Chigamulo cha boma chikupanga maziko a chigamulo cha mkangano pa malo ndi malo ogwiritsiridwa ntchito, kupereka njira yalamulo pamene mamembala sagwirizana pa malire a katundu, kukulitsa, kapena kukhala ndi malo. Pamene mapindu a katundu akukwera ndi kukhala ndi malo akusoŵa, kuchuluka ndi kucholoŵana kwa mikangano yoteroyo. Kumvetsetsa mmene kulinganiza kwa anthu kumagwira ntchito . ndi chiyambukiro chake chachikulu pa misika, kulinganiza, ndi chitukuko cha chitaganya / nchofunika kwa maloya, eni malo, ndi opanga malamulo. Nkhaniyi imafufuza njira, mapindu, ndi kulephera, ndi mbali yowonjezereka ya kulinganiza ntchito zachikhalidwe m'dziko pogwiritsira ntchito malamulo, kujambula pa malamulo alamulo ndi zikhalidwe zaposachedwapa.

Kodi Kufa kwa Chiŵeniŵeni N’kutani M’chigawo Chenicheni cha Malo Okha?

Kuletsa kwa boma kumatanthauza njira imene khoti kapena khoti lamilandu limamvera ndi kugamulapo mikangano pakati pa zigaŵenga zaumwini pa ufulu walamulo ndi udindo, posiyana ndi nkhani zaupandu. M'malo ndi malo, mikangano imeneyi imaphatikizapo malire a katundu (masitepe, kuloŵerera), mayeso aulemu, mapangano opanda phokoso, malamulo oletsa, zoyenerera za miyala, ndi kukhazikitsa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito dziko. Mosiyana ndi njira zina zotsutsana (ADR) njira zolankhulira katundu kapena kutsatsata, kuimira anthu, amachitidwa m'poyera, kutsatira malamulo okhwima, ndi kupanga chigamulo cha lamulo loletsa kuchonderera.

Kusiyana pakati pa kuimitsa lamulo ndi njira zina zopangira zinthu. Kuvomereza kumadalira pa pangano laufulu lochitidwa ndi mbali yachitatu yosaloŵerera; kuvomereza kumapereka chosankha choyenera kuchokera kwa woyang'anira wachinsinsi wosankhidwa ndi mabungwe, kaŵirikaŵiri wokhala ndi zifukwa zochepera zochitira apilo. Kulimbana kwachiŵeniŵeni, kumachitika m'dongosolo lachiweruzo la boma, kutsimikizira mbiri ya anthu, njira yoyenera, ndi kuyenera kwa kuchonderera.

Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Malo ndi Dziko Imene Amagwiritsiridwa Ntchito

  • Mautuet cts – kutsimikizira kukhala kwa mwini pamene dzina laulemu liphimbidwa ndi mawu opikisana, machitidwe opeka, kapena chuma choipa.
  • Mikangano yachinsinsi [1] mobwerezabwereza yochokera ku kufufuza kosalondola, malongosoledwe otsutsana, kapena zoloŵa m’malo ngati mpanda kapena nyumba.
  • Kuchepetsa mikangano [ – chifukwa cha ufulu wa njira, kupezeka, kutuluka kwa madzi, kapena kuunika ndi mpweya.
  • Usungiko wa pangano – mikangano ya bungwe la eni nyumba (HOA) ziletso, ziletso zapanja, kapena zotetezera.
  • Dziko lilola kukopa – zopinga ku kulinganiza malo, kugwiritsira ntchito zilolezo zapampambo, kapena kukana kosiyana kochitidwa ndi mabodi akuno.
  • Dera lapamwamba ndi kutsutsa kotsutsana ndi – pamene boma litenga katundu kapena malamulo aumwini mokhutiritsa kusakaza phindu lake.

Mapindu Okulira a Kukanidwa kwa Dziko kaamba ka Kusamvana

Liŵiro ndi Kulephera [1] [1] [1] [1] Pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti a boma angachulukitsidwe, kulonjeza kwa anthu kumapereka malire a nthaŵi yolinganizidwa imene imathamanga mofulumira kuposa kukambitsirana kobwerezabwereza kapena njira zotsatizana mobwerezabwereza. Maboma ambiri ali ndi magawa a bwalo lamilandu lapadera kapena njira zolinganiza za malire ndi zaulemu. Mwachitsanzo, Lourt ya Land of Massachusetts ili ndi ulamuliro wokha pa nkhani zenizeni ndi kuikhazikitsa, kuchepetsa kusatsimikizirika kumene kumathetsa kukula kwa zinthu.

