Chiyambi: Kulimbana Kolimba ndi Kumasulira Malamulo

Malamulo a United States ndi lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo, chikalata chimene chakhala chinapangidwa ndi boma la America kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri. Komabe, umuyaya wake umadzutsa funso lovuta: Kodi tiyenera kumasulira bwanji lemba lolembedwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18 kuti lilamulire dziko la 21 lapakati? Funso limeneli lili pa maziko a mkangano wa zaka zambiri pakati pa mafilosofi aŵiri otsutsana: Chiphunzitso choyambirira ndi

Njira zomasulira zimenezi si zamaphunziro chabe. Zimaumba zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu, zimasonkhezera kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi maboma, ndi kuyambukira ufulu wa nzika iliyonse. Kumvetsetsa mfundo zomveka kumbali zonse ziŵiri nkofunika kwa aliyense woloŵetsedwa m’boma, malamulo, kapena nthanthi zandale zadziko. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza chiyambi, kufunsira, ndi maluso a chiphunzitso choyambirira ndi kusinthika kwa malamulo, ikumapereka kusanthula komvekera bwino ponena za mmene oweruza, akatswiri, ndi kulimbana kwapo ndi chitokoso kutsekezo ku kugwiritsira ntchito malemba akale ku mavuto amakono.

Kodi Kuyambirira Kunali Chiyani?

Kumasulira koyambirira, kuli chiphunzitso cha kumasulira kogwirizana ndi malamulo kumene kumafuna kukhazikitsa tanthauzo la lemba la Konsichushoni ku nthaŵi imene linavomerezedwa. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti tanthauzo la lamulo latsekedwa potsekereza, kuletsa oweruza kuloŵetsa malamulo awo aumwini m'malamulo awo. Njira imeneyi imabwera m’zikometsera zosiyanasiyana, chimodzi ndi chimodzi chokhala ndi ziphaso zosiyanasiyana.

Matanthauzo Oyambirira a Anthu

Mtundu wakale wa chiphunzitso choyambirira, wotchedwa [[FLT: 0] cholinga choyambirira [FLT: 1], chiyang'ana ku zonulirapo za maFramers , zimene James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, kapena ena olinganizidwa mwachindunji m'mawu ena. Osuliza amazindikira kuti cholinga cha anthu ambirimbiri kapena mazana ambiri nchosatheka. Poyankha, Baibulo lamakono, tanthauzo lapoyera [, lija latulukira. Njira imeneyi imafunsa kuti munthu wolingalira bwino panthaŵi ya kutchukayo atha kumvetsa mawu. Imadalira pa madikishonale, mikapo, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa nthaŵi yofala. Malamulo, AScintaliani, kutsogolera kachitidwe kapangidwe kake, kaungwe ka ka ka kapangidwe ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka kapangidwe ka zinthu ka zinthu kamodzi, ndi kamodzi, kalembedwe kofanana ndi kamodzi, kamati, ndi kalembedwe, kamanena kuti, ".

Ochirikiza Okulira ndi Chisonkhezero cha Kuweruza

Kuyamba kutchuka m'ma 1980 pamene ulamuliro wa Reagan unakula ndi ntchito ya akatswiri onga Robert Bork ndi Justice Scalia. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, kwakhala mphamvu yaikulu pa Bwalo Lapamwamba, makamaka pakati pa oweruza osasintha. Chilungamo Clarence Thomas ndi woyambirira, pamene Justice Neil Gormoth ndi Justice Amy Converett adapanganso mapangano amphamvu ku malembo ndi tanthauzo lake loyambirira la anthu. Chiyambi chaumba malingaliro apadera pa [[FLT:] [FLT:].[FF:] [FFT] [FF:] [FFF:] [2] [FFFF], "[3]

