Chiyambi: N’chifukwa Chiyani Kuŵerengera Mlandu Kuli Kofunika Pokakamiza

Mabungwe oyendetsa zinthu ndi maziko a ulamuliro wamakono, wogwirizanitsidwa ndi cholinga cha malamulo kuikidwa m'malamulo otetezera thanzi la anthu, chisungiko, kukhazikika kwa zachuma, ndi malo okhala. Komabe mphamvu yolamulira imakhala ndi ngozi yachibadwa: popanda njira zochitira zinthu zoyenerera, mabungwe angakhale osalabadira, osunga, osunga, kapena opeputsa. Kuŵerengera m'malamulo sikuli kuyang'ana kwapamwamba kwapamwamba kwa anthu, kudalira anthu onse, ndi lamulo. Pamene nzika ndi mabizinesi adziŵa kuti malamulo adzagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino, mowonekera bwino, momvekera bwino, ndi mosasintha, kuwongolera ndi kulimbitsa mapangano a kakhalidwe. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pamene lamulo likuonedwa kukhala lopanda chifukwa chakuyenera kapena chifukwa chandale, kuwonongeka kwa onse, kudalirana kwa lamulo kwa onse.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mfundo zofunika kwambiri zodziŵerengera mlandu pankhani ya malamulo, zimene mabungwe oyendetsa ntchito achita, mavuto amene amakumana nawo, ndiponso njira zimene zingawachititse kuyankha mlandu.

Maziko a Kuŵerengera Malamulo

Kuona Malo Monga Chomera

Kuona padera ndiko mbali yowonekera kwambiri ya kuŵerengera. Kumafuna mabungwe kufalitsa malamulo awo, zosankha za kusungitsa, ziyambukiro, ndi chidziŵitso cha ntchito. Ufulu wa Information Act (FOIA) mu United States ndi malamulo ena ofanana ndi ogwirizana ndi mademokrase ena amakakamiza mabungwe kuvumbula chidziŵitso pa pempho lawo, koma kuwonekera bwino kwambiri /kutulutsa chidziŵitso popanda kufunsidwa. Chitsanzo, ENtron Protection Agement (EPA) kumasungitsa mapangano a boma kusungitsa ntchito ndi zigamu za anthu, kulola anthu kuvomereza kuti bungwe likhale ndi kuŵerengera kwawo.

Kulamulira kwa Chilamulo ndi Kulinganiza Koyenera

Kuŵerengeranso kumafuna kuti mabungwe azigwira ntchito m'malamulo odziŵika bwino. Malamulo ayenera kuperekedwa mwa njira zovomerezeka zoperekera ndemanga za boma, ndipo ntchito yosungitsa malamulo iyenera kutsatira njira zokhazikitsidwa. Kutsatira malamulo kumateteza mabungwe ku zilango zongodzisankhira. Ku United States, Administrative Procedure Act (APA) imakhazikitsa malamulo a zimenezi, pamene kuli kwakuti ku Ulaya, lamulo la kulinganiza malamulo limakhala loletsa kuvuta. Makishoni amene amatsata njira yoyenerera kupatsidwa chilango cha komiti ya milandu ndi kudalirana ndi anthu onse.

Kudziimira Paokha Popanda Kukakamizidwa ndi Zandale ndi Zamalonda

Woyang'anira woyang'anira ayenera kutetezeredwa ku nyengo zazifupi za ndale zadziko ndi kugwidwa ndi maindasitale amene amayang'anira. Ufulu wa kudziimira sumatanthauza kusadziŵika; mmalo mwake, kumatanthauza kuti zigamulo zosungitsa zinapangidwa zozikidwa pa umboni ndi lamulo, osati pa zitsogozo kapena kusonkhezera. U.S. . . . . . . . . .CISCIS Commistion (SEC) [FLT: 1] imapangidwa monga bungwe lodziimira lokha ndi akuluakulu a boma oikidwa ndi malamulo ochititsa manyazi, kuchepetsa ngozi ya kusinthasintha kwa mwamsanga. Mofananamo, [[FLT:] Mediciums Agencytion (EFLT] [FLT]]