N’zotsimikizirika ndi Zotsiriza - Khoti logamula motsimikiza kugamula zoyenera ndi zikondwerero za zipani, kungokopa. Zimenezi zimatheketsa malonda a katundu kupitiriza, kutsekedwa, ndi maprojekiti a kuyambitsa. Popanda kuimitsa, maina aulemu opakidwa m’mitambo kapena malire angaletse kugulitsa kwa zaka. Dicata jucata chiyambukiro cha ziweruzo chimaletsa kubwezera nkhani zimodzimodzizo, kupereka chidaliro kwa osunga chuma chawo.

Kutha mphamvu – ziweruzo zimachirikizidwa ndi ulamuliro wonse wa boma, kuphatikizapo mphamvu ya kupereka chuma, malamulo, ndi malamulo onyoza. Ngati gulu lataikiridwa lakana kuchotsa katundu kapena kuchotsa chilolezo, khoti lingakakamize kugonjera mwa kupha kwa lamulo kapena njira zina zosungitsa lamulo. Zimenezi zimasiyana ndi mapangano, zimene zimafuna kachitidwe ka khoti kapadera kuti lisungidwe ngati laswa lamulo.

Kupeza Choonadi ndi Kufufuza kwa Malamulo – Makhoti angakakamize kutulukira, mboni za subpoena, ndi kuika akatswiri odziimira (m’chitsanzo, ofufuza, openda). Njira ya kujambula imatsimikizira mbali zonse ziŵirizo kupereka umboni wawo wamphamvu, kutsogolera ku chigamulo chodziŵika bwino. Oweruza amakhazikitsa malamulo, amene amachepetsa upandu wa zotulukapo zamwambo kapena zolakwika zimene nthaŵi zina zimabuka m’kambirana mwamwaŵi.

Chikalata cha Public Record and Precedent – chilolezo cha Chiŵeniŵeni chimapereka mbiri ya anthu yomwe ingatsogolere mikangano yamtsogolo. M'zigawo za malamulo wamba, zofalitsa zigamulo za khoti zimakhazikitsa zitsanzo zimene zimamveketsa malamulo alamulo kaamba ka malire, kufeŵetsa, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malo. Kuneneratu za malo okhala kumapindulitsa otengamo mbali onse ndi kuchepetsa mtengo wa mtsogolo.

Kuthandiza Dziko Kulinganiza ndi Kupititsa Patsogolo

Chigwirizano cha nzika sichimagwira ntchito popanda kanthu; chimayambukira mwachindunji mmene maboma akumaloko ndi omanga ndi oyendetsa ntchito zaumwini amalinganizira ndi kuyendetsa ntchito. Pamene kukhala ndi malo kapena kugwiritsira ntchito kuyenera kwa oikizira zinthu kuli kosatsimikizirika, ozembetsa, obwereketsa amafunikira ndalama zokulirapo, ndipo mabungwe a boma akuchedwetsa chivomerezo. Dongo lamphamvu limachepetsa kusatsimikizirika kumeneko, kutheketsa kuperekedwa kwa ntchito yonga ichetereka.

Kuthetsa Nkhani za Mamutu Amutu Asanakule

Kukula kwakukulu kumafuna kusonkhanitsa maphukusi ambiri. Ngati paphukusi liri ndi dzina laulemu lotsutsidwa, ntchito yonseyo ingathe kutha. Chilolezo chachiŵeniŵeni chimapereka njira yochotsera maina aulemu mwa zochita zachinsinsi kapena masuti ogaŵanitsa. Womanga amene amapitiriza ndi kumanga popanda kuthetsa mavuto oterowo pambuyo pake angaimitse ntchitoyo ndi kuchititsa kuwonongeka.

Kuyendayenda ndi Dziko Zimagwiritsa Ntchito Zovuta

Mabungwe olinganiza malo ndi makampani a kulinganiza amalola ndi kutsutsana kozikidwa pa mapulani ndi malamulo. Pamene woyandikana naye kapena wopikisanayo alephera chilolezo, khoti la boma (kapena khoti lapadera logwiritsira ntchito dziko) limapenda mbiri ya boma kaamba ka zolakwa za lamulo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa. Uyang'anira umenewu wa chiweruzo ukutsimikizira kuti zosankha za kumaloko zigwirizane ndi malamulo ndi malamulo ndi chitetezo za malamulo, monga njira yoyenerera ndi kulanda Claus defazed Develoment. Makhoti awononga malamulo oletsa kapena otsendereza, mwa njira imeneyi kukonza njira ndi malamulo otsika. Kukambirana bwino mmene makhoti amapendera zosankha, kuona Mayanjano a American Bar Bar' [FL: [FL:] Chilamulo: [FFFF]