Mikangano Chifukwa cha Kuyambirira Kuphunzitsa

  • Kutsimikizirika ndi Kuneneratu: Ngati tanthauzo la Konsichushoni likhazikika, nzika ndi opanga malamulo angadalire pa lamulo lokhazikika popanda kuwopa kuti woweruza angalifotokozenso kuti ligwirizane ndi malingaliro amakono.
  • Democratic Legacy: [[FT:1] Kutembenuza kumapaketsa dongosolo la demokrase limene malamulo anavomerezedwa. Kusintha ku lamulo lalikulu kuyenera kubwera kupyolera m'dongosolo la kukonza (Article V), osati kupyolera mwa lamulo lachiweruzo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Khonsigist on Judicial Angery: mwa kugwirizanitsa kumasulira ku tanthauzo la mbiri, kuyambirira kumaletsa kuweruza kukhoza kwa kuika malingaliro aumwini a makhalidwe. Monga momwe Scalia ananenera motchuka, kuyambirira kumachepetsa upandu wa "Bungwe la Malamulo la Moyo" limene limakhala "kufufuza kotheratu" kaamba ka judiary.

Kusuliza Kupeka Mawu Oyambirira

  • Kusintha kwa magetsi: Kumasulira "tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira" kaŵirikaŵiri kuli kovuta monga momwe kuliri ndi cholinga. Zolemba za mbiri yakale zingakhale zosakwanira, zotsutsana, kapena zosanena pa nkhani zosayembekezereka monga zachinsinsi za pakompyuta, kuyang’anira, kapena nzeru zopanga.
  • Kusasinthika: Osuliza amatsutsa kuyambika kwa Malamulo ku malamulo a anthu akale, kuphatikizapo aja amene amavomereza ukapolo, akazi opatulidwa, ndi ufulu wa anthu woletsedwa. Amatchula za Kusintha kwa 19 ndi Malamulo a Chibadwidwe monga zitsanzo za kusintha kofunikira kumene olemba oyambirira angakane ngati ali ogwirizana ndi matanthauzo 1788.
  • Kufufuza Kosankha: [[FLT :1] Otsutsa amawona kuti oweruza olemba Chiyambi nthaŵi zina amasiya njira pamene itsogolera ku zotulukapo zimene sakonda, kudzutsa mafunso ponena za kusasintha. Mwachitsanzo, olemba Baibulo ena ayesayesa kugwirizanitsa njira yawo ndi mphamvu ya boma yaikulu pansi pa Commerce Claus.

Kodi Kusintha kwa Malamulo Nchiyani?

Kumbali ina ya mkanganowo kuli nthanthi yakuti Konsichushoni ndiyo dongosolo lolimba limene tanthauzo lake lingasinthike ndi kusintha kwa makhalidwe a anthu, kupita patsogolo kwa luso la zopangapanga, ndi miyambo yomabuka. "Kukhala ndi malamulo a umulungu" sikumakana malemba, koma kumatsutsa kuti malamulo ake amakhalidwe abwino — monga ngati ufulu, kulingana, ndi njira zoyenerera — ziyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito m’chiyang'aniro cha mikhalidwe yamakono.

Maziko a Mbiri ndi Chisinthiko cha Chiweruziro

Lingaliro la Malamulo osinthika liri ndi maziko aakulu. Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall analemba mu [FLT: 0] MCULLOch v. Maryland (1819) kuti Malamulo "ayenera kupirira kwa nyengo zobwera, ndipo, potsatirapo, kutengera mavuto osiyanasiyana a anthu. M’zaka za zana la 20, Jasitisi Oliver Holson Holmes Jr., Jasitisi Louis Brandeis, ndipo pambuyo pake Woweruza William Brenan adachirikiza masomphenyawa. Zigamu za Supreme Court pa [FL:] [FL:] [FLT:] [FLT:]] [4] [4] [3] [LT] [-full.[4]

Mfundo Zofunika Kuzikhulupirira

Kusintha kwa malamulo kumaphatikizapo njira zingapo zofanana koma zosiyana:

  • Malamulo Okhala ndi Moyo / Kuŵerenga kwa Makhalidwe: Malamulo a malamulo amakhalidwe abwino ofala amene ayenera kumasuliridwa mogwirizana ndi miyezo yogwirizana ndi ulemu. Lingaliro limeneli nlogwirizana kwambiri ndi Woweruza Stephen Breyer ndi wafilosofi Ronald Dworkin.
  • Pragmatic o Consequalitialism Treator: Oweruza alingalira ziyambukiro zenizeni za dziko za maulamuliro awo, cholinga cha kutulutsa zotulukapo zolungama ngakhale ngati zimenezo zigwirizana ndi tanthauzo la mbiri yakale.
  • [[FLT : 0] Chisinthiko kapena Kumasulira kwamphamvu: Tanthauzo la malemba silimaikizidwa; mawu onga "kusintha ndi chilango chachilendo" (Mpambo wa Chifuniro) ayenera kumvedwa m'nkhani ya chitaganya chamakono, monga momwe Bwalo lamilandu linasungidwira mu [FLT:] Trop v. Dulles . (1958).

