Madongosolo a Electoral ndi malamulo a maziko amene amalamulira mmene chitaganya chimatembenuzira mavoti a munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi kukhala ulamuliro wandale. Kusankha dongosolo lapadera la— kugamula kwa dongosolo la Kuyamba-Past- Post, dongosolo la Apulogalamu Aŵiri a Moritarianism, kapena mtundu wa Proportational Implationism — imasonkhezera dongosolo la kachitidwe ka ovota, ndi kugamula kuti ndi mawu ati amene awonjezeredwa m’mabwalo a mphamvu. Kufufuza za sayansi, kapangidwe kadongosolo la zinthu zapamwamba ndi kadziko lamphamvu kwambiri lokhala ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu za kuyenerera kwa democracyism, kukhazikika kwa anthu, ndi kuyendetsa bwino. Kumvetsetsa madongosolo ndi malonda a malonda a malonda m’madongosolo la zinthu zosiyanasiyana nkofunika kwambiri kuti aliyense aonetse njira za democracy.

Mfundo Zabwino Zothandiza Kuti Munthu Aziyenda Bwino

Asanayerekezere madongosolo, kuli kofunika kukhazikitsa miyezo imene "ubwino" umaweruzidwa nayo. Kukoma mtima si lingaliro la kudalira Mulungu mmodzi; kumaphatikizapo mapindu angapo osiyana, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri opikisana. Dongosolo limene limalingaliridwa kukhala lolungama kwambiri m'nkhani imodzi lingakhale lolakwika kwambiri malinga ndi mfundo zina zimene zimaikidwa.

Kuimira

Dongosolo loyenera liyenera kutembenuza zokonda za osankhidwa kukhala nyumba yosankhira imene imasonyeza mokulira malingaliro a anthu osiyanasiyana. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo ponse paŵiri kuimira malo osiyanasiyana ndi kuimira pamodzi malingaliro andale zadziko. Oimira apamwamba amatsimikizira kuti nyumba yokhazikitsa malamulo ndi microscom ya dzikolo.

Kuŵerengera ndi Kusankha

Olemba mabuku ayenera kukhala okhoza kuzindikira bwino lomwe kuti ndi chipani kapena wobatizidwa uti amene ali ndi thayo la zochita za boma ndi kukhala okhoza kuwachotsa pa ofesi kupyolera m'dongosolo la sankho. Madongosolo amene amayanja maboma amphamvu, a kagulu kamodzi kwenikweni amapambana pa kuŵerengera kwachindunji, popeza kuti chipani cholamulira sichingapatsire mlandu kwa ogwirizanawo mosavuta.

Kugwira Bwino Ntchito ya Akulu ndi Kukhala Okhazikika

Dongosolo liyenera kukhala lokhoza kupanga boma limene lingalamulire bwino. Kugawikana kopambanitsa kwa nyumba yomanga kapena zisonkhezero zopotoka za kutsendereza zingafooketse kuyenera kwa dongosolo lonse la demokrase. Dongosolo limene lili loimira kwambiri koma limene limatsogolera ku kugwa kosalekeza kwa boma limalephera kukwaniritsa anthu amene likufunikira kutumikira.

Kudzipatula ndi Kukopa

Dongosolo lolungama limalimbikitsa kukhala ndi phande lochuluka ndipo limatsimikizira kuti mbali zonse zazikulu za chitaganya zilingalira kuti ziri ndi chiwopsezo m'dongosolo la ndale zadziko. Madongosolo amene mwadongosolo amachotsa malingaliro a anthu ochepa kapena "oluluza" unyinji wa mavoti mwa kuwapangitsa kukhala osayenerera ku chotulukapo chake angathetse chidaliro cha anthu ndi kuchotsapo kupsinjika maganizo.

Malamulo amakhalidwe abwino ameneŵa ali m'mavuto osasintha. Kuimira kochepa kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsogolera ku kuŵerengera ndi kulamulira bwino, ndipo njira ya "faicest" ya dziko lopatsidwa imadalira pa imene yaikidwa patsogolo kwambiri, chosankha chimene chiyenera kupangidwa kupyolera mwa dongosolo la demokrase lovomerezedwa.

Malo Olambula Malo ndi Madongosolo a Maatomu

Banja la madongosolo limeneli limadziŵika ndi zigawo chimodzi ndi nzeru zonse zopambana. Cholinga chachikulu n’chopanga wopambana ndi wamphamvu, wogwirizana mwachindunji pakati pa munthu woimira dziko ndi woimira wake. Ngakhale kuti madongosolowa ali olondola, amanyamula malonda olembedwa bwino.