Kuweruza Kochititsa Chidwi

Pamene bungwe la boma lipanga malo otchuka, mwini malo angatopetse kufunika kwa kutenga kapena unyinji wa malipiro m'chiwembu. Makhoti amagamula kaya kubwezera kuli kaamba ka kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwalamulo kwa anthu ndi ngati kulipiridwa kokha. M’kutsutsa kosiyana, mwini malo aunyinji kuti lamulo lafika popanga lamulo. U. S. chigamulo cha Khoti lalikulu mu Pennsylvania Coal. Mahon[FF:] [22] [19] [19] [194])) pamene lamulo lolamulira la lamulolo lingapite ku dziko lamphamvu. Limasinthanso ndi zochitika zina ngati [PUPU. . Countolton . . . Council: [5]

Kulimbana kwa Malo Okhala ndi Zachilengedwe

Dziko logwiritsira ntchito kuphatikizapo kutetezera malo okhala, monga ngati chilolezo cha madzi otentha, ndi kuyeretsa malo oipitsidwa. Malamulo a boma angagamule mlandu pa malamulo a boma ndi a boma, kukonza ndalama zoyeretsera, ndi kulinganiza. Mwachitsanzo, pansi pa bungwe la Comphensensive Environmentation Refect, Compensation, ndi Liaty Act (CERCLA), khoti limagawa thayo pakati pa magulu athayo (PPP). Zigamuzo zimenezi zimakhudza mtengo wa katundu ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo obiriŵira obiriwira. Nkhani yaikulu ya kukonzanso malo ndi [FLT:] Akunja ndi Norton & Santarace. . United States .

Mavuto ndi Kupereŵera kwa Kuthetsa Mathayo m’Makangano a Dziko

Ngakhale kuti pali ubwino wake, kukaniza sikuli mankhwala. Okhala ndi zifooko ziyenera kumvetsetsa zophophonya zake kuti athe kulinganiza ziyembekezo ndi kulingalira njira zogwirizanitsira.

Mlandu ndi Kuchedwa

Makhoti ambiri ozenga milandu amavutika ndi malamulo aakulu, makamaka m'madera aakulu a m'matauni kumene milandu imachuluka. Kutsutsana kapena kuchita kapeti kamutu kungatenge zaka zitatu kuchokera ku kuzenga mlandu, ndipo kuchonderera kungawonjezere zaka zambiri. Panthaŵi imeneyo, katundu angakhale wopanda kanthu, chitukuko, ndipo mayiko akukhala ndi ndalama zambiri zovomerezeka zalamulo. Maboma ena akhazikitsa makhoti apadera kapena zipata zodzifunira kuchedwa. Mwachitsanzo, United States Distric Court for the Columbia Coluption Count ili ndi ndandanda yochepetsa katundu yochokera ku kulanda kwa boma. Komabe, si mayiko onse amene ali ndi malamulo otero; m'nkhani zambiri, malo enieni amapikisana ndi kuvulala, mapangano, ndi malamulo abanja.

Zotayika Zokulira

Malipiro a kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito. Kuphatikiza pa maloya, ndalama zochitira umboni, kuŵerengera, ndi kuweruza milandu ku khoti. Pankhani ya kulowa m’malire ang'onoang'ono a ndalama zokwana madola 10,000, kukwera mtengo kwa lamulo kukhoza kupitirira mtengo wa dzikolo. Kulephera kumeneku kumakakamiza anthu kuti agwirizane ndi mfundo zosayenera kapena kusiya kudandaula. Kuchuluka kwa ndalama zolipirira ndalama n’kosapezeka m'kamenyana, kusiyana ndi nkhani zovulaza zaumwini, chifukwa chakuti katunduyo sangakhale ndi ndalama zolipira mwamsanga. Makonzedwe owonjezera a ndalama, monga kupereka ndalama zopesewera pa ntchito za 76 (m., , , .

