Kuyamba Kulankhulana ndi Kusankha Malamulo pa Zosankha za Ukwati Wachimuna ndi Wachikazi

Chiphunzitso choyambirira chimakhala chimodzi cha njira zosonkhezera kwambiri koma zotsutsa kumasulira kwa lamulo lalamulo m'malamulo a ku America. M'matsutsana pa ukwati wa kugonana, malingaliro oyambirira aperekedwa ponse paŵiri kutsutsa ndi kutetezera kulingana kwa ukwati monga kuyenera kwa lamulo. Kumvetsetsa mmene kuyambirira kumagwirira ntchito . Ndi mmene ochirikiza ake amatsutsanirana ndi kumvetsetsa malo alamulo amene anapanga zosankha zonga . Hodgefecre v. (20) ndi ufulu womangirira LGTQ.

Nkhaniyi ikusanthula ziphunzitso zazikulu za kuyambika kwa zinthu, kugwira ntchito kwake ku Chigwirizano cha 14th Demendment’s Acception and Aumement Clauses, malingaliro ambiri ndi otsutsa mu Obergefell [, ndi mkangano wa nzeru wokulirapo wa kaya ngati kuyambirira kungayanjane ndi kumvetsetsa kokhudza ufulu ndi kulingana.

Kumvetsetsa Chiyambi: Lemba, Tanthauzo, ndi Kuthandiza Anthu Onse

Kuyamba sikuli chiphunzitso chimodzi, chogwirizana. Chimaphatikizapo njira zingapo zogwirizana zimene zimagawana chitsimikizo cha kukonza tanthauzo la malamulo pa nthaŵi ya kujambula. Zingwe ziŵiri zazikulu ndizo cholinga choyamba ndi [FLT :2] tanthauzo lapoyera.

Matanthauzo Oyambirira a Anthu

Chiphunzitso choyambirira chimafuna kudziŵa zolinga za opanga maulansi ndi ma ratifiers. Otsutsa amanena kuti njira imeneyi imadalira pa zolembedwa za mbiri zosakwanira ndi kukweza malingaliro a akatswiri angapo ndi kumvetsa kwa anthu ambiri. Kuyambirira kwa cholinga cha anthu, poyerekezera, imafufuza mmene munthu wololera panthaŵi ya kujambula akanatha kumvetsa malemba a pulinsipulo. Baibulo limeneli, lochirikizidwa ndi Woweruza Antonin Scialia ndi akatswiri onga Randy Barnett, limapeŵa mbuna za kusanthula kwa cholinga pamene likumasulirabe pa nthaŵi yotsimikizirika ya mbiri.

Malingaliro onse aŵiri ali ndi mfundo yaikulu: Tanthauzo la Konsichushoni silimasintha ndi malamulo a chikhalidwe. Ngati kuyenera sikunamvedwe kukhala kotetezeredwa poyamba, oweruza sayenera kukupanga kumasulira. Kusinthaku kumatsutsana mwachindunji ndi malingaliro a mu [[FLT: 0] Obergefell .

Chifukwa Chake Kuyambirira Kuli Kofunika pa Ukwati Wachimuna ndi Wachikazi

Gemetic , yomwe inavomerezedwa mu 1868, ili ndi Adrect Process Clause (kapena Boma lililonse lidzalanda munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo”) ndi Figate Protection Claus (“kapena kukana munthu aliyense wokhala m’manja mwake kutetezeredwa kofanana kwa malamulo”). Ochirikiza maukwati amodzimodziwo amatsutsa kuti mawu ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kukwatira kwa okwatirana a m'ziŵalo. Oyambirira anafunsa kuti: Kodi a ratififi a Land Demement amvetsetsa “liy” kapena“ chitetezo chokwanira chotetezera chakuphatikiza ndi ukwati wofanana? Yankho, kwa akatswiri ambiri, ndi ayi.

Mbiri Yake: Kuchokera ku DOMA Kupita ku Mphepo

Nkhondo yalamulo pa ukwati wa kugonana sikunayambe ndi Obergefell . Ilo linaumbidwa ndi zaka makumi ambiri za kuvomereza, malamulo, ndi kusintha kwa malingaliro a anthu.

Chikalata Choteteza Ukwati (1996)

Congress inapasa DOMA mu 1996, kufotokoza ukwati kuti ndi mgwirizano wa mwamuna mmodzi ndi mkazi mmodzi. Chigawo 3 cha DOMA chinakana kuti boma lizivomereza ukwati wa kugonana ndi mwamuna mmodzi wovomerezeka mwalamulo m’mayiko amene anaulemba mwalamulo. Mchitidwewu unali kuyankha mwachindunji kuti Hawaii kapena mayiko ena avomereze kuti ukwati wa kugonana ungakhalepo ndi kuyambitsa mapindu a boma pansi pa Chikole ndi Claus.

United States v. Mphepo (2013)

Pachigamulo 5-4, Khoti Lalikulu linagamula Chigawo 3 cha DOMA kukhala kuswa malamulo oyenera a kukonza Koyamba a boma. Polembera anthu ambiri, Jasitisi Kennedy anagogomezera kuti cholinga cha DOMA chinali “kupatula ndi kuvulaza” okwatirana apakati pa amuna ndi akazi, mwakutero kukhazikitsa“ sstigma” pa maunansi awo. Chigamulocho sichinalamulire kuti boma livomereze ukwati wa pakati pa anthu a m'dziko limodzi, koma chinakhazikitsa maziko a kugamula kotsatira kulakwa kwa pulogalamu yotsatira.

