Maziko a Kukakamiza Chilamulo ku United States

Kusungidwa kwa lamulo ku United States kumagwira ntchito m'dongosolo la boma lakumaloko, la boma, ndi la boma, lililonse lokhala ndi ulamuliro wosiyana. Njira imeneyi imasonyeza dongosolo la boma la dzikolo, kumene mphamvu za boma zili pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi boma. Mabungwe a boma — kuphatikizapo madipatimenti apolisi ndi a boma — amasamalira chitetezo cha anthu cha tsiku ndi tsiku ndi dongosolo, pamene mabungwe a boma monga Federal Bureau of Investigation (FI) ndi mankhwala a Drugn Enforcement Administration (DEA) amayankhulana ndi maupandu amene amadutsa malire a dziko kapena malamulo a boma. Kuzindikira mmene maulamuliro ameneŵa amagwirira ntchito, kumene ulamuliro wawo umayambira ndi kutha, ndi njira zimene zimathandiza kuti mgwirizanowo ugwirizanitse malamulo onse a ku America. Nkhani imeneyi imapereka umboni ndi ntchito yake yaumboni yaungwe, zipanikizo, zipanikizo.

Nkhani Yachidule ya Mbiri

Chitsanzo cha ntchito yapolisi cha ku America chimatsatira miyambo ya ku England ndi kukhazikitsa madongosolo a boma oyambirira m'malo a atsamunda. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, kufunika kwa kusungitsa kunayamba kuwonjezereka m’madera a m'mizinda, kutsogolera ku kupangidwa kwa madipatimenti apolisi oyambirira m'mizinda monga New York ndi Boston mkati mwa zaka za zana la 19. Kusungidwa kwa lamulo kwa Federal kunayambitsidwa pambuyo pake, kosonkhezeredwa ndi nkhaŵa za mtundu — Secreat Service inakhazikitsidwa mu 1865 kuti ithetse kupeka, ndi Bureaundica of Investigation (pambuyo pake FBI) kutulukira mu 19088 kukambitsirana upandu. Chisinthiko cha mbiri yakale chatulutsa masetime ovuta a maulamuliro otsatizana ndi maudindo ogwirizana amene akupitirizabe kukhazikitsa dongosolo la ntchito laungwe lamakono.

Kukakamiza Malamulo Akumaloko: Mzera Woyambirira wa Chitetezo cha Anthu

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo a m'dzikolo ndi amene amadziwika kwambiri ndi apolisi m'madera a ku America. Amagwira ntchito ku chigawo, ndi madera, kugwiritsa ntchito maofesala ambiri olumbira m'dzikolo. Malinga ndi Bureau of Justice Statistics, panali madipatimenti apolisi okwana pafupifupi 15,000 a cholinga cha apolisi a ku United States monga 2020, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito apolisi oposa 4500,000 anthaŵi zonse. Mabungwe ameneŵa ndi amene amathandizira ntchito zambiri za ntchito, kuyambira pa masiteshoni a galimoto ndi madandaulo a phokoso mpaka ku chiwawa ndi masoka achilengedwe.

Malo ndi Gulu

Kusungidwa kwa malamulo kwa kumaloko sikuli kogwirizana ndi . Madipatimenti a polisi a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amatumikira mizinda ndi matauni, ndi ulamuliro woperekedwa ndi malamulo a kumaloko ndi malamulo a boma. Maofesi a boma amagwira ntchito m'chigawo ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi thayo la kutetezera nyumba za khoti, kuyang'anira ndende, ntchito za boma, ndi kulondera m'madera amene saali olembedwa. Kaŵirikaŵiri mutu wa ofesi ya mkulu wa boma ndi wa boma wosankhidwa, kukhazikitsa lamulo lachindunji la ku kusanthula anthu. Magawo ena amagwiritsiranso ntchito mabungwe apadera onga apolisi apapolisi, apolisi a m'boma, kapena malamulo a madera, aliyense ndi malire a boma apadera.