Kuyamba-Past-the Post (FPTP)

FPTP ndi njira yosavuta yosankhira: wosankha amene ali ndi mavoti ochuluka m’kapambanidwe ka chigawo, mosasamala kanthu kuti apezadi ambiri. Mapindu ake oyamba ali opepuka, kufulumira kwake kwa zotulukapo, ndi kugwirizanitsa kwake kwamphamvu kochititsa. Imachititsanso maboma ambiri, amene ali ndi mlandu waukulu ku ntchito yosanthula ndi yokhoza kupambana. Komabe, FPP imasulizidwa nthaŵi zonse chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake. Gulu lingapeze malo ambiri okhala ndi voti ya dzikolo, chochitika chowoneka kaŵirikaŵiri mu [FLT: 0] . Chimachirikiza chivoti cha Ufumu chachikulu cha Ufumu cha United . Chimasankha, pamene chimasankha "odedwa ndi zoipa, osati kuchirikiza kutaya kwake, ndi kuchirikiza anthu ochepa amene amachirikiza chivoti cha lamulo.

Njira Yoyendera Mapiko Awiri

M'dongosolo la aŵiri a Ruund, logwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka masankho a pulezidenti mu France ndi Brazil, wobatizidwa ayenera kupambana ochuluka (oposa 50%) kuti apatsidwe chipambano choyamba . Ngati wobatizidwa safika pachipatachi, mbali yachiŵiri imachitidwa pakati pa oyembekezera aŵiri otchuka. Dongosololi limatsimikizira kuti wopambanayo adali ndi chichirikizo chachikulu. Komabe, kungakhale kokwera mtengo kwambiri kuchititsa masankhoti aŵiri, ndipo kukambitsirana kwa m'mbali ziŵiri kumaloŵetsamo maluso amene angachotse otembenuza otembenuza. Otsutsa amanena kuti zungulira lachiŵiri silimapanga chiganitso chimene sichingapereke chiganizo cha osankhidwa.

Ranked-Choice Voting (RCV) / Mwadzidzidzi Runoff Voting (IRV)

RCV imalola ovota kukhazikitsa osankhidwa mwa kusankha. Ngati wosankha aliyense alandira unyinji wa mavoti oyamba osonyezedwa, wosankhidwa womalizira amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti awo amaperekedwa ku chosankha chotsatira chosonyezedwa pa tholot imodzi. Njira imeneyi imabwereza kufikira wopambana wopambanayo atulukira. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti ichotsa "chiyambukiro cha kulinganiza," kulimbikitsa mkupiti wolimbikitsa umodzi, ndi kutsimikizira kuti wopambanayo ali ndi chilengezo chachikulu. Fairvote [1] Factivete [1] Amapereka kapendedwe kokulira ka RCV kudutsa United States. Komabe, otsutsa, amasonyeza kucholoŵa kwa chiŵerengero ndi kufufuza kumene wopambana ndi mavoti oyamba amataya otchuka, ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa mavotino opeti, ndi kukweza kwa kuchuluka.

Njira Zoimira Masamu

Proportigal directionation (PR) yalinganizidwa bwino lomwe kulingana ndi mlingo wa mavoti olandiridwa ndi chipani ndi chigawo chimene chimapambana mipando m'nyumba ya malamulo. Izo ndi madongosolo amphamvu ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'mademokrase amakono, makamaka ku Ulaya ndi Latin America, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amayanjidwa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kuimira kwawo.

Kuimira Ndandanda

M'ndandanda wa PR, ovota ambiri amavota pa mpambo wa chipani. Masett amagaŵiridwa kwa magawo ogwirizana ndi mavoti, ndipo ofunsira amasankhidwa kuchokera ku ndandanda ya gulu. Chilungamo cha ndandanda PR chimadalira kwambiri pa njira yokha yogwiritsidwa ntchito (mlongo, D’Hondt, Sainte-Laguë) ndi ukulu wa chigawo (nawo chiŵerengero cha mipando pachigawo chilichonse). Magawo aakulu amapanga zipambano zambiri. Kukhalapo kwa malo ovomerezeka, monga 5% ya khomo ku Germany, ndi chosankha chadala kuletsa kuchuluka kwa tiana tating'ono, magulu oukira ndi kuchirikiza bwino. Pamene kuli kwakuti PR imapambana pa kuimira ndi kutaya, kungafooketsa kugwirizana pakati pa oimira ake, makamaka otsekerera, makamaka m'dongosolo la chipani chachigawa. Ogwirizanawo: [AF]

Chipangizo Chokhoza Kutumizidwa Chokha (STV)

STV ndi njira yotchuka yogwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera osiyanasiyana, monga ngati ku Republic of Ireland ndi Malta. Voters amasankha anthu ofunsira, ndi "Droop quotioti" amaŵerengeredwa kuti aone malo opambanapo. Mavoti a extplup kuchokera kwa oyembekezera kupambana ndi mavoti ochokera kwa ochotsedwa amasankhidwa amaphatikizidwa mogwirizana ndi zimene amakonda. STV imaphatikiza malingaliro a PR ndi kuyang'anitsitsa kwa madera amodzi. Kumakwaniritsa kuimira kwabwino kwambiri ndipo kumapangitsa kuti chivotepo chake chachikulucho chikhale kucholoŵa m'malo osiyanasiyana ndi kukhoza kwa mabungwe amphamvu a kumalowo kulamulira kusankha, kukhoza kuchepetsa mapindu ena a dongosolo la dongosolo.