Malamulo Osinthasintha ndi Kusintha kwa Magawo

Lamulo la katundu ndi lokhudzana kwambiri ndi boma, ndipo ngakhale mkati mwa boma, makhoti osiyanasiyana angagwiritse ntchito malamulo motsutsana. Pamene zigamulo zoweruza zozengedwa zikupereka chitsogozo, oweruza ali ndi luntha lochuluka pa zopezedwa zenizeni ndi kulemera koperekedwa ku umboni. Kulephera kumeneku kungachulukitse kukambirana ndi kuchititsa anthu kumanga mapologalamu ngati n’kotheka. Kuwonjezerapo, malamulo a dziko lapansi ogwiritsira ntchito zinthuzo amafunidwa, kuwonjezera kusatsimikizirika. Federal Judial Center . ] Akhoza kufalitsa [FLT:] ]

Kusiyanasiyana Kodabwitsa kwa Mbiri ndi Chikhalidwe

Makhoti angasoŵe ukatswiri m'malamulo a fuko kapena m'zolembedwa zakale za chuma. Mwachitsanzo, mikangano ya dziko m'magawo akale a atsamunda kaŵirikaŵiri imafunikira kumasulira mapangano akale kapena ufulu wamwambo. Pamene kuli kwakuti chiwembu chingathetse nkhani zimenezi kupyolera mwa umboni wa akatswiri ndi kufufuza mbiri yakale, njirayo ingakhale yaitali ndi yochititsa chisoni. M’zochitika zina, nyumba zomanga nyumba zimapanga mapangano, monga mabwalo a milandu adziko, kusamalira nkhani zimenezi zachinsinsi kunja kwa khoti lanthaŵi zonse.

Kusintha Kochepa

Makhoti amatchula kwakukulukulu chiwopsezo cha ndalama kapena malamulo (m’mphindi, kuchotsa mpanda). M'dziko, zotsatira zake za “kutenga zonse” sizingakhale zabwino kwambiri kwa anthu kapena zachuma. Mwachitsanzo, khoti lingalamulire mnansi kugwetsa garaji imene imaloŵa pansi ndi mapazi aŵiri, ngakhale kuti kuloŵererako kumawononga kwambiri ndi kuchotsako. Machiritso ogwirizana ndi zinthu ngati kudalirana kapena kugaŵana zinthu kungakhale kosavuta, koma kaŵirikaŵiri makhoti amakakamizidwa ndi malamulo. ADR angatulutse njira zopangira zinthu zosintha zinthu, kusinthana kwa nthaka, kapena nthaŵi yotsatira pang'onopang'ono.

Zomwe Zachitika Posachedwapa ndi Kusintha Zinthu m’Kuthetsa Mikangano ya Dziko

Poyankha mavuto amene ali pamwambawa, makhoti ndi mabungwe okhazikitsa malamulo akhazikitsa mapangano kuti apange pangano la boma lothandiza kwambiri pa nkhondo za malo.

Dziko Lapadera ndi Makhoti Otetezera Malo

Malamulo ambiri tsopano amasungitsa makhoti apadera kapena magawo operekedwa ku katundu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito milandu. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo New York City Land Use Subre Court (mbali ya Khoti Lapamwamba), Vermont Superior Superior Court’s Environment Division, ndi Queensland Land Court ku Australia. Mabwalo ameneŵa amasumika maganizo pa ukatswiri wa za milandu, kupanga njira zosasinthasintha za kuyang'anira zinthu, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito ofufuza osaloŵerera m'nkhani kuchotsa chigamulo. Kufufuza kwa 2018 kochitidwa ndi Yunivesite ya Coloradorado kunapeza kuti makhoti apadera adziko 30% a milandu yapadera pa avaliratu a boma.

Kusintha kwa Zipangizo ndi Kuyang’anira Nkhani

Kujambula, kumvetsera kwenikweni (kuponyera pampala), ndi maumboni a ndandanda akuchepetsa nthaŵi ndi mtengo wa mikangano ya m'dziko. Makhoti ena tsopano amalola pa Intaneti kugonjera mafufuzidwe ndi jini, zimene zingayalidwe pa mapu a zinthu. Madongosolo a za milandu ya electronic alct a milandu imene yakhala ikusungidwa kwa chaka chimodzi ndi kuigaŵira ku luntha. Malo a Nationalal Center a Boma a Boma [ ali ndi chuma pa [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT]] . Chilungamo chosintha zinthu [FL:]

ADR Yochititsa Chidwi ndi Misonkhano Yoyamba

Makhoti ambiri tsopano amafuna kuti zipani ziyese kuyesa kuweruza kapena kuyang'anira koyamba tsiku la kuzenga mlandu lisanakhazikike. Mwachitsanzo, m'boma la Washington, mikangano yonse ya pamalire a anthu pansi pa $500,000 iyenera kuperekedwa ku khoti loletsa mlandu pokhapo ngati onse aŵiri asankha. Chiyeneretso chimenechi chimachepetsa mtolo pa madoko ozenga milandu ndipo chimathandiza kuthetsa mikangano yambiri mofulumira kwambiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti ADR siiloza, kugwirizanitsa kwake dongosolo la chiweruzo cha nzika kumayendera njira ya milandu imene imazenga mlandu.

