Unansi pakati pa mmene oweruza amamasulira lamulo ndi zimene anthu amakhulupirira kuti lamulolo liyenera kukhala chimodzi cha zisonkhezero zazikulu koposa m'nthaŵi ya julistraude. Pamutu pa mkanganowu pali malingaliro osatha pakati pa kuyambika kwa [[FLT:]], njira yomasulira mwalamulo imene imafuna kumamatira ku tanthauzo la mawu a lemba monga momwe linadziŵikira pa nthaŵi yake ya kuikidwa kwake ndi [[FLT:]], malingaliro a anthu onse a maganizo ndi makhalidwe a nzika. Kumvetsetsa mmene mphamvu ziŵiri zimenezi ziliri zofunika kwa kumvetsetsa zimene zili zoyenerera ndi zoyenera. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mfundo zachiyambi cha maziko oyambirira, malingaliro a anthu a pa milandu yoweruza milandu iŵiri yothandiza, pamene zigamu.

Kumvetsetsa Chiyambi cha Malemba

Kumasulira si chiphunzitso chimodzi, koma ndi mfundo yomasulira. Pamutu pake, kumatsimikizira kuti tanthauzo la malamulo limakhazikika panthaŵi imene anavomerezedwa. Oweruza amene amatsatira nzeru imeneyi amafunafuna kugwiritsira ntchito tanthauzo lachiyambilo mmalo molikonza kuti asonyeze tanthauzo la zinthu. Pali zingwe ziwiri zazikulu: cholinga choyambirira , chimene chimayang'ana ku zolinga za akatswiri olemba, ndi yoyambirira kutanthauza anthu otchuka.

Ochirikiza amanena kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chimachirikiza [[FLT: 0] kusiyanitsa, kutsimikizirika, ndi kuŵerengera kwa democracy . Mwakugwirizanitsa kumasulira ku bekkkk yoikika ya mbiri yakale, oweruza amaletsedwa kuloŵetsa zikondwerero zawo za malamulo m'zosankha. Izi zimalingaliridwa kutetezera kulekana kwa maulamuliro ndi kuletsa kugamula kukhala chochititsa chachikulu. Monga momwe National Constitution Center ikufotokozera , zolinga zoyambirira kutsimikizira kuti kusintha kwa tanthauzo lalamulo kumabwera kupyolera ku njira ya kumbuyo yalamulo, osati kupyolera mwa kulinganiza kwachiweruzo.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale ndi Kusintha kwa Masiku Ano

Njira yoyambirira ya kukonza zinthu inayamba ndi chiyambi chachikulu ku America, koma inatha kuyanjidwa m’zaka za zana la 20 monga "malamulo amoyo" monga chitsanzo chopezedwa. Kudzudzutsidwa kwamakono kunayamba m'ma 1980 monga chivomerezo cha zigamulo zonga Roe v. Wade[FL:1] [777] , amene otsutsa anaona kukhala oweruza. Chiyambirecho, Chiphunzitso chakhala mphamvu yaikulu pa benchi, makamaka pakati pa oweruza ndi oweruza osunga mwambo. Chisonkhezere chake chinakula kwambiri ndi kuikidwa kwa Zoweruza Clarence, Samuel Alto, Neill Gorof, Bret Kivagh, ndi Amynett, onse amene anagwirizana ndi njira yoyambirira.

Kusuliza Kupeka Mawu Oyambirira

Ngakhale kuti kutchuka kwake, kuyambika kwa zinthu kumayang'anizana ndi chisulizo chachikulu. Otsutsa amanena kuti nkosatheka kutsimikizira tanthauzo loyambirira la mawu alamulo aakulu monga "kuyambira" kapena "chitetezero chofanana. Amatsutsanso kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chingatulutse zolakwika, makamaka pankhani zokhudza ufulu wa anthu, chifukwa chakuti ofufuzawo sakanayembekezera chitaganya chamakono. Ndiponso, otsutsa amazindikira kuti oweruza oyambirira kaŵirikaŵiri sagwirizana, akulingalira kuti njirayo siichotsa nzeru zachiweruzo monga yotsatiridwa. Mwachitsanzo, mu [[FLT:] Diverties of Columbia v. Heller . [FLT:] (2001), onse aŵiriwo, malingaliro otsutsawomba kuti amatsatira mfundo zoyambirira, iwo anafikira pa mfundo zosiyana za kukonza kwachiŵiri.