Njira Zosiyanasiyana Zoyendera

Madongosolo osanganizidwa amayesa kugwirizanitsa kuimira PR ndi kuŵerengerana kwa madongosolo a kuchuluka kwa zinthu. Maboma amasankha mowonjezereka kupangira njira yatsopano yosankhira kapena kuyesa kulolera pakati pa kusintha kwakukulu ndi kusunga mwambo.

Mtengo wa Member (MMP)

Mu MMP, monga momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito ku Germany ndi New Zealand, ovota anavota kaŵiri: mmodzi wa woimira wa kumaloko (kaŵirikaŵiri wogamulidwa ndi FPTP) ndi mmodzi wa mpambo wa zipani. Mipando ya gulu imaperekedwa kwa mipando ya FLTP] [[[FLD:1]] yotsimikizira kuti mipando yonse ya bungwe la oimira boma imasonyeza kugaŵira kovota. MMP imatamandidwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kukhoza kwake kutulutsa zoimira zolimba za kumaloko. [FL:2] NewCal Commission's [FL:3] Commatests pulotion yomwe ikhoza kuyambitsa njira yawo ya MMP. Chiyenetsemphani cha "mipansi" pamene gulu la anthu akukhala ndi malo otchuka ambiri.

Kuphatikiza Magazi a Member Majoritarian (MMM) / Parallel Voting

Mosiyana ndi MMP, njira yofanana ndi imeneyi imabwezera ku mipando yakwawoko. Mipando ndi mipando ya pagulu zimawerengedwa ndi kugawidwa paimodzi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti phwando limene limapata mipando yakwawo yochuluka kwambiri yodalirana. Madongosolo onga ameneŵa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Japan, Mexico, ndi South Korea. Ngakhale kuti makompyuta a MMM siadziwika bwino kuposa PR kapena MMP, ndipo angapange zisonkhezero zolakwika kuti apange zisonkhetso zopiza anthu kuti atengere malo kapena dongosolo popanda kufufuza kwa makompyuta amene a MMP.

Kufufuza za Matenda a Makedzana

Kupenda kusintha kwa dziko lenileni pakati pa makampani opanga masankho kumapereka chidziŵitso chomvekera bwino cha ziyambukiro zake zothandiza ndi mphamvu za ndale zadziko zimene zimalamulira masinthidwe aakulu oterowo.

New Zealand (FPP ku MMP): Mu 1993 , New Zealand inasiya dongosolo lake la FPTP lakale la MMP yotsatira mamesenti aŵiri oyendetsedwa ndi kusakhutira kwa anthu ndi "boma la boma lolamulira" la mbali imodzi. Kusinthako kunasintha kwambiri dongosolo la zipani, kutsogolera ku nyengo zazitali za maboma a gulu limodzi ndi ang'ono. Pamene kuli kwakuti ena anatsutsa kusagwirizana kotsatira, ochirikiza a MMP akakamiza kuvomerezana kwakukulu, kupanga lamulo la boma kusonyeza bwino za kuchuluka kwa mbali ya chitaganya, ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kuimira.

Italiya yachita mosiyanasiyana kudalira pa kapangidwe ka gulu ndi chikhalidwe cha ndale. Italiya yasintha kuchokera ku dongosolo la PR ndi la ziŵalo zosanganizidwa (Porcellum ndi Rosatellim). Ulendo wake umasonyeza mmene mtundu wa dongosolo la pulogalamu yosanthula ungachitire zinthu mosiyana kwambiri kudalira pa kapangidwe ka gulu lofala ndi chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko. Kusintha kuchoka ku PR yoyera kupita ku dongosolo lapamwamba la PR mu ma 1990 kunali ndi cholinga chopanga dongosolo la kakonzedwe kapinga kowonjezereka ndi kuchepetsa zidutswa, koma ziyambukiro zake zinali zoimira kwambiri ndi gulu lachipembedzo ndi zigawo zomwe zilipo.