Nyumba zapadera zopangidwa ndi anthu [[FLT: 1] zimasiyana ndi ukulu ndi ntchito. Madipatimenti aakulu a mizinda monga New York Police Department (NYPD) kapena Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) amavomerezedwa kwambiri, ndi magaŵano apadera a zigaŵenga, kutsendereza, kupha, ndi nkhani za m’kati. Mabungwe ang'onoang'ono kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira pa maofesi aakulu a ntchito ndi ziŵiro zochepa. Kusiyanasiyana kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti kukhoza kupenda milandu yovuta kapena kuyendetsa zamakono kumasintha kwambiri m'mabungwe akwane.

Ntchito za Pakhomo ndi Ntchito Zatsiku ndi Tsiku

Apolisi a m’malowo amachita zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimene zimaposa kwambiri kumenyana ndi upandu.

  • Kuyendera kwamphamvu: kukhalapo kowoneka m'malo ozungulira kumatumikira ponse paŵiri kutsekereza ndi njira yomangira chikhulupiriro cha chitaganya.
  • Kuyankha kopanda pake: Kusamalira mafoni amwadzidzidzi, kuulutsa mikangano, ndi kupereka chithandizo choyamba pa zochitika za ngozi.
  • Kufufuza kochitidwa mwaupandu: Kusonkhanitsa umboni, kufunsa mboni, ndi kumanga milandu yakumaloko yonga kuthyola, kuukira, ndi kuba.
  • Kusungitsa magetsi: kukakamiza galimoto ndi malamulo oyendera pansi, kuyang'ana malo ofufuzira oyendera, ndi kufufuza kuwombana.
  • Kugwirizana kwa pangano: Kukwaniritsa maprogramu onga wotchi ya mnansi, ntchito za makampani a sukulu, ndi maphunziro a polisi.
  • Kukonza kwabwino: Kulamulira malamulo a kumaloko ponena za phokoso, kuledzera kwa anthu, ulesi, ndi mitundu ina ya moyo.

Udindo wosankha woperekedwa ndi maofesala a boma ndi waukulu. Zosankha zakuti kaya apereke chenjezo kapena kumanga, nthaŵi yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, ndi mmene mikhalidwe yosinthasintha imakhudzira kwambiri ufulu wa munthu ndi kudalirana kwa anthu. Kusankha kumeneku kumatsogozedwa ndi malamulo audindo, malamulo a boma, ndi malamulo alamulo, koma kumaika thayo lalikulu kwa nduna imodzi ndi imodzi.

Njira Yabwino Yochitira Zinthu M’deralo

M’zaka makumi angapo zaposachedwapa, mabungwe ambiri a m'derali avomereza ntchito yapolisi ya anthu monga nthanthi imene imagogomezera kuthetsa mavuto ndi kugwirizana ndi anthu okhala m’dzikolo. Njira imeneyi ikuthandiza kwambiri kuposa njira yovomerezera mafoni ndipo ikufuna kudziŵa ndi kukonza mikhalidwe imene imachititsa upandu. Maprogramu monga kuyendera mapazi, kusungitsa, ndi makampani ogwirizana anapangidwa kuti athandize apolisi kuona ndi kuvomerezana. Kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti ubale wolimba wa anthu ukhoza kutsogolera ku mgwirizano wa nzika, kuchuluka kwa upandu, ndi kuchepetsa mantha a upandu. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito kampani kumafuna kuyendetsa malonda, miyambo, ndi kudzipereka kwenikweni kuti aonedwe bwino ndi kuonekera bwino ndi kuŵerengera mlandu.

Lamulo la Malamulo: Kufikira kwa Dziko ndi Ulamuliro Wapadera

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo a boma la United States, molamulidwa ndi boma, pophwanya malamulo a boma. Kufika kwawo kumafikira kumadera onse a boma ndi malire a maiko, ndipo ali ndi thayo lakuthetsa ziwopsezo zazikulu ndi zovuta kwambiri — uchigaŵenga, upandu wolinganiza, kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ukatangale wa pa Intaneti, ziphuphu za anthu, ndi kuswa ufulu wa anthu. Maboma audindo a boma amaphatikizapo mabungwe ambiri, limodzi ndi ntchito yapadera ndi mabungwe apamwamba.