Ntchito Zazikulu za Mabungwe Okakamiza

Kuŵerengera kumachitidwa kupyolera m’dongosolo la ntchito zazikulu zimene bungwe lililonse lauyang’aniro liyenera kuchita bwino:

  • Kupanga: Kumasulira malamulo alamulo kukhala malamulo otsimikizirika, osungidwa. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kupenda mtengo wa kulinganiza, kufunsira kwa wosunga, ndi kufalitsa m'makalata a boma. Mabungwe ayenera kutsimikizira kuti malamulo sali olemetsa koma afikire zotulukapo zawo zolinganizidwa.
  • Monitoring ndi Aspect:[[FLT :1] Uyang'aniro wopitirizabe wa zinthu zoyendetsedwa zofufuza zosagwirizana. Izi zingaphatikizepo kufufuza kosiyanasiyana, zofunika za madata, ndi luso lapamwamba. Mwachitsanzo, Kuteteza ndi Administration (OSA) ndi mayeso olinganizidwa ndi odandaula.
  • Machitidwe okakamiza: Kulinganiza njira zotsutsana ndi oswa zikalata zochenjeza ndi maliponsi ku chilolezo cha kuchotsa ndi kutumiza kwa apandu. Kukhulupirika kwa kusungitsa lamulo kumadalira pa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zilango kotsimikizirika.
  • Kuphunzitsa ndi Kutseguka: Mabungwe oyendetsedwa akumvetsetsa ndi kutsatira malamulo. Chitsogozo chogwira ntchito chikhoza kuchepetsa kuswa lamulo mwadala ndi kukulitsa maunansi ogwirizana.
  • Kupima: Kuyesa chiyambukiro cha malamulo ndi njira zosungitsira, ndi kudyetsa chidziŵitso chimenecho kubwereranso m'kupanga malamulo ndi kugaŵira katundu.

Mavuto Ochuluka Oti Anthu Adziwiretu Zochita

Mosasamala kanthu za mabungwe abwino, otsogoza akugwira ntchito m’malo ovuta amene amayesa kudziŵerengera kwawo mlandu pa nthaŵi iriyonse.

Kusintha Zinthu ndi Kusiyana kwa Zinthu

Mabungwe ambiri amaletsedwa mosalekeza mogwirizana ndi malamulo awo. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) , mwachitsanzo, amafufuza kokha chigawo cha ziwiya za kupangira mankhwala akunja chaka chilichonse, kudalira pa kuikiziridwa kwa ngozi. Ma bajeti ochepetsedwa amatanthauzanso ochepera pa kufufuza chidziŵitso, zofufuza zalamulo, ndi kuchotsedwa. Pamene zotsalazo zili zosoŵa, mabungwe angakakamizidwe kutsa kutsatsa, zimene zingaoneke ngati zongopeka ndi kuchotsa mlandu.

Kulimbikitsa Ndale ndi Maindasitale

Makampani angayang'anizane ndi kukakamizidwa kwambiri ndi andale ndiponso mafakitale omwe amalamulira. Kuopsa kwa kudula bajeti, kusintha kwa utsogoleri, kapena kuyendetsa malamulo kungaziziritse mantha. Akuluakulu a mabungwe akayamba kugwirizana kwambiri ndi oimira makampani, zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito bwino njira zamakono zothandizira anthu ovutika. Mabomba a Deepwater Horing ndi mavuto a zachuma a 2008, onse awiriwo akusonyeza mmene oyendetsa zinthu alephera kukhazikitsa malamulo omwe alipo, ndipo zotsatira zake n’zoopsa.

