Democracy si masewera oonerera . Imasangalatsa kwambiri achinyamata akatenga nawo mbali m’masankho. Komabe, achinyamata amakhala limodzi la magulu andale ovuta kwambiri, ngakhale kuti amakhala ndi anthu amene ali pamtengo waukulu posankha zochita. Kusiyana pakati pa achinyamata ofuna kudziŵa za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndiponso kulowa nawo m'masankho, magulu a boma, ndi ulamuliro kumafotokozedwa ngati vuto la kuimira. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza chifukwa chake achinyamata amalonjezana zinthu, ndi kutsekedwa kwa makhonkire, njira zothandizira kuti asiye kulankhulana ndi kutenga nawo mbali yeniyeni.

Chifukwa Chake Kuchita Unyamata Kumalimbitsa Demokalase

Kuloŵetsamo achichepere m’zochita za democracy sikuli chabe kachitidwe kophiphiritsira, koma kugawana kwawo kumabweretsa mapindu owonekera amene amafalikira m’milingo yonse ya ulamuliro ndi moyo wa m’chitaganya.

  • Umoyo wa anthu apanthaŵi yaitali: Makhalidwe a kuvota ndi kutengamo mbali kwa anthu onse opangidwa kwa achichepere amapitirizabe kwa moyo wonse. Kufufuza 2020 kochitidwa ndi Circle pa Tufts University kunapeza kuti achichepere amene amavota pa chisankho chawo choyamba choyenerera ali othekera kwambiri kupitiriza kuvota nthaŵi zonse. Kupanga mapangano kumakulitsa kayendedwe ka kudziloŵetsa kwa democracy.
  • Kusintha kwa polisi: Achichepere abweretsa malingaliro atsopano pa nkhani zonga kusintha kwa nyengo, zoyenera za manambala, kusintha maphunziro, ndi kupezeka kwa nyumba. Zokumana nazo zawo za moyo kaŵirikaŵiri zimasintha kwambiri kuchokera ku mibadwo yakale, kupanga mfundo zawo zofunika kaamba ka malamulo amene adakali ofunika kwa zaka makumi ambiri akudza.
  • Ligitacy ndi kukhulupirira: Pamene achichepere awona kuti mawu awo amvedwa, chidaliro m'mabungwe a democracy chikukwera. Mosiyana ndi, kuchotsa kumayambitsa kusuliza. Kufufuza kwa Pew Research Center kwasonyeza kuti achikulire osakwana zaka 30 m'mademokrase ambiri amasonyeza kudalira kochepera kwa boma kuposa magulu akale.

Kuzindikira mapindu ameneŵa kumayala maziko a kudziŵa zopinga zenizeni zimene zimaletsa achichepere kuloŵa m’malo aunyinji a m’dzikolo.

Zopinga Zimene Zimalepheretsa Achinyamata Kutenga Nawo Mbali

Pamene kuli kwakuti chikondwerero m’nkhani za kakhalidwe monga chiweruzo cha fuko, kachitidwe ka mkhalidwe wa dziko, ndi kulingana kwa zachuma chiri chokulira pakati pa achichepere (makamaka m’Nyengo ya Z ndi Millennium), mphamvu imeneyo kaŵirikaŵiri simatembenuzira m’machitachita a demokrase ofala.

Nyumba ndi Chikhalidwe Chachuma

Kutenga nawo mbali pa achinyamata n’kosiyana ndi mmene zilili ndi anthu ena.

  • Kulembetsa kocholoŵana kwa pepala: Maboma ambiri ndi maiko ali ndi njira zovuta kulembera, ndi z'nyengo zimene zimavuta kwa achichepere otanganidwa kuyendera. Lipoti la 2023 kuchokera ku Brennan Center for Justice linapeza kuti mwa kulembetsa kodzisankhira, likusonyeza kuti kukwera kwa achichepere kumakhala kokulira.
  • Mbali ya kutengamo mbali: Kupezeka m’maholo a tauni, kudzipereka kuntchito, kapena ngakhale kuvota m’maola a ntchito kukhoza kukhala ndi mtengo wachindunji ndi wosalunjika umene achichepere ogwiritsira ntchito ndalama zolimba sangakhoze kuulandira.
  • Kusalingana chidziŵitso: Siachichepere onse amene ali ndi chidziŵitso chodalirika, chosagawana ponena za oyembekezera, nkhani, ndi njira zovotera. Kufalikira kwa mawu olakwika kumakhudza kwambiri achinyamata amene amadalira kwambiri pa malamulo a chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Zopinga Zamaganizo ndi Zachikhalidwe