Kusintha Malamulo a Miyezo ya Malamulo Yosemphana

Maboma amakonzanso malamulo awo oletsa kukhala ndi zinthu zoipa, mapangano a malire, ndi zolembera zosavuta kuchepetsa kuŵerengera. Mwachitsanzo, Lamulo la California la Chigawo Procedre [1] Linakonzedwa mu 2020 kuti lifune chidziŵitso cholembedwa cha zinthu zoipa zimene zilipo, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kuti munthu akhale mwini wake popanda kudziŵa. Masinthidwe otero amachepetsa kufunika kwa kutsata ufulu mwa kupangitsa kuti ufulu ukhale wosavuta kutsimikizira kuti nkhaniyo ikhale yosabuka.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Mapu a Cadastral ndi Chigwirizano cha Geospatitial

Maboma akusonkhanitsa zolembedwa za katundu ndi kupanga mapu a maphukusi amene angagwiritsiridwe ntchito monga umboni m'khoti. Kampani ya Kampasi ya Kadastral Tee ya Federal Data yachititsa kuti agwirizane ndi mfundo zotsatizana madera ena. Pamene mafufuzidwe ndi maphukusi apezeka m'makompyuta, makhoti angayerekezere mwamsanga mapepala a mbiri yakale ndi umboni wamakono. Kusintha kumeneku kumachepetsa mtengo wa umboni wa akatswiri ndi kufupikitsa nthaŵi yoyesa. Maboma angapo, monga Utah ndi North Carolina, agwiritsira ntchito mathebulo a boma a ku Central cadastraal omwe amatumikira monga magwero odalirika m'malire ogwirizana ndi malire.

Kumaliza

Kugwirizana kwa boma kudakali maziko a kusungidwa kwa ufulu wa katundu ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa malo. Chiyambukiro chake cholinganizidwa, chitaganya, ndi chomangira chimapereka chitsimikizo cha lamulo kwa eni malo, opititsa patsogolo, ndi mabungwe a boma. Mwa zochita za phee, milandu ya m'magawa, ndi kulola zikalata, makhoti amamveketsa bwino ufulu umene ungakhale wosatsimikizirika ndi wosavuta kutsutsana. Chiyambukiro pa kulinganiza malo nchapadera: ziweruzo zokhazikika zimachepetsa kuwopsa kwa makampani enieni a malo, pamene kuli kwakuti chigamulo cha panthaŵi yake chimalola maprojekiti opanga chitukuko popanda kukayikira kokhalitsa.

Komabe, njirayi si yopanda zolakwika. Pamene dziko likhala lamtengo wapatali, ndalama zambiri, ndi kusinthasintha kwa kamodzikamodzi kungakhudze anthu oyendetsa zinthu, makamaka m'mikangano yapamwamba. Chikhoterero cha makhoti apadera a dziko, ADR, ndi kugwirizanitsa maluso a sayansi kumapereka njira zothetsera mavuto ameneŵa. Pamene dziko likhala lopindulitsa kwambiri ndi lopikisana ndi chuma, ntchito ya kutsalira kwa anthu ikhoza kukula m’malo mwa kuchepa. Osunga malamulo a dziko omwe amvetsa bwino ndi kulephera kwa njira imeneyi, angakonzekere mapangano a mapulogalamu, ndi othandizira kusintha zinthu zimene zimasunga dongosolo lachitukuke ndi lolungama.

Kwa madokotala ndi eni malo, kufunafuna uphungu walamulo ndi njira zofufuzira zogwirizana ndi zigamulo [1] asanalembe mlandu . Kukhomereza mlandu kaŵirikaŵiri kungapeze zotulukapo zabwinopo kuposa kuwirikiza kwathunthu. Komabe pamene kulonjeza kuli kofunika, mlandu wokonzeka bwino lomwe wosungidwa m'lamulo lomveka ndi umboni wamphamvu umakhala njira yotsimikizirika yopita ku chigamulo cholungama ndi chokhoza kutsatiriridwa.