Malamulo Ocholoŵana Ndiponso Akalekale

Malamulo a kayendetsedwe ka zinthu kaŵirikaŵiri amavutika kuyendera limodzi ndi kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga. Malamulo olembedwa kaamba ka maindasitale a kachipangizo ka kapena ka makompyuta, antchito a jig-economily, kapena mbewu zolinganizidwa ndi majini. Kusintha m'malamulo kumayambitsa mipata ndi kulimbikitsa zitokoso za lamulo. Ofuna ndalama ayenera kusungitsa kukonzanso malamulo kuti akhale omveka bwino ndi osungidwa.

Kusakhulupirika kwa Anthu Onse ndi Kupeka Mabuku

M'mayiko ambiri, anthu ayamba kutaya chikhulupiriro chawo m’mabungwe. Pamene anthu aona kuti akuluakulu a boma ndi opatula kapena osathandiza, sakhoza kunenera kuti aswa kapena agwirizana ndi mafufuzidwe. Ofalitsa nkhani za chikhalidwe angakulitse malingaliro a tsankho, ngakhale ngati apolisi ali ndi ufulu wochita zinthu. Kukhulupirirana kwa kumanganso sikumangofuna kuonetsetsa kuti anthu azichita zinthu mwachilungamo, koma kukambirana bwino ndi kugwirizana ndi anthu.

Makina Odziŵerengera Mlandu

Kuŵerengera sikumangochitika mwachibadwa; kuyenera kupangidwa m’madongosolo a dongosolo losintha kupyolera m’madongosolo angapo oloŵana.

Mitembo Yoyang’aniridwa ndi Kupenda Kodziimira

Maboma ambiri amapanga mabungwe opatulidwa kuti afufuze ntchito ya bungwe. U.S. Office ya Unduna (GAO) [1] Akuchititsa kufunsa ndi kufufuza pa pempho la Congress, kufalitsa malipoti amene amagogomezera kupereŵera ndi kulimbikitsa kusintha. Ku United Kingdom, Komiti ya National Accounting (NALT) imachita ntchito yofanana. Ofesifesi ya ombudsman ikhozanso kusamalira madandaulo ochokera kwa nzika ndi mabizinesi onena za kuchiritsa kwa lamulo.

Kupenda Chiweruzo

Makhoti amachita mbali yaikulu m'kupangitsa mabungwe oyendetsa zinthu ndi magulu othandizira anthu kuyang’anira angatsutse malamulo ndi kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo akwaniritsidwe pa zifukwa za chikhalidwe kapena zapansi. Ngakhale kuti kupenda zachiweruzo n’kofunika, kungakhalenso kochedwa ndiponso kothandiza. Kulinganiza bwino pakati pa kulolera ndi kuyang’anitsitsa kwambiri zinthu sikuvuta.

Kutenga Nawo Mbali Pagulu ndi Kuona Malo

Kutengamo mbali kwapoyera kwatanthauzo kumaphatikizapo nyengo zapadera pa malamulo operekedwa. Kuphatikizapo makomiti a kuweruza kwa onse, mayeso, ndi kugwirizana ndi mabungwe a anthu. SEC nthaŵi zonse kufunafuna chifatse chapoyera pa zoyesayesa za boma, ndi EPA imagwiritsira ntchito malo osungirako zinthu a malo otetezera malo apamwamba. Zipangizo zamakono zingachepetse zopinga zoloŵemomo: mabwalo a za magetsi ndi manyuziko opanga zinthu zolola chigwirizano chachikulu.

Zitetezero za M’madzi ndi Njira Zoulutsira

Kulimbikitsa oyendetsa kuti anene za kusadziletsa kuli chiŵiya champhamvu chodziŵerengera mlandu. Zotetezera zolimba za pilo, zonga zija za pa Dodd-Frank Act kaamba ka malamulo a zandalama, kumathandiza antchito kuvumbula kulephera kwa kusungitsa popanda kuopa kubwezera. A bungwelo ayeneranso kupereka njira zodandaulira anthu mosavuta.