Kuposa nkhani za maziko, pali lingaliro lozama la kugwiritsidwa mwala limene limagwira ntchito monga choletsa champhamvu. Achichepere ambiri amawona ndale kukhala bwalo loipitsa, lodziimira lokha kumene kuvotera kapena liwu limodzi silimapanga kusiyana. Lingaliro limeneli likuchirikizidwa ndi:

  • Nkhani ya ndale zadziko yodzinenera: Kuunikiridwa kosalekeza ku malo otsendereza, kuukira kogaŵanitsa, ndi malonjezo oswa a ndawala kumapangitsa lingaliro lakuti dongosolo liri losavomereza. Malinga ndi kufufuza kwa 2021 kochitidwa ndi Institute for Politics pa Harvard Kennedy School, kokha 31% ya Aamereka analingalira kuti boma likutsogolera kaamba ka phindu la anthu onse.
  • Malo a zitsanzo zosintha: Pamene atsogoleri andale ali achikulire kwambiri ndipo sasonyeza kusiyanasiyana kapena zokumana nazo za moyo wa achichepere, achichepere amavutika kudziona kuti ali ndi mbali zimenezo. Nkhani zoimira zimenezi . Kuyang'ana munthu amene akudzifuna kumawonjezera mphamvu zandale.
  • Mantha a kusayenerera: Osankha achichepere ambiri akusimba kuti akudzimva kukhala osakonzekera kusanthula nkhani zovuta za malamulo, akuthandizira kupeŵa. Amada nkhaŵa kuti kusoŵa kwawo ukatswiri kumachepetsa kutenga nawo mbali kwawo, ndipo chochitika chawo chimadziŵika monga matenda a imperster m’moyo wa anthu.

Zipinga za Mabungwe ndi Zopinga

Ngakhale pamene achichepere asonkhezeredwa, madongosolowo angakhale osalandiridwa:

  • Mipata yowonjezereka ya mfundo zatanthauzo: Mafuno amwambo monga kumvetsera kwa anthu kaŵirikaŵiri amandandalikidwa mkati mwa sukulu kapena ntchito, ndipo njira yake ingakhale yowopsa. Achichepere amafuna malo kumene malingaliro awo sangomvedwa kokha koma amachitidwa.
  • Zofunika za msinkhu wokulirapo: Pamene maiko ambiri amalola kuvota pa 18, ena alingalira kapena kuchepetsa zaka zawo kufika 16. Kufufuza kuchokera ku Austria, kumene anthu a zaka 16 angavote m'masankho a dzikolo, amasonyeza kuti osankha achichepere amapanga malingana ndi magulu a achikulire pamene dongosolo lilinganizidwa kukhala laubwenzi.
  • Chinenero ndi zochita zosawoneka: Mawebusaiti a Boma, miyeso, ndi zikalata za malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri zinalembedwa m'njira yocholoŵana. Chopinga chophunzitsa kuŵerenga ndi kuŵerenga chimenechi chimayambukira achichepere, otengamo mbali panthaŵi yoyamba.

Njira Zothandiza Zothetsera Kukangalika kwa Achinyamata

Kuthetsa mavuto ameneŵa kumafuna njira zosiyanasiyana zophatikiza maphunziro, luso la zopangapanga, kusintha mabungwe, ndi njira zoyendera anthu. Palibe njira iliyonse yokwanira yothetsera mavutowa; zotsatirapo zabwino kwambiri zimachokera ku ntchito zogwirizana m’madera osiyanasiyana.

Maphunziro a Mitengo Amene Amaposa Mabuku Ophunzirira

Komabe, masukulu a m’dzikolo amene amaika maganizo pa kuloweza nthambi za boma, sathandiza kwenikweni kuti ana ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito luso kapena zolinga zawo.