Mikangano Chifukwa cha Kufeŵa

  • Kuzindikira ku kusintha: Malamulo adalinganizidwa ndi chinenero chofala kulola mikhalidwe yosayembekezereka. Kuyambirira kwenikweni kungakakamize kugamula kuti ziŵerengero za 18 zapakati zikalamulira motani pa zachinsinsi za pa Internet, kusintha kwa nyengo, kapena kuyesa majini.
  • Kuchinjiriza kwa Ufulu Waukulu wa Dziko: Okhulupirira Chiyambi kaŵirikaŵiri amagonjera ku zochita za akulu, koma kumasulira kosinthika kungatetezere magulu osavuta pamene makhoma alephera kuchitapo kanthu. Mwachitsanzo, kuvomereza kwa Khoti ukwati wauchiŵalo mu bergefell v. Hodges [1] (2011) anadalira pa kumvetsetsa ufulu ndi kulingana.
  • Osasintha ndi Predent: [[FLT :1] Nkhani zambiri zosintha zinthu zimene anthu a ku America tsopano saziona mopepuka — monga Manda v. Arizona (1966] kapena [[FLT]] Gideon v. Wainwr] [1963]) — zinaloŵetsamo matanthauzo aakulu amene akatswiri oyambirira nthaŵi zambiri ankamasulira. Kufikira koyambirira kukhoza kugwetsa zaka makumi ambiri za lamulo lokhazikika, kuyambitsa chipwirikiti.

Kusuliza Konsichushoni Yamoyo

  • Otsutsa otsutsa a Chigwirizano cha Ufulu: [[FT:1] Atsutsa kuti kusinthika kumapatsa oweruza mphamvu yosaletsedwa yolembanso Malamulo ozikidwa pa miyezo yawoyawo, kufooketsa demokrase ndi lamulo.
  • Malo a Malamulo a Zolinga: popanda tanthauzo loikidwiratu, lamulo limasintha mosadziŵika. Nzika sizingadziŵe zoyenera zawo kufikira woweruza atasankha, zimene zimasintha ndi kuikidwa kwatsopano kulikonse.
  • Kugwirizana kwa Malamulo: Ngati Konsichushoni imatanthauza chilichonse chimene Khoti likunena, palibe malire a mphamvu ya boma. Osuliza amanena za mafotokozedwe ambiri a Commerce Claus mu Wickard v. Filburn [1] (42]) ndi Gonzales v. Raich[FL:5] (2005] monga zitsanzo za kusintha kwa zinthu zikuyendera.

Malo Aakulu a Nkhondo: Kumene Zida Zikukangana

M’munsimu muli mfundo zingapo zimene zimapangitsa kuti anthu azisinthasintha kwambiri.

Ufulu wa Kulankhula ndi Malamulo Owongolera Zinthu Oyamba

Malingaliro otchuka: Mpambo Woyamba umatetezera ufulu wa kulankhula monga momwe unamvedwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18. Panthaŵiyo, "magazi" anatanthauza zofalitsidwa, ndipo mawu sanaphatikizepo kuipitsa, kumenyana, kapena kutsatsa malonda onyenga. Oyambirira amatsutsa kuti kutsenderezedwako kumaletsa kumbuyo kokha — osati chilango chotsatira — ndipo samatetezera mawu ophiphiritsira monga kutentha mbendera (ngakhale akatswiri ena oyambirira, monga Woweruza Scalia, amachirikiza mbendera-ipsa mu [[FLT:]]. Johnson . ] (9) monga mawu otetezedwa kuchokera ku tanthauzo lapo).