Aidetates ku United Kingdom ndi Canada: [Maiko onse aŵiri awona magulu ochirikizidwa ochirikiza kupititsa patsogolo kaamba ka kusamuka kuchokera ku FPTP. UK adakhala ndi semination ya dziko lonse pa Opaleshoni Vote mu 2011, imene inakanidwa. . Komiti ya ku Canada ya Liberal Party imalonjeza kupanga chisankho cha boma cha 2015 chomalizira pansi pa FPTP koma potsirizira pake inasiya njira zoyambira, kutchula kusoŵa kwa kuvomereza. Kutsutsanaku kumasonyeza mmene kudziloŵetsa m’ngozi, kutsendereza kwapo kwapo poyera, ndi kusoŵa kwa "zabwino" kaŵirikaŵiri imatsekereza kusintha kwakukulu kwa dongosolo, ngakhale pamene dongosolo lomwe liripo likudziŵika kukhala ndi kulephera kwapadera kwapadera.

Kuwononga Makhalidwe Abwino: Malonda ndi Kuchokapo kwa Malonda

Kuti musankhe moyenera pamafunika kugwiritsa ntchito chidziŵitso chamwadzidzidzi chosavuta ndi kugwiritsira ntchito milingo yolimba.

Chisonyezero cha Galgher (Chikhalidwe Chatsopano)

Kusintha kwa maphunziro kofala kwambiri ndi Gallagher Index, yodziŵikanso monga "mabwalo a zinyama . Imaŵerengera kusiyana pakati pa chigawo cha voti ndi chigawo chake cha mipando. Kuchepa kwa Galagh kumasonyeza kupendedwa, kutembenuzidwa kochuluka kwa mavoti. Madongosolo a proportonal onga aja a ku Netherlands ndi South Africa akupeza ziŵerengero zotsika kwambiri (pansi 2), pamene madongosolo a FPTP monga UK ndi Canada kaŵirikaŵiri amasonyeza kupotopetsa kwawo kofala. [FLT:] Protesfeor Galdalet data . [FFFF1]

Chiŵerengero Chogwira Mtima cha Maholide (ENP)

Mitengo imeneyi, yoyambitsidwa ndi Laakso ndi Taagepera, njira zogaŵikana za m'magulu. Madongosolo a Electoral amaumba ENP . Malamulo a Dverger posit amene FPP imapanga magawo aŵiri (ENP ~2), pamene madongosolo a PR amalola madongosolo ambiri (ENP >3. 5). Kulibe kubadwa "fair" ENP; m’malo mwake, chilungamo chimaonekera bwino ngati GEOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOPANIZA SO . Dongo limene limatsendereza GENP lingaletsedi zandale.

Malonda Osapeŵeka

Masinthidwe aakulu a malonda a pulogalamu yapamwamba ndi oimira ndi [FLT :2] kuŵerengera . Udindo waukulu (chilolezo chochepa cha Galaghher) kaŵirikaŵiri umatanthauza maboma a mgwirizano, kumene osankha sadziwa bwinobwino kuti ndi malamulo ati amene adzapanga ndi amene adzasintha. Malamulo aakulu (maboma amodzi) amabwera pamtengo wapamwamba wa kuchotsa mavoti, kumene unyinji wa mavoti "atayidwa" pa osoŵa kapena zipani. Dongo lolungama ndiloweralo lomwe likuvomereza poyera malondawa ndi kuyendetsa, kusankha kumene kuyenera kuchitika kwa mtundu wa anthu.

Kumaliza

Palibe "dongosolo lapadera lotsimikizira kuti gulu la anthu lili ndi mawu abwino m'masankho. Kutsutsana pa kusintha kwa voti kuli kwakukulukulu chifukwa cha zimene chitaganya chimakonda kwambiri pulogalamu ya democracy. Dongosolo limene limatulutsa mphamvu, maboma oŵerengera ali abwino, pamene kuli kwakuti dongosolo limene limatsimikizira kuti gulu la anthu lapadera lililonse lipeza mawu abwino m'nyumba ya malamulo ina. Makonzedwe a dongosolo a dziko la Eleparamente si luso chabe; ndi njira yofunika kwambiri ya makhalidwe a anthu andale. Kusankha pakati pa njira imene imawonjezera kulingana ndi kulingana ndi kuyenera ndi kuvomereza kwa ziwanda, ndi kuvomereza mlandu pakati pa boma. Malamulo ake ndi njira yandale yosakhalitsa imatumikira njira yosagwirizana ndi yosatsimikizirika, imene imagwira ntchito yosadalira njira ya anthu onse, koma njira yodziŵika bwino kwambiri. Ili njirayi ikhoza kuithandiza kutsimikizira kuti ikhale yoyenerera kufalikira ndi kufalikira kwa anthu andale, ndipo imakhala ndi kuvomereza kwa ziganizonse zofunika kwambiri pakati pa zigalu.