Malamulo Odziŵerengera Mlandu

Malinga ndi mavuto amene takambiranawa, mabungwe olangiza anthu angatsatire njira zotsatirazi kuti atsimikizire kuti ndi osunga malamulo.

Kufufuza Uyang’aniro wa Kuyang’anira Zinthu

Mabungwe amakono akugwiritsira ntchito ma algoric auchigawenga aakulu ndi kuneneratu kuti apeze njira zosungitsira osungitsa. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) imagwiritsira ntchito maalamu kudziŵira kubwereranso kwa msonkho, pamene Faceractural Administration (FAA) imasanthula chidziŵitso cha ndege kuti ione ngozi. Kuwonetsenso kuwona kwa kunja kofufuza kuti athe kupenda makampani. Komabe, makampani ayenera kuchinjiriza kudana ndi kulakwa kwa auchigawa ndi kutsimikizira kuti chidziŵitso chigwiritsiridwe ntchito.

Kulimbikitsa Ufulu wa Kudziimira Paokha Chifukwa cha Kusintha kwa Maulamuliro

Kuti achepetse chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko, maiko ena atetezera mabungwe ambiri, mabungwe okhazikika a utsogoleri, ndi mitsinje ya ndalama zoperekedwa. Mabungwe a Eupane Central Bank [1] (osati bungwe lolamulira pa , koma chitsanzo cha kudziimira) amasonyeza mmene kudziimira kungachirikizire malamulo a banki osasintha. Mabungwe amene alipo, kusintha konga ngati kudalira pa bajeti pa zinthu zapachaka kungathandize.

Kukulitsa Chikhalidwe cha Makhalidwe ndi Kuphunzira

Kuŵerengera kwa m’dziko kumayamba ndi maphunziro a antchito ndi zitsogozo za makhalidwe abwino. Makampani ayenera kulimbikitsa "kulankhula bwino" chikhalidwe kumene antchito angakulitse nkhaŵa popanda mantha. Kupenda nthaŵi zonse pambuyo pa kulephera kwa kusungitsa kukhoza kudziŵikitsa mavuto a dongosolo la zinthu. U.S. Nuclear Regatoriation Commission [NLC:1] iri ndi programu yokhazikika bwino "makolo aphunzira" imene imakhala pulogalamu ya onse pambuyo pa zochitika zazikulu.

Kuthandiza Anthu Onse

Mmalo mochitira anthu monga olandira malamulo, mabungwe angaphatikizepo nzika m'kuyang'anira ndi kuonetsetsa. Programu zogawira, monga ngati kupima madzi a mudzi mogwirizana ndi EPA], kupatsa anthu a m'madera akwawo mphamvu ndi kupereka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka. Njira imeneyi siimangowongolera kuŵerengera komanso imakulitsa chidaliro.

Zimene Anthu Padziko Lonse Amakhulupirira Zimawakhudza

Malamulo ndi miyambo yosiyanasiyana ya ndale zadziko imatulutsa zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana zoŵerengera mlandu. Ku United States, chigogomezero chiri pa kuvomereza lamulo kwalamulo kwa makampani mobwerezabwereza ndi kuyang'anira kochitidwa ndi bungwe. [[FLT: 0] Eupanon . [FLT] Amadalira kwambiri pa kupenda kwa ausinkhu wa mamembala pakati pa maiko ndi bwalo lamilandu lamphamvu (Khoti la Ulaya la Chilungamo cha Chilungamo) kukakamiza kuyang'anira. Emerging , monga India ndi Brazil, apanga mabungwe odziimira kaamba ka magawo onga a tempyuta ndi magetsi, koma akulimbana ndi mphamvu ndi kuloŵerera kwa ndale zadziko. [FLT:] OECD’Regalitation Policy [1] [FFFF3]

Kupenda Milandu Mokhutiritsa

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

EPA yayambitsa njira zingapo zodziwiratu mlandu. Imasintha zinthu ndi kupenda mbiri ya Online (ECHHO]) pulojekita imathandiza aliyense kufufuza zinthu zovomerezeka za pa kampani, mapepala oyendera, ndi zilango. Bungweli limafalitsanso zotsatira za ntchito yoonetsetsa kuti anthu aitsatira pachaka ndiponso likuchititsa mapulogalamu ake achitatu. Pa nthawi ya Obama, bungwe la EPA linawonjezera chilango cha anthu ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo aupandu oletsa kuphwanya malamulo a boma, limatumiza chizindikiro champhamvu choletsa kuletsa kutero.

Atsogoleri a Zakudya ndi Mankhwala (FDA)

FDA imaŵerengera mlandu chifukwa cha kupenda kosatsutsika kwa sayansi ndi kugawidwa kwa anthu ambiri. Madokotala ake [[FLT:] Pretient Drug Development amachititsa kuyembekezera koleza mtima kukhala ndi zigamulo. Bungwelo limasunganso Kachilombo ka DSD kamene kamatsata chakudya ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Pambuyo pa kulephera kwapamwamba monga kukumbukira kachitidwe ka makanda koipitsidwa, FDA inayambitsa kachitidwe kolondola ndi kuwonjezereka kwa uyang'aniro.

Malo ndi Ntchito Yosinthana ndi Zachuma (SEC)

Bungwe la SEC limapanga malipoti a chaka ndi chaka a ntchito zake, kuphatikizapo ziŵerengero za zochita zoperekedwa, zilango zosonkhanitsidwa, ndi oimba malipilo olipiridwa. SEC’S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Agency ya ku Ulaya ya Zamankhwala (EMA)

Bungweli limafufuzanso anthu onse pa malangizo aakulu ndipo limachita misonkhano ndi mabungwe odziwa zaumoyo komanso odziwa zaumoyo.

Ntchito ya Luso Podziŵikitsa Kuŵerengera Mtsogolo

Luso la zopangapanga limapereka mathayo ndi maupandu onse aŵiri a kuŵerengera mlandu. Luntha lopanga ndi mapangano opanga, ngakhale kuli kwakuti, kuyang'anira kochitidwa ndi madayamu aakulu, kuchepetsa makompyuta kuti apendedwe. Sikelo [1] [[FLT:] ingathe kupanga mapepala a kusatsatsa ndi zikalata zotsatirika, kuchepetsa chinyengo. Komabe, luso limodzimodzilo lingatseke khalidwe ngati ma propiterietary kapena kulakwa. A CPUTS iyenera kutchula [FL:] kuonekera kwapadera [[FL:] [[FLT]] [FLT] [5] ndi kutsimikizira kuti zosankha za galimoto ndizoyang'alatsa. [FUT]

Kumaliza: Kupitiriza Kufufuza Kuŵerengera

Kuŵerengera kwa lamulo si malo amene akupita koma ntchito yopitirizabe. Mabungwe olangiza ayenera kuzoloŵera mavuto atsopano . Kusokonezeka kwa madongosolo a boma, kusintha kwa zinthu. Mabungwe odziŵerengera kwambiri ndi aja amene amavomereza kuonekera, kudziimira, ndi kugawidwa kwa anthu monga mfundo za makhalidwe, osati monga kutsata. Amayesa ntchito yawo, kuphunzira kuchokera ku ku kulephera, ndipo amafunitsitsa kusintha. Pamene dziko lonse likhala logwirizana, malamulo a kudziŵerengera adzayesedwa ndi miyezo ya mayiko ambiri.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuzani ntchito ya ECD pa malamulo a kayendetsedwe ka zinthu , U.S. Ofesi ya Umboni ya Boma , ndi [[FLT]] EMA [malangizo a kuŵerengera].