Malingaliro opeputsa: Mpambo Woyamba ndi pulinsipulo wofala wotetezera ku kusanthula kwa boma. Kumasulira kwamakono kumafikira ku kulankhula kwa pa Intaneti, zopereka za mkupiti, ndi zitsutso. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Citizens United (2010) inagwiritsira ntchito njira yosinthika kuchotsa malire a kampani ya ndale zadziko, koma yosinthasintha kaŵirikaŵiri imatsutsa chotulukapo chimenecho, kuvumbula kuti chiphunzitsocho chingadule njira zonse ziŵiri.

: Kuyambirira kungalowetsemo mitundu yamakono ya mawu onga thuet, brom, ndi AI-geted ? Ochirikiza kusasinthika amanena kuti ayi; oyambitsa amanena kuti lamulo la mawu a "ufulu wa kulankhula" lingagwiritsiridwe ntchito ku zoulutsira nkhani zatsopano popanda kusintha tanthauzo lake lenileni.

Ufulu Wosankha Zachinsinsi ndi Malamulo Owonjezera

Malingaliro a chinsinsi: Malamulo samatchula mwachindunji kuyenera kwa onse kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi. James Madison anapereka chiwonjezeko cha Ninth Demendment kutetezera ufulu wosatsutsika, koma oyambirira amakana ufulu wachinsinsi wochuluka wonga uja wopezeka mu [FLT:] [FLT] [2] Grilov. Connecticut [[FL:3] ['''] (kudziwitsa) ndi [FLT:] Reoe v. Wade (ortion). Jamote Thomas adanena kuti ufulu wosalamuliridwa uyenera kukhala wa anthu apamwamba m'mbiri, ndi amwambo, monga ngati makolo.

Malingaliro opeputsa: Demendment ndi Access Procession of the 144th Amendment imapanga maziko a ufulu wachinsinsi umene umakhalako. Woweruza Brennan analongosola malamulowo kukhala "bungwe la moyo" limene limateteza "kuyenera kulekedwa. Mu Obergefell v. Hodges , Khotilo linapeza kuyenera kwa ukwati wozika mizu m’ufulu ndi kulingana, ngakhale kuti palibe Ajambulirotts analingalira kuti.

. Oweruza ayenera kukhala okhoza kuzindikira zoyenera zatsopano zimene zili m'malemba? Olemba Chingelezi amanena kuti mphamvu imeneyi ndi ya anthu kupyolera mwa kusintha; ochirikiza kusintha kusintha amatsutsa kuti chinenero chotakata cha Malamulo [[FLT :] chisinthiko chotere kuti chikhalebe.

Ufulu wa Mfuti ndi Malamulo Achiŵiri

[[FLT: 0] Malingaliro a kuwonjezera: Malamulo achiŵiri amasungitsa kuyenera kwa anthu kusunga ndi kunyamula zida. Mu Diverformation of Columbia v. Heller [2008], Jasitisi Scalia anagwiritsira ntchito tanthauzo lapoyera la kugwetsa chiletso cha mfuti, kugogomezera kuti "kuyenera kwa anthu" kumatanthauza anthu, osati magulu ankhondo. Chosankha chimenechi chatsutsidwa ndi ochirikiza amakono a mapangano, koma ngakhalenso akatswiri oyambirira ena otsutsa za ukulu wa (mg., kaya chikubisa chiletso cha mfuti kapena chonyamula chobisika).

Malingaliro omveka: Lamulo Lachiŵiri liyenera kukhala lolinganizika ndi zosoŵa zamakono za kutetezereka kwa anthu. Woweruza Stevens motsutsana ananena kuti kukonzako kokha kumatetezera zida zogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi asilikali — mtundu wa cholinga choyambirira. Omasulira okhoza kusintha kwambiri angafune malamulo a mfuti amene amasonyeza kuchuluka kwa mfuti ndi masinthidwe a tekinoloji.

:[[FLT :1] [[FLT :2] Heller [[FLT :3] ndi chitsanzo chodziŵika cha kuyambika kotsogolera ku kusintha kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Kodi ndi njira yotani imene imapatsa kugwirizana kowonjezereka? Oyambirira amanena kuti akubwezeretsa tanthauzo lenileni la Malamulo; ochirikiza kusinthika amaopa kuti amathetsa lamulo.