Mfundo Zazikulu za M’zandale ndi Ntchito Zake Zamphamvu

Mabungwe a boma otsatiraŵa ali pakati pa odziŵika kwambiri ndi odziŵika bwino kwambiri:

  • Féderal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): Mkono waukulu wa Department of Justice , FBI imachita upandu wambiri wa boma kuphatikizapo uchigawenga, atsatiri, ziphuphu za pa Intaneti, upandu wolinganiza, ndi upandu wa dzuŵa lakunja. Imasunganso m'dziko lonse lakuya ndi mathekishoni a DNA ndipo imapereka maphunziro ofufuza ndi chuma kwa boma ndi anzawo a m'dzikolo.
  • Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA): Udindo wa kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma a anamgoneka, DHA chikole cha kugulitsa mankhwala oletsedwa, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsedwa, ndi kugulitsa ndalama zogwirizana ndi mankhwala. Kumagwira ntchito kwambiri ndi magulu a ntchito a m'dziko ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana.
  • Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firemmars ndi Explolesies (ATF): Malamulo a boma okhudzana ndi mfuti, mabomba, arson, ndi malonda oletsedwa a moŵa ndi zotulutsira fodya. Imachita mbali yaikulu pofufuza milandu ya mfuti ndi kuyang'anira maindasitale a mfuti.
  • U.S. Seŵero lachinsinsi: imadziŵika kwakukulukulu kaamba ka kutetezera Prezidenti, Pulezidenti Woimira Pulezidenti, ndi akuluakulu ena apamwamba, Utumiki Wachinsinsi umafufuzanso kupeka, chinyengo cha zachuma, ndi upandu wa pa Intaneti kuyambukira chuma cha dziko.
  • Kuthandiza Kusungidwa kwa Homeland (DHS): Bungwe la ambulera lalikulu lomwe limaphatikizapo Customs ndi Borders Protection (CBP), Immigration ndi Customs Enforcement (ICE), Transportation Security Administration (TSA), ndi U.S. Corgate. DHS imalankhula za chitetezo cha malire, kusungidwa kwa makampani, kuchitidwa tsoka, ndi kutsutsana ndi chilobe.

Mabungwe a boma olinganizidwa amagwiranso ntchito mu Department of Justice, monga ngati Marshals Service yochititsa mantha, kuwona chinjirizo, ndi katundu wotayidwa; Bureaument of Prisons yomwe imayang'anira malo owongolera a boma; ndi Ofesi ya Inspecter General yomwe imafufuza chinyengo ndi kusamvera malamulo olakwika m'maprogramu a boma. The Internal Revolution Crimination Diso-CI) imafufuza zachinyengo ndi ndalama, pamene Dipatimenti ya Bomatic Diplomatic Security iteteza ndi kupenda mapositi ndi ma protoouss ndi ma jusition.

Kuletsa Zochita ndi Zolephera

Ulamuliro wa Federal suli wopanda malire. Pansi pa Malamulo, ulamuliro wa lamulo wa boma ukugwirizanitsidwa ndi mphamvu zoŵerengedwa monga Commerce Claus, mphamvu yosonkhetsa, ndi mphamvu yolamulira kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi kusamuka. Upandu wa Federal umafotokozedwa ndi lamulo, ndipo mabungwe a boma satha kusanthula nkhani za kumalo kokha zimene siziphatikizapo chikondwerero cha boma. [FLT: 0] Poss Comitus Act [[FL:1] ya 1878 kutsendereza ntchito ya U.S. za lamulo, kusunga kulekana kowonekera pakati pa chitetezero cha dziko ndi . Malamulo ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti kuloŵerera kwa boma kupitirizabe kukhala lamulo lapadera m’malo a lamulolo, kusunga thayo la kusungidwa kwa anthu onse pamlingo wa kusungidwa kwa chisungiko.