Mbali ya Lingaliro la Anthu Popereka Chigamulo cha Chiweruzo

Malingaliro a anthu onse akutanthauza malingaliro a anthu onse pa nkhani zalamulo, zachikhalidwe, ndi zandale. M'makhoti, makhoti sasankhidwa mwachindunji, koma ayenera kusungabe [[FLT: 0] kukhala oyenerera . Chigamulo cha jaji chakuti nthaŵi zonse anthu amatsutsa kwambiri zikhulupiriro za anthu, kuphatikizapo malamulo a khoti, osagwirizana ndi malamulo, ndi kutha kwa chikhulupiriro cha anthu. Chifukwa chake, oweruza kaŵirikaŵiri amaŵerengera maganizo a anthu onse, kaya mwachindunji kapena mwa chisonkhezero chachinyengo cha chikhalidwe.

Kufufuza kwa m'makhoti kwasonyeza kugwirizana pakati pa chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu ndi malingaliro a anthu. Kufufuza kwina kochititsa chidwi kwa asayansi andale kunapeza kuti zosankha za khotilo zimayendera limodzi ndi malingaliro a anthu onse panthaŵi ina. Komabe, unansiwo suli wopepuka. Khoti silinafufuze motsatira mfundo; m’malo mwake, limayankha kusintha kwa malingaliro apamwamba, kujambula, ndi kuyendetsa mayanjano. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kofulumira kwa anthu onse kwa kugwirizana ndi ukwati pakati pa ma 1990 ndi 2010 mosakayikitsa kuyambukiridwa ndi lamulo limene linathera mu [FLD: 0.] . Hodgesberge v.

Lingaliro la anthu lingayambukirenso kupanga chigamulo cha chiweruzo mwanjira ina kupyolera m'dongosolo la kuikidwa. Mapresidenti amasankhidwa, ndipo amaweruza ogwirizana ndi malingaliro awo ndi mapangano. Nyumba za malamulo zimatsimikizira kuti afiminisi ameneŵa, ndipo lingaliro la anthu la jadicary likhoza kusonkhezera kutsimikizira nkhondo. [[FLT:] 20222] Kufufuza kwa Paw Research Center kukhoza kutsimikizira kuti chidaliro cha anthu onse m'Khoti Lapamwamba chagwa pansi pa mbiri yakale, makamaka kusonkhezeredwa ndi kuperekedwa kwa chigamulo chachizembe . [WAD] v. [FLT] [FLT:]. Kusinthana kwa malingaliro otero kukhoza kutsendeka maganizo a anthu kuyang'Oweruza.

Kutsatira Malamulo ndi Kugwirizana

Makhoti alibe mphamvu ya chikwama kapena lupanga; iwo amadalira pa nthambi zina ndi anthu kusungitsa zosankha zawo. Ngati chigamulocho nchosayendera bwino ndi lingaliro la anthu, chinganyalanyazidwe, kusinthidwa ndi malamulo otsatira, kapena ngakhale kunyozedwa. Chitsanzo chenicheni ndicho Brown v. Bungwe la Maphunziro (1954), limene poyamba linayang'anizana ndi chitsutso chachikulu Kummwera. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, malinga ndi lingaliro laponse, chigamulo chinalandiridwa ndi kukhala mwala walamulo. Zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti nthaŵi zina makhoti amatsogolera maganizo a anthu koma sangakhoze kutsogolo popanda ulamuliro wawo.

Kusagwirizana Pakati pa Kuyamba kwa Chibadwidwe ndi Malingaliro a Anthu

Kutsutsana kwakukulu kumabuka chifukwa chakuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chimayang'ana kumbuyo ku nsonga yoikidwiratu, pamene lingaliro la anthu limayang'ana kutsogolo ndi kusintha. Pamene tanthauzo loyamba la Malamulo lichirikiza malo amene sakondedwa kapena osalungama ndi miyezo yamakono, oweruza oyambirira angamve kukhala okakamizika kuwachirikiza, ngakhale patapanda chivomerezo cha anthu. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, pamene lingaliro la anthu lilola kwambiri chotulukapo china, oweruza osakhala oyamba angadzimve kukhala omasuka kwambiri kulekana ndi tanthauzo lakale la makhalidwe amakono.

Zitsanzo za Mikangano

  • Ukwati wa Same-Sexmate : Tanthauzo loyambirira la Dongosolo la 14th Amendment and Unified Claus project cent famist CONS silinapereke kuyenera kwa ukwati wofanana, pamene ukwati unalingaliridwa ndi mbiri kukhala mgwirizano wa mwamuna ndi mkazi. Komabe lingaliro la anthu linasintha modabwitsa, ndi Khoti mu 07] linapeza kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa ukwati wofanana ndi wa extrative, kutengera njira yalamulo ya moyo. Oyambirira monga Jasitist Sctalia, akutsutsa kuti ochulukitsa anali ndi kusankha kwa demokrase.
  • Ufulu wodzisankhira: [[FLT:] [[FLT]] . Jackson Akazi 'Auth Health Organization (202]) (202]) anagwedeza [] ndi [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]] [kamodzi]], kubwezera nkhani ku maulamuliro. Lingaliro lalikulu, lolembedwa ndi Woweruza wa Atalito, lolembedwa ndi kutsutsa koyambirira, akutsutsa kuti malamulo opanda malembo kapena mbiri yakale yolondola ya kuchotsa mimba. Malingaliro a anthu pa kuchotsa mimba akukhala ogaŵana mogaŵana mokhazikika, makamaka ndi kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa zigawa zandale.
  • , Bwalo linatenga mayeso atsopano a Kusintha kwachiŵiri: Mu New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [2022] [202]), Khoti linatengera mayeso atsopano a kuyesa kukhazikitsa malamulo a Second Reformation kulembedwa ndi mbiri yakale . Kulingalira kumeneku kwachepetsa kale malamulo a boma ambiri a mfuti, kaŵirikaŵiri kumapereka lingaliro lapoyera ndi kutsutsa kwawo kolimba kwa mbiri yakale ndi kutetezera anthu kwamakono.