Kuyamba Kulankhulana ndi Ena: Zigamulo zaposachedwapa za Khoti Lalikulu

Ochuluka a khotilo agwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mfundo zokhala ndi malamulo apamwamba. mu New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [2022], Bwalo lamilandu lakantha New York za kubisa malamulo a mfuti mwa kulamula kuti malamulo a mfuti akhale ogwirizana ndi "kulamulira kwa mfuti" — kuyesa kwakukulu kwa oyambirira. Mofananamo, khoti la mu [[FLT]. Jackson's Health Organization [202])] anagwetsa zigamu zachi. WFLD: Roev [FFF:5], potsutsa kuti kuchotsa mimba kwa "kuchokera kwa mbiri yathu yachiyambi kwachiyambi."

Komabe ngakhale mkati mwa kuyambirira, magaŵano alipo. Ofufuza ena oyambirira anatsutsa [[FLT: 0] Bruen [[FLT :1] kaamba ka kupanga kuyesa kwa mbiri kosagwira ntchito kumene makhoti aang'ono amayesayesa kugwiritsira ntchito. Ena amawona kuti kuyambirira sikumatsogolera ku zotulukapo zocheperapo; mwachitsanzo, Chilungamo Gor choyambirira chinagwiritsira ntchito tanthauzo laponse lowonjezera chitetezo kwa mafuko a Eni America mu . MGirt v. OklaMA[FT:] [FT:] 2020]. [FLT:] Kuŵerenga chigamu cha McGirt.[FLT:]

Kusinthasintha M’kachitidwe: Chisinthiko cha Chiyambi cha Chiyambi

Kukhalira ndi malamulo kwapanga ufulu wamakono. Chigamulo cha Khoticho mu [FLT: 0] Brown v. Board ya Maphunziro (1954) yalamulira [[[FLT:] Planety] v. Ferguson [1896]) chifukwa chakuti tanthauzo loyamba linasintha, koma chifukwa chakuti Khoti linazindikira kuti kupendeka kunali kosalingana ndi chitaganya cha 20-century. [[FLT:] Lawrence. v[FLT] Ve. [FLT:] [FLD] [200] [200] [200] [1], Bwalo linakatsa malamulowolo ndi ufulu womatchula ufulu wa Kumadzulo ndi kufalikira kwa mayanjano. [4] Ndipo m'nkhani za Revolutionsstions , ndi Revidemig (207]

Zigamulo zimenezi zimachitidwa ndi ambiri monga zipambano za chilungamo, koma zimadzutsa funso losatha: Ngati Khoti lingasinthe Konsichushoni popanda kusintha mwalamulo, kodi nchiyani chimene chimailetsa kukhala nyumba yoyamwira yosakhala yademokrase? Explore communism ya akatswiri a malamulo.

Kugwirizana Kowonjezereka kwa Kuŵerenga Kowonjezereka

Kumaliza: Konsichushoni monga Kutsutsana kwa Moyo

Kulimbana pakati pa kuyambirira ndi kusinthika kwa lamulo kumasonyeza kuvuta kwakukulu kwa demokrase ya Amereka: mmene angalemekezere nzeru yakale pamene akupitirizabe kulabadira zosoŵa za tsopano. Ndiponso chiphunzitso choyambirira chimapereka kukhazikika ndi kuyang'ana pa mphamvu yachiweruzo, koma chimakhala ndi ngozi pamene chigwiritsidwa ntchito ku mavuto Oyambitsawo sakhoza kuwoneratu. Kusinthasintha kumatsimikizira kuti Konsichushoni ikhalabe "mphamvu ya moyo" kaamba ka chilungamo, koma imayendera mphamvu yolimba pakati pa kumasulira ndi kupeka.

Oweruza ambiri amatengera miyambo yonse iŵiri. Ngakhale ochirikiza zoyamba odzipereka amalingalira chitsanzo ndi zotulukapo; ngakhale ochirikiza malamulo a moyo amalemekeza lembalo. Chotulukapo chake ndicho dongosolo laumunthu lamphamvu, losokonezeka, ndi lozama la kuyendetsa kwa lamulo. kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi nzika, omvetsetsa mkangano umenewu si nkhani za m’mbiri kapena lamulo lokha — kuli kokhudza mmene mtundu wa anthu oposa 330 miliyoni ungasungire chikalata cholembedwa mwamwaŵi, pamene ukumenyeratu umodzi wangwiro kwambiri.