Komabe, malamulo ambiri a boma amalola kuti pakhale mgwirizano. Mwachitsanzo, kuzembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuswa mfuti, ndi kuba m’mabwalo amilandu kaya a boma kapena a boma, malinga ndi mtundu wa mlanduwo ndi kugamula kwa oweruza. Zimenezi zimayambitsa mipata ya kugwirizana kwa mgwirizano komanso zimabutsanso mafunso okhudza ulamuliro wa mitundu iŵiri, ngozi ziŵiri, ndi kugawidwa kwa katundu.

Kuwombana kwa Ulamuliro wa Malo ndi Waukulu

Palibe bungwe limodzi limene lili ndi zinthu zonse, ulamuliro, kapena luso lofunikira kuti lithetse upandu wamakono. Zoyesayesa zamphamvu kwambiri zosungitsa zimachitika chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwa mabungwe a m'deralo ndi a boma. Kupatuka kumeneku kumayendetsedwa ndi malamulo, malamulo a ntchito, ndi maunansi amene akhalapo kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Mafomu Olembedwa Mwalamulo Ogwirizanitsa Ntchito Zolamulira

Nyumba ya boma yakhazikitsa malamulo angapo amene amavomereza ndi kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wa boma. Project Safety Programmes Communist , inayamba mu 2001, kugwirizanitsa oweruza a boma ndi lamulo la kumaloko kuti aikepo upandu wachiwawa. [[FLT:] Speat - Interity Drug Traffial Pracking Preacess [HDTAT] Programme [FLD , yoyendetsedwa ndi Ofesitive ya National Drug Dimoclegial Policy, ndalama zambiri zogwirira ntchito m'madera okhala ndi mavuto aakulu a anamgoneka. [[FLT:] Magalamu a Ofesala (TFFFFF:]) ogwirizana ndi zigawa za boma za dziko lonselo, ndi kupenda ntchito zauchigawa kwaukulu zaukulu.

Magulu Ogwira Ntchito Akugwira Ntchito

Magulu a ntchito a gulu limodzi amaimira mtundu wina wa kugwirizana kofala kwambiri komanso kogwira ntchito. Mabungwe ameneŵa ndi a kanthaŵi kapena okhalitsa opangidwa ndi anthu ochokera ku mabungwe ambiri, kugwira ntchito pamodzi pa ntchito yoonetsetsa kuti ntchito ikhale yotsatiridwa. Mwachitsanzo, gulu la ntchito yofanana ndi la ntchito za mankhwala [ likhoza kuphatikizapo gulu la DEA nthumwi, apolisi ofufuza, apolisi, ndi akuluakulu a a apolisi a m'mabungwe. Mabungwe apolisi amagwira ntchito pansi pa ulamuliro wa bungwe lawo koma amagwirizanitsa ntchito mwalamulo. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amalola akuluakulu a boma kuti apeze zinthu zoyendera zinthu za boma — monga makompyuta ofufuza zinthu zapamwamba, ndi mafoni, ndi mafoni — pamene akuthandiza oimira a boma ndi chidziŵitso cha m’khwalala ndi oyendera.

Chitsanzo chodziŵika cha ntchito yamphamvu ndi chigawo cha Boma la Ofesi Yantchito [1] Magulu a Boma la Boma ndi chuma akutsogozedwa ndi U.S. Marshals Service. Magulu ambiri ameneŵa amanga zikwi makumi ambiri za othaŵa, kuphatikizapo ena a mtunduwo ofuna olakwa achiwawa. Kuwomba makampani a Boma ndi chuma za dzikolo pamene akupindula ndi kuzoloŵerana ndi makampani awo. Mofananamo, ntchito zachizemberrim'akulu zatuluka monga yankho lowopsa kuwonjezereka kwa chiwopsezo cha dipo, chiwopsezo, chizindikiritso, ndi chinyengo cha pa Intaneti, kuphatikiza maluso a za za za za za zasayansi zakumalo.

Kugaŵana Chidziŵitso ndi Nzeru

Polishi yaluso imadalira pa kusinthana kwa chidziŵitso kwa madera osiyanasiyana. Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo ndi Department of Homeland Security yakhazikitsa malo ambiri opatsirana m'dzikolo — boma ndi malo akwanuko amene amasonkhanitsa, ndi kufalitsa chidziŵitso cha chiwopsezo pakati pa boma, boma, ndi mayiko, ndi mayiko. Malo ameneŵa amatumikira monga malo ochotserapo madandaulo a ntchito zokayikitsa, kufufuza upandu, ndi chidziŵitso cha zochitika. Kuwonjezera apo, FBI ' LYMTTTTTY] Enterpzectment Entemprise (EPlactial) [1]

Komabe, kugawana chidziŵitso kumadzutsa nkhaŵa zazikulu zachinsinsi ndi ufulu wa anthu. Malo a boma ndi mathekishoni a boma amasonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chambiri, kuphatikizapo chidziŵitso chonena za anthu amene sangalingaliridwe kukhala ndi upandu uliwonse. Njira zolamulira, monga makomiti achinsinsi ndi kufufuza kwanthaŵi zonse, nzolinganizidwira kuletsa kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa, koma osuliza amanena kuti kaŵirikaŵiri chitetezo chimenechi nchosakwanira. Kulinganiza chisungiko ndi zitetezero za malamulo kumakhalabe chidani chosatha.

Mavuto Opitirizabe m’Chilamulo Chamakono

Kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo akuchitika m’deralo ndiponso m’bomalo akulephera kukwaniritsa ntchito zawo.

Kusintha Manda ndi Ndalama

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo a kumaloko, makamaka amene ali m'zigawo zazing'ono ndi zapakati, kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito pa ndalama zoyendetsera. Kusintha ndandanda, kukonzekera, kulembedwa ndi kusungidwa kwa maofesala oyeneretsedwa, ndi kusungidwa kwa maluso amakono zonse zikupikisana ndi ndalama zopereŵera. Mabungwe akupereka zonga Justice Armate Grant [JAG] [[FL:1] Programme] Program imapereka chichirikizo chofunika, koma ndalama zimenezi n’zopikisana ndi kupikisana ndi kuyendetsa ntchito zapamwamba . Zotulukapo n’zakuti mabungwe ambiri alibe ndalama zothandizira kuchitapo ntchito zabwino kwambiri m'madera ngati deacescal, kulangiza ndi kuopseza kwa andale zadziko, ndi kuthandizira kuyendetsa ntchito kwa oyendetsa ntchito zaumoyo. Pa maofesi a boma a boma akuperekanso mavuto. Oyang’Olbungwe, a Kroleti, oyendetsa a Knelbungwe, ndi oyendetsa aunyi aunyi aunyi aŵa

Kukhulupirira ndi Kutsatira Malamulo m’Midzi

Kudalirana kwa anthu kuli maziko a ntchito ya upolisi wogwira ntchito bwino, ndipo kwathetsedwa m'midzi yambiri chifukwa cha zochitika zauyang'aniro wopambanitsa, kuchuluka kwa mafuko, ndi kusamvera. Zochitika zapamwamba zonga imfa za George Floyd, Breonany Taylor, ndi ena ambiri afunanso kuti dziko lonse lisinthe. Mabungwe a m'deralo ayang'anitsidwe kwambiri kuti athandize kuyang'anira zinthu paokha, kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya kusimba, ndi kukondera kwa tsankho. Mabungwe a boma amayang'aniranso nkhani zodalirana, makamaka anthu osamukira m’dziko amene amaopa kuti kugwirizana ndi apolisi angachititse kusamuka ndi ICE. [FLT:] Mzinda wa FLT] Amasonyeza magaŵano aakulu pa udindo wawo woyenerera wa lamulo loloŵa m'dzikolo. Ogwirizana ndi opereka ulemu, ndi opereka ulemu kwa anthu onse, ndi kuwapatsa ulemu, ndi kuwapanga ziganizo.

Kusintha kwa Njira za Umisiri Ndiponso Kukhazikika

Luso la zopangapanga likusintha zonse ziŵiri zikhale zogwiritsa ntchito malamulo ndi mtundu wa upandu. Makamera a m'thupi, oŵerenga laiseti yalaisensi yodziyendera, mapulogalamu a kumaso, ndi ma apolisi oneneratu kuti apereka mphamvu komanso kudzutsa mafunso aakulu a makhalidwe ndi alamulo. Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono kwa apolisi akumeneko kwatom'dzikolo kwatopedwa m'makhoti a Gezeji ya Folmerbration, ndipo mayiko angapo akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kudziŵika kwa nkhope. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, intaneti — kuyambira kuukira kowombola zipatala ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ana pa Intaneti — kwakhala malo oyamba kwambiri kwa mabungwe a boma. Makampani a madera ambiri alibe luso la zasayansi kupenda bwino, kupanga kudalirana kwa zaumoyo ndi malamulo alamulo, kukambirana kwa malamulo, ndi kuyendetsa malamulo a boma, ndi kuyendetsa malamulo a boma.

Kusagwirizana kwa Malamulo ndi Lamulo

Kugaŵana kwa ulamuliro pakati pa kukhazikitsa lamulo kwa kumaloko, boma, ndi boma sikumakhala komvekera nthaŵi zonse, kutsogolera ku mikangano ya boma ndi mikangano ya malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, kuikidwa mwalamulo kwa mbanje m'maiko ambiri kwapanga mpata waukulu pakati pa boma ndi lamulo la boma. Lamulo la Federal likupitirizabe kusiyanitsa chamba kukhala Sedyuli imene ndinalamulira, komabe mabungwe a m'mayiko ololedwa ndi boma sakakamiza malamulo a boma. Kusinthasintha kumeneku kumayambitsa chiletso cha akuluakulu a boma ndi kuchititsa kufunsa kogwirizana. Mofananamo, kukhazikitsa boma kwakhala kogwirizana ndi zikalata za boma pamene kuli kutsutsana ndi ena a ICE. Kulimbana kumeneku kumasonyeza mikangano yaikulu pa malamulo a boma, ufulu, ndi ufulu wa lamulo la lamulo loyenera m’chitaganya.

Kumaliza: Tsogolo la Kukakamizana kwa Opareshoni

Kusungidwa kwa lamulo ku United States kuli thayo logawana lomwe limapanga milingo yambiri ya boma. Mabungwe a kumaloko amatumikira monga otetezera a boma, okhazikika kwambiri m'madera amene amatumikira. Mabungwe a boma abweretsa chuma cha dziko, ukatswiri waluso, ndi kufalikira kwakukulu kumene kuli kofunika kuti agonjetse ziwopsezo zovuta kwambiri ndi zoopsa. Palibe mlingo uliwonse umene ungapambane pa kudzipatula. Njira zogwira ntchito yosungitsa anthu kuvomereza kudalirana kwa mayiko ndi boma ndi kusungitsa mapangano, malamulo, ndi malamulo amene amathandiza kuti agwirizane.

Kuyang'ana kutsogolo, kusungidwa kwa malamulo kudzapitirizabe kuchititsa kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga, kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu, ndi zimene anthu amayembekezera. Kufunika kwa kuonekera bwino, kuŵerengera, ndi kuŵerengera sikungachepetse. Makampani amene amayang'anira makampani a anthu a m'chitaganya, opanga maphunziro ndi luso lamakono, ndi kukhazikitsa chidaliro chenicheni kwa anthu amene akutumikira kudzakhala malo abwino kwambiri olimbana ndi mavuto ameneŵa. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, opanga malamulo ayenera kukambirana ndi kuchepetsa zinthu zimene mabungwe akuyendera ndiponso kutsimikizira kuti boma lizilemekeza malamulo ndi ufulu wa anthu. Chonuliratu chikukhalabe chosasintha: dongosolo la malamulo limene limakhala loyenera, logwira mtima, ndiponso lodalirika ndi anthu onse amalumbira kuti ateteze.