipembedzo anachotsedwa pa unzika wathunthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti kukonzanso zina za kusalungama kumeneku, akatswiri oyambirira kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa matanthauzo amene amatetezera anthu otsalira zinthu patalikirana. Otsutsa nkhani zachipembedzo amanena kuti mlandu wonga Karema v. United States (194]), umene unachirikiza chigamu cha chijapani chakuya cha pakati pa zilembo zolakwika za makhalidwe oipa.

Chachiŵiri, Chiphunzitso choyambirira chingafutukulidwe kupita patsogolo kwa anthu pa nkhani zonga LGBTQ + ufulu wa amuna, kulingana, ndi kupezeka kwa ulema. Ngakhale ngati tanthauzo loyamba la “chitetezero cholingana” lingawonjezedwe kuphimba magulu ameneŵa, mtolo wa umboni umakulira kwa awo ofuna kusintha. Kulingalira kwa chiyambi kumagogomezera kwambiri “chisinthiko” cha lamulo la America, limene linachotsapo midzi. Mwa kumasulira kotsatira mbiri yakale, Chiphunzitso choyambirira chingachititse kuvuta kwambiri kuti chitumikire monga malamulo aufulu kwa anthu onse.

Chachitatu, kunena kuti tanthauzo loyamba ndilo kuletsa ndi kusaloŵerera m’zinthu ndiko kupondereza . Monga momwe akatswiri a zamalamulo omasuka onga Mark Tushnet ndi Jack Balkin anenera, kusanthula koyambirira kaŵirikaŵiri kumasankha kuchokera ku magwero a mbiri yakale kuti afike pa mfundo zimene zimagwirizana ndi malamulo otsatirika. Kusintha kwa mbiri, limodzi ndi kuvuta kwa ma ma broshallpo, kumatanthauza kuti chiphunzitso cha Chisinthiko sichimatsendereza oweruza monga lonjezo lake. Mmalomwake, chingakhale chophimba cha ntchito yachiweruzo ya kupendetsa malamulo oyenerera.

Njira Zoyerekezera ndi Zotsatirapo

Kupenda kuyambirira, kuli kothandiza kulingalira njira zina zomasulira lamulo. Wopikisana wotchuka kwambiri ndi malamulo amakhalidwe abwino , amene amanena kuti tanthauzo la Malamulo limasintha mwa kumasulira kwachiweruzo kuti asonyeze kusintha kwa makhalidwe ndi mikhalidwe. Njira imeneyi inagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuchirikiza Affordible Care Act, kuzindikira kuyenera kwa ukwati wa pakati pa , ndi kuwonjezera chitetezo kwa akazi ndi anthu ochepa.

Maiko ena apanga njira zosiyanasiyana zolinganizira mwambo ndi kusiyanasiyana. Tchata cha ku Canada cha ufulu ndi Freedoms, mwachitsanzo, chimaphatikizapo “mtengo wamoyo” chiphunzitso chimene chimalola ufulu kukulira ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe, komanso kugwiritsira ntchito kuyesa kwadongosolo kumene kumalingalira zolinga za lamulo ndi kulephera kochepa. Malamulo a South Africa amavomereza poyera kufanana, ulemu, ndi ufulu, ndi Malamulo ake, ndi Khoti lake la Malamulo amamasulira mawuwo ndi kuzindikira mbiri ya dziko losiyana. Zokumana nazo zapadera zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti malamulo a m’njira zimene zingatanthauzire mawu oyambirira ndi amakono.

Akatswiri ena a ku America alingalira kuti [chiphunzitso choyambirira] kapena “chiyambi” chikhale , chimene chimawona tanthauzo loyamba kukhala malo oyamba mmalo mwa kuponderezedwa. Pachiwonekere ichi, oweruza ayenera kuwona kumvetsetsa koyambirira koma kuyesanso chitsanzo, zotulukapo, ndi kugamula malamulo a makhalidwe abwino. Kufikira kwa Justice Stephen Breyer mu Practive Libertion Practive ndi zotulukapo zothandiza. Pamene kuli kwakuti si njira zoyambirira, njira zoyesa kugwirizanitsa malamulo a mbiri yakale ndi zofuna za anthu.

Kusankha Zamtsogolo: Kulinga ku Kumasulira Kotsatira Lamulo la Chiphunzitso cha Chiphunzitso cha M’dziko

Kutsutsana pa kuyambirira kwa anthu a mafuko osiyanasiyana sikungathetsedwe motsimikizirika. M’malo mwake, kumasonyeza kusagwirizana kwakukulu ponena za demokrase, kuyenera kwachiweruzo, ndi mtundu wa ufulu. Chowonekera nchakuti nthanthi iliyonse yogwira ntchito ya kumasulira kwa lamulo iyenera kutsutsana ndi kuwona kwa kusiyanasiyana. Oyambirira angapange njira yawo yophatikizapo mwa kuvomereza kufunika kwa tanthauzo la mbiri yakale, mwakugwiritsira ntchito malamulo amakhalidwe abwino otakata mmalo mwa kutsata malamulo a mbiri yakale, ndi mwa kuzindikira kuti malemba a Konsinsinsiyo (m., , Sucture Protection Claus) amavomereza kulingana kwa kulingana. Panthaŵiyi, osuliza chiphunzitso choyambirira ayenera kuzindikira kufunika kwa tanthauzo lokhazikika, lopangidwa monga kutsendedwa kwa mphamvu yachiweruzo ndi magwero okhazikika.

Pomalizira pake, Konsichushoni imatumikira monga maziko ogwirizana a chitaganya cha anthu ambiri chifukwa chakuti mawu ake aakulu , "" “kutetezereka kofanana,” “ufulu wa kulankhula” n’kumasulira. Vuto ndi kukwaniritsa zonse ziŵiri kudzipereka kwa lamulo ndi kufunitsitsa kuweruza zonse. Zimenezi zimafunikira oweruza, akatswiri, ndi nzika kuti zikhale ndi kukambitsirana kopitirizabe ponena za tanthauzo la Malamulo, kophunzitsidwa ndi mbiri koma osamangidwa ndi ilo. M'chitaganya cha anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kukambitsirana sikuli kulephera kwa lamulo lalamulo. Zimenezi ndi mphamvu yake yaikulu.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, onani Encyclopedia ya Filosofi yoloŵa pa Frigionalism , Jaji Scalia sakugwirizana ndi . Obergefell v. Hodges[ . , Jack Balkin’s “ Kutembenuza ndi Malamulo Opindulitsa [1] [[FLT:], ndi kusanthula kofanana kwa [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] [5].[FLT]