  • Maphunziro apamwamba: Programu zimene zimatsanzira njira za malamulo, masankho onyenga, kapena boma la ophunzira limapanga manja ndi kuzindikira. Kufufuza kwa Center for Information & kufufuza pa Civic Learning and Circlement (CIRC) anapeza kuti ophunzira amene anachita nawo pa masankho opeka anali mfundo 8 zachidziŵikire kuti angasankhe monga achikulire.
  • Kuphatikiza zilembo: Kuphunzitsa achinyamata mmene angaonere magwero, kuzindikira ndawala zoulutsira nkhani, ndi kuchita ntchito pa Intaneti n’kofunika kwambiri monga kuphunzitsa boma. Mayiko onga Finland athandiza anthu kulemba ndi kulemba mawu m'manyuzipepala m'makalasi a dziko lonse komanso achipambano pochepetsa kufalikira kwa nkhani zokopa.
  • Kusintha ndi magulu a achichepere: Sukulu zingaitanitse magulu onga YMCA Youth & programu ya Boma, 4-H, kapena makhonsati a achichepere a kumaloko kubweretsa zokumana nazo zenizeni za dziko m’kalasi.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zipangizo Zothandiza Kuchepetsa Mavuto

Zipangizo zamakono zikhoza kuphunzitsa ndi kuchititsa achinyamata kuchita zinthu mosavuta ngati atazigwiritsa ntchito bwino.

  • Ndawala za nyuzi zoulutsira mawu: Mafomu onga Instagram, TikTok, ndi YouTube ali amphamvu kukulitsa kuzindikira za masiku olembetsera, malo a ofunsira, ndi malo oonera. Chisankho cha 2020 ku U.S. chinawonjezeka mwapadera chifukwa cha mavairasi ochokera kwa osonkhezera ndi zikumbutso za ausinkhu wanu. Komabe, ndawala ziyenera kuikidwa m’chowonadi, zosakhala mbali ya chisankho kuti zipeŵe kufalitsa nkhani zosokosera.
  • Kulembetsa kwa voti ndi makhoti a chidziŵitso: Kulembetsa kwa pa Intaneti kopepuka ndi kusonkhezera kodzifunira pamene wachichepere asintha 18 angawonjezere modabwitsa mapepala. Zida zonga Turbovote ndi Ballot Weally zimachepetsa kukwiyitsa mwa kupereka chidziŵitso chaumwini, cha kumaloko.
  • Kudziwitsa ndi mapulatifomu a pangano la ukwati: Mapsogolo onga ngati ISlide Nat kapena Votesmart amapanga kuphunzira ponena za malo a oyembekezera kulowa. Maboma ena ayesa ndi mapulatifomu operekera ndalama pa Intaneti kumene nzika, kuphatikizapo achichepere, angapereke ndi kuvota pa ntchito zowonongedwa m'chitaganya. Izi zimapereka chivoti chamwamsanga, chenicheni kuti nkhani zovota imodzi.

Kupanga Malo Ochitirapo Malo Ochitirapo Malamulo a Mawu a Achinyamata

Achinyamata amafunika njira zopatulidwa ndiponso zolemekezeka zimene zingawathandize kusankha zochita. Nyumba zimenezi siziyenera kukhala zophiphiritsa chabe.

  • Mabungwe a Uchinyamata ndi mabungwe operekera malangizo: Matauni ambiri tsopano ali ndi makhonsati a achichepere amene amalangiza meya kapena mzinda pa nkhani zonga kudutsa kwapoyera, mapaki, ndi maunansi a apolisi. Kuti ameneŵa agwire ntchito, mamembala ayenera kulandira maphunziro, kugwiritsa ntchito (kuchotsa malire a zachuma), ndi kuyankha kotsimikizirika ku malingaliro awo. National League of Cities ikusimba kuti oposa 200 U.S. mizinda imasunga nyumba zachigwirizano cha achichepere, ndi awo okhala ndi antchito opatulidwa ndi ndalama ndi kuona chiyambukiro chachikulu.
  • Kupereka nyengo ya kuvota: Achirikizo omakula ochirikiza gulu kaamba ka kulola 16- zaka 17 kuvota m'masankho a kumaloko. Ochirikiza akutsutsa kuti gulu la msinkhu limeneli kaŵirikaŵiri limalembetsedwa m'makalasi a boma ndi kukhala m’midzi yokhazikika ya sukulu, kupangitsa kufikira ndi kuwalembetsa. Takoma Park, Maryland, inakhala woyamba U.S. kuchepetsa zaka za kuvota kufikira 16 za masankhoti mu 2013; pambuyo pake kufufuza kunasonyeza kuti likuloŵe m'ma 162 - 209-199-19999-19 za zaka za sukulu kunali kofanana ndi 18 /24 zaka zaumoyo.
  • Magawo a Uchinyamata m'zipani za ndale zadziko ndi makomiti: Magawo amene amasunga chigawo cha mipando ya nthumwi kapena malo apakati a ziŵalo za pansi pa 30 amatsimikizira kuti malingaliro sakunyalanyazidwa. Maiko angapo a ku Ulaya atengera madongosolo otero, ndi ziyambukiro zabwino pa malamulo olankhula ndi achichepere za malo okhala ndi nyengo.