Zimene Zimachititsa Kuti Anthu Azikayikira Mfundo za M’mabungwe Aja

Pamene kuli kwakuti oweruza ena ali otsimikiza kwambiri ku njira imodzi, ambiri amaloŵa m'chitsenderezo cha cha mapope ndi chigawo cha mawonekedwe [[FTL:1] omwe amagwiritsira ntchito ponse paŵiri kulingalira ndi kumvetsetsa kwa anthu. Khoti Lapamwamba silimagwira ntchito popanda kanthu. Mamembala ake amaikidwa kaamba ka moyo, koma amayang'aniridwa ndi zitsenderezo za boma, kuphatikizapo kulemekeza chitsanzo ndi chikhumbo cha kusungabe kuyenera. Pansipansi pali njira zazikulu zimene kulinganiza kumeneku kumafikiridwa.

Kuletsa Kuweruza Kutsutsana. Kumasulira Kogwira Ntchito

Oweruza amene amachita motsatira lamulo amakhoterera ku kugonjera ku nthambi zina, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito kuyambirira monga cholungamitsira kusafutukula zoyenera kupyola chidziŵitso choyambirira. Izi zingagwirizane ndi lingaliro la anthu pamene anthu alolera kusiya nkhani ku nyumba ya malamulo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, oweruza amene amatsatira malamulo okhala ndi moyo [ kapena njira yomasulira mwamphamvu kwambiri ingawonjezere ufulu wogwirizana ndi malamulo a anthu, mwakutero kugwirizanitsa ndi malingaliro a anthu.

Ntchito ya Chiyambi

Stare decisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [[FLT] [FLT] Makedzana [[FLT:] Makedzana] ndi [FLT] Barber brue v. [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FT] [FLT] [FT] [FLT] [3] ndi: FT] pa mabwalo a decis. Komabe, [[FLT:] [FLT] [4]] [4] [] [zinsinsinsinsinsi za dziko lonse], khoti likugwedetsedwa , ndipo likusintha kwambiri.

Mabungwe Ophunzitsa ndi Kupanga Zosankha Zanzeru

Oweruza saali osazindikira za mkhalidwe wandale ndi wa anthu. Maphunziro a Khoti Lapamwamba akupereka lingaliro lakuti chiweruzo chilingalire za kachitidwe kabwino ka Congress, Pulezidenti, ndi anthu popanga malingaliro. Chigamulo chimene changolinganizidwiratu kupeŵa moto chingakhale chokhalitsa kuposa chigamulo chokulira. Mwachitsanzo, mu United States v. [2020:1] ndipo [ka] chigamulo cha Hafu] chigwedere , chigamu cha khoti chimene chinavomerezedwa kwa anthu ambiri chifukwa chakuti malingaliro ayamba kale. [FLT:]

Chiyambukiro pa Milandu Yaikulu ya Khoti Lalikulu

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Ngakhale kuti inagamulidwa isanakhale nthanthi yachibadwidwe, Brown . Chigamulo choyambirira cha Filimite Protection Claus sichinali chogwirizana ndi sukulu zogawidwa, monga mafream ambiri a Kusintha kwa Zaka 1450 kovomerezedwa. Khoti mmalo mwake linadalira pa maumboni a sayansi ndi miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino. Chigamulo chimenechi chinali ntchito ya utsogoleri wa chiweruzo umene unapitikitsa maganizo a anthu kutsogolo, komanso chinayambitsanso nkhondo ya ndale. Lerolino, akatswiri oyambirira akulimbana ndi Brown [7] [7] Ikatsutsa kuti ilungamidwe ndi tanthauzo lapo, pamene ena anavomereza kuti chigamu chigamulo cholakwika cha anthu chakuchi.