Mapangano a kuwonjezera a Windsor anasumika maganizo pa kusoŵeka kwa umboni uliwonse wa mbiri wakuti ufulu wa Kukonzanso kwa Kuyamba unamvedwa kutetezera maunansi a kugonana. Kukana kwa Woweruza Scalia kunaimba mlandu unyinji wa kukhazikitsa ufulu wa malamulo wakuti “anthu a United States sanadziŵe nkomwe kuti anali m'Malamulo.”

Obergefell v. Hodges: Chosankha cha Chizindikiro

Mu Obergefell v. Hodges , Bwalo Lapamwamba linatsutsa kuti Kusintha kwa 14 kumafuna maboma onse kulola maukwati pakati pa anthu aŵiri a chisembwere ndi kuzindikira maukwati a kugonana ofanana ochitidwa mololedwa m’maiko ena. Lingaliro lambiri, lolembedwanso ndi Justice Kennedy, lozikidwa pa mizati iŵiri: njira yoyenerera ndi chitetezo chofanana.

Maganizo Aakulu a Munthu Wotereyu

Woweruza Kennedy anatchula “malamulo ndi miyambo inayi yosonyeza mkhalidwe waukulu wa ukwati”: (1) kuyenera kwa kusankha munthu mwini kuli kobadwa m’lingaliro la kudzilamulira; (2) ukwati umathandiza mgwirizano wa aŵiri osiyana ndi wina uliwonse; (3) umatetezera ana ndi mabanja; ndipo (4) ndi maziko a dongosolo la kakhalidwe ka anthu. Iye kenaka anagamula kuti malamulo ameneŵa amagwira ntchito mofanana kwa okwatirana auchimuna ndi achikazi, chifukwa “kuyenera kwa kukwatira ndiko kuyenera kwakukulu kwa ufulu wa munthu, ndipo pansi pa dongosolo la Claus ndi Chitetezero cha Malamulo a Asanu ndi Aŵiri a Kusintha kwa kugonana kofananako sikungachotsedwe ndi ufulu umenewo.

Ambiri anakananso chigomeko chakuti mafotokozedwe a ukwati ayenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi machitidwe a demokrase kapena kusiidwa ku maikowo, akumanena kuti “kuyenera kwa malingaliro sikungaperekedwe ku chisankho; iwo amadalira pa zotulukapo za kusasankha kulikonse.”

Kusavomereza kwa Kuyambirira

Woweruza wamkulu Roberts, Jasitisi Scalia, Jasitisi Thomas, ndi Jasitisi Alito aliyense analemba kusiyana kwake.

Kusemphana maganizo kwa Justice Scalia kunali kolondola kwambiri. Iye anatsutsa kuti Malamulo “sali kutsimikizira kuyenera kwa kuloŵa mu ukwati wa kugonana ” chifukwa chakuti “ndi choyambirira kuŵerenga kuyenera kwa ukwati wauchiŵanda mu Demetria . Scalia ananyoza kudalira kwa ambiri pa“ kudalira kwa " monga lingaliro lopanda malire, kuchenjeza kuti ilo “lingagonjetse Khoti ku chinenezo cha boma la anthu, osati malamulo.

Kutsutsa kwa Thomas [[FLT: 1] kunagogomezera kuti tanthauzo loyamba la “kupempha” m'CHERCLE Claus linali lolekezera ku ufulu wakudzilamulira. Iye anatsutsa kuti ambiri asintha ufulu kukhala “chiphunzitso kulongosola ukwati mosasamala kanthu kuti munthu amaona kukhala woyenera," lingaliro limene analondola kuchotsedwa kwa mafotokozedwe a lamulo.

Woweruza Wamkulu Roberts [1] Analongosola kusagwirizana kwake m'nkhani za kuletsa kwachiweruzo ndi malire a chitsanzo. Iye adawona kuti “kuchuluka kwa Khoti kwa mfundo zobalana kaamba ka ukwati umodzi wa kugonana kuli kodabwitsa chifukwa chosoŵa umboni uliwonse wakuti okwatirana a kugonana kofanana ali othekera kwambiri kuposa okwatirana a kugonana osiyana kukhala ndi ana.”

[[FLT : 0] Justice Alito [1] Anatsutsa kuti Malamulo “samanena za nkhani ya ukwati wa kugonana,” ndi kuti funsolo liyenera kusiyidwira ku dongosolo la ndale zadziko. Anachenjeza kuti chigamulocho chikakhala ndi zotulukapo zokulira kaamba ka ufulu wachipembedzo ndi mawu aulere.

Kodi Kuyamba Kugonana ndi Munthu Wina Kungagwirizane ndi Ukwati Wachimuna ndi Wachikazi?

Pamene kuli kwakuti kusemphana maganizo mu [[FLT: 0] Obergefell [FLT :1] kaŵirikaŵiri amatchulidwa monga malo otsimikizirika a kuyambika, chiŵerengero chomakula cha akatswiri amatsutsa kuti kuyambirira / sikumamvetsetsa bwino lomwe . “otetezera oyambirira" a Obergefell amadalira pa mfundo zingapo.

“ Chitetezo Chachikulu” Njira

Akatswiri ena oyambirira, monga Profesa Steven Calabresi, amanena kuti tanthauzo loyambirira la bungwe la Exlumel Protection Claus limaletsa tsankho lodzifunira lozikidwa pa kugonana. Popeza kuti malamulo ozikidwa pa kugonana kaŵirikaŵiri amagwirizanitsa kugonana, iwo amatsutsa kuti malamulo osachotsa okwatirana a kugonana kofanana ndi mtundu wa tsankho la kugonana. Pambali pa lingaliro limeneli, Secult Protection Claus monga momwe poyamba ankaganizira, angathetse malamulo amenewo, ngakhale ngati