Anthu Okhala M’derali Komanso Omwe Amakhala ndi Ausinkhu Wawo

Njira zothetsera mavuto pazokha sizingathetse kulephera kwa kudalirana.

  • Gawo la voti: Pamene odzipereka achichepere akugogoda pa zitseko kapena kulemba makalata a mabwenzi awo ponena za masankho, uthengawo umamva kukhala weniweni. Maphunziro amasonyeza kuti kuwonjezereka kwa mabwenzi kukuwonjezeka kwabwino koposa kutulukira kwachibadwa kwa otumiza makalata. Magulu onga Vote.org ndi SepGen America apanga zoyesayesa zoterozo ndi chipambano chokhoza.
  • Nkhani ya Uchinyamata yochititsidwa ndi kusamverana: Mmalo mosumika maganizo pa demokrase yosaoneka, achichepere ambiri amasonkhezeredwa ndi nkhani zakutizakuti monga chiweruzo cha madera, chithandizo cha ophunzira, kapena kutetezeka kwa mfuti. Magulu onga March kaamba ka Moyo Wathu ndi Sunrise Movement asonyeza kuti kutengeka mtima kungatembenuzidwe kukhala pangano la kusankhidwa pamene achichepere awona kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pa malamulo ndi miyoyo yawo.
  • Programu za kulangiza kwa mbadwo: Kukumana kwa achichepere okhala ndi ochirikiza aluso m'chitaganya kumathandizira kukhazikitsa dongosolo la ndale zadziko ndi kumanga kampani ya atsogoleri a mtsogolo. Programu zonga Youth Leadership Institute ku California zasonyeza kuti kupitirizabe kwa alangizi kumawonjezera chidaliro ndi kutsatira zonse ziŵiri.

Kufufuza Nkhani za Kudziloŵetsa m’Maseŵera a Achinyamata Opambana

Padziko lonse, zitsanzo za zinthu zakale zimasonyeza kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa anthu amene amapanga mafilimu okongola kwambiri.

Scotland: Milondawo ndili ndi zaka 16

Scotland anachepetsa zaka zovota kufika pa 16 pa depansiponsium ya 2014. Zotsatira za anthu 16 ndi 17 za zaka zinayerekezeredwa kukhala 75%, kukwera kwambiri kuposa gulu la zaka 18-24. Ofufuza amati zimenezi ndi zifukwa zingapo: attendendum inali pulojekiti yapamwamba, voti imodzi yokha imene inaona kuti ikufunika; masukulu anagwirizana kwambiri ndi kulembetsa; ndipo nyengo yosankha inaphatikizapo masabata kuti ophunzira azikhala bwino. Kupambana kwa kuvomereza achinyamata ambiri ku masankhoti a ku Scotland ndi kulimbikitsa mpikisano wina ku mbali zina za UK.

Finland: Bungwe la Unyamata la Boma

Finland Amalandira magawo a bajeti ndi kugawira ndalama ku bungwe la kampani. Mabungwe ameneŵa amalamulidwa ndi lamulo m'boma lililonse. Mabungwe a achichepere osankhidwa a zaka 13-17, amene ali ndi ufulu wopereka ndemanga zokhudza achinyamata. Iwo amapatsidwa ndalama zoikizira ndalama ndi kugawira mabungwe a boma. Kufufuza 2020 kunapeza kuti mabungwe ameneŵa akuwonjezera lingaliro la achichepere la kupambana kwa ndale zadziko ndi kutsogolera ku masinthidwe a malamulo a konkiriya, monga ndalama zochepetsera ophunzira ndi mautumiki aumoyo a achichepere owonjezereka. Chitsanzocho tsopano chikuphunziridwa ndi maiko ena a Nolddic.