M’bale Jackson ndi mkazi wathanzi (2013)

[[FLT: 0] ROT kaŵirikaŵiri amasulizidwa ndi akatswiri oyambirira kukhala chitsanzo cha kuchotsa mimba, kupeza kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba kosazikidwa m'malemba alionse alamulo. Lingaliro la anthu pa nthaŵi ya Roe [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] [i]] adayanja kulola kuchotsa mimba momasuka malamulo, koma chosankhacho chinakhalabe chotsutsana. M'zaka makumi ambiri, Khoti mu [FLT:] [FLT] imaimira njira yoyambirira yodziwonera] [[FLT:]]] [FLT]] [FLT] [5]] [8] [8] anayesa kutsimikizira [FLT] kochitidwa ndi chivomerezo cha anthu ambiri opa. Ngati kuti chikhomeretsa chikhoterere chofala cha kutsutsa chigani cha kuchuluka chakuchotsa maganizo chakuchotsa kwa lamulo chakuto.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Mu chigamulo chinaperekedwa panthaŵi imene anthu akhala ogwirizana pa ukwati umodzi wa pakati pa anthu. Kulinganiza kumeneku kunathandiza kuti lamulo likhale lovomerezeka mofulumira. Chochitikacho chikusonyeza kuti chigamulo chosakhala cha chiyambi cha anthu chikhoza kukhazikitsa ndi kuchititsa anthu kukhala ovomerezeka, komanso chimachititsanso funso: Kodi chigamulo cha khotilo chiyenera kudalira pa kukhala ndi mgwirizano wa anthu onse?

Kutsutsana kwa Nthaŵi Yatsopano ndi Malangizo a M’tsogolo

Khoti Lapamwamba lamakono lili ndi lamulo lamphamvu losiyana lomwe limamvera chisoni kwambiri chiphunzitso choyambirira. Izi zachititsa mpambo wa zosankha kugwetsa kapena kuchepetsa, kufutukula ufulu wa mfuti, kuletsa kuvomereza, ndi kumaliza kuyenera kwa lamulo la kuchotsa mimba. Malamulo ameneŵa asintha lamulo losiyana ndi maganizo a anthu pankhani zina. Kusintha kumeneku kwachititsa kuti khoti likhale gulu landale loti likhale lopanda ulamuliro wa dzikolo.

Akatswiri onga Kusemphana kwa malamulo a Chicago Profesa William Baude akutsutsa kuti kuyambirira kungagwirizane ndi kuyenera kwa demokrase ngati kuletsa oweruza ndi kulola anthu kukonzanso Malamulo. Ena, monga profesa Michael Klarman, amatsutsa kuti kuyambirira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mogwiritsira ntchito kuti akwaniritse zolinga za malamulo. Chidziŵitso cha anthu chimapereka lingaliro lakuti ziyeneretso za Khotilo zagwa, makamaka pakati pa Democrates ndi odziimira pawokha, zimene zingafooketse ulamuliro wake wogamula milandu yotsutsana.

Kuyang'ana kutsogolo, kusiyanitsa kwa chiphunzitso choyambirira ndi malingaliro a anthu kudzayesedwa pa nkhani zonga [[FLT: 0] mawu olankhula, makompyuta, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi mphamvu ya boma . Pamene chitaganya chikusintha mofulumira, oweruza oyambirira adzafunikira kudziŵa kuti tanthauzo lakuyanika motani kuti adziŵe mmene zinthu zinakhalira. Panthaŵiyi, anthu adzapitiriza kufotokoza malingaliro awo kudzera m'masankho, kutsutsa, ndi mapendedwe, zimene zingachititse nzeru zachiweruzo m'nthaŵi yaitali.

Kumaliza

Kugwirizana pakati pa kuyambirira ndi lingaliro la anthu sikuli chosankha chachiŵiri koma kukambitsirana kwamphamvu. Kuyambirira kumapereka chivomerezo cha kukhulupirika kwa malemba ndi kuŵerengera kwa demokrase mwa kufuna kusintha mwa kukonza. Komabe kungatulutse zotulukapo zimene zimawombana ndi makhalidwe amakono ndi kuwopseza kuima kwa anthu. Lingaliro la anthu, kumbali ina, limapereka chilolezo cha zoyembekezeredwa ndi anthu ndipo limathandiza kutsimikizira kuti zosankha zachiweruzo sizimataya lamulo pakati pa awo amene zimalamulira. Makhoti achipambano koposa m'mbiri ya mbiri yakale apeza njira zolemekezera malamulo alamulo pamene akupitirizabe kuyendera kupita patsogolo kwa makhalidwe a dziko. Kaya woyambirirayo angapange funso lomveka lofananalo. Kudziŵa kuti American idzafotokoza chisankho cha mbadwo chimodzi. Kuzindikira zimenezi sikuli kovuta kwa nzika zalamulo zalamulo zalamulo zalamulo koma kuyang'nkhani ya anthu onse amene amayang'anira lamulo lachisalu.