United States: Chitokoso Chonse m’Demokrase ya ku Kampu

Pa mayunivesite, ALL IN Campus Democracy Challenge imapereka maziko kaamba ka mabungwe owonjezera osasankha ophunzira. Kugawana sukulu kumalandira chichirikizo cha kutsata zikalata zolembetsera, zikumbutso za tsiku la masankho, ndi maprogramu a maphunziro. Programu imakhala ndi zotsatira: mkati mwa chisankho cha 2020, masukulu omwe adafikira "kuikizidwa kwapamwamba" anawona ziŵerengero za ophunzira kuvota kupitirira 60%, poyerekezera ndi avereji ya dziko ya 48% kwa zaka 1824 zakubadwa. Chitokoso kumapereka chiwonjezo chofanana ndi chiwonjezekezo chimene chimaphatikizapo kuŵerengera kwa chuma.

Kupita Patsogolo Kochuluka: Zimene Zikuŵerengeredwa Kuti Zimachitika

Kuti zinthu zikhale bwino, n’kofunika kwambiri kuti tidziwe ngati kukonzekera ukwati kumagwiradi ntchito.

  • Kusintha kochitidwa ndi amisinkhu: Maiko ambiri samatulutsa chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane chowonongeka ndi msinkhu, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kudziŵa mavuto kapena kukondwerera kupita patsogolo. Kufuna chidziŵitso chimenechi kuchokera ku makomiti osankhidwiratu kuli sitepe loyamba kulinga ku kuŵerengeredwa mlandu.
  • Mwezi wa kulembetsa: Kulembetsa kuli kofunika posankha. Kuyang'ana mpata pakati pa achichepere oyenerera ndi olembetsedwa kumavumbula kumene kulephera. Madongosolo odzisankhira olembetsera amachepetsa kwambiri mpata umenewu; maboma onga Oregon anawona kulembetsa pakati pa zaka 18 za zaka zoleredwa kukwera kuchokera pa 65% kufika pa 90% pambuyo pa kukwaniritsa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuvota kwa Beyond: Kutengamo mbali m'magulu a boma, kupezeka pamisonkhano ya onse, ndi kutomerana pa makompyuta n’zofunikanso. Kufufuza konga Youth Civic Trinicement Index yoyambitsidwa ndi Charles F. Kettering Foundation kuyesa kujambula chithunzi chokulirachi.
  • Kutomerana kotsimikizirika: Kodi wachichepere amene amavota pa zaka 18 amapitirizabe kuvota pa 22 ndi 25? Kufufuza kofufuza kuli kosoŵa koma kofunika kumvetsetsa kaya ngati pangano lamwamsanga limapanga zizoloŵezi za moyo wonse.

Mapeto ake: Udindo Wogawana

Kugwirizana kwa achichepere mu demokrase sikuli ntchito yothandiza kapena kuyenerera kuchitiridwa zinthu . Ndiyo ntchito yofunikira kaamba ka dongosolo laumoyo, lolimba la demokrase. Zopinga nzowona: kulinganiza kwa makampani, kusalingana kwa kakhalidwe, ndi kusemphana kwa chikhalidwe pakati pa anthu apamwamba andale ndi achichepere. Komabe njirazo siziri zachinsinsi. Maphunziro a boma, luso laubwenzi, malo opatulirapo a mawu a achichepere, ndi njira za ausinkhu la anzawo zimasonyeza kuti onse agwira ntchito pamene agwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuwona mtima ndi chuma chokwanira.

Udindo wa ntchito imeneyi umakhala kwa anthu ambiri oseŵera: aphunzitsi ofunitsitsa kukonzanso, opanga malamulo ofuna kusintha njira zopangira zikalata, zipani za ndale zadziko zofunitsitsa kugawana mphamvu, ndi osafuna phindu kufesa mbewu zaudzu. Koma koposa zonse, anthu akuluakulu amamvera / osati kunyadira, koma kutsata anzawo. Pamene achichepere awona kuti pangano lawo litulutsa zotulukapo zenizeni, iwo adzaloŵa m'ntchito yawo monga nzika osati chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa, koma chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa machitachita ozikidwa pa umboni, lingalirani za ntchito ya CIICCLE pa Tufts University , Conference ya National of State Legislatures , ndi [[FLT :] Nyumba ya malamulo ya Apulopalt ya achichepere [[FLT:]. Kusintha kwenikweni kumayambika pamene tichita ndi achichepere osati monga ogwirizana a m'demokrase a mtsogolo, koma monga antchito amakono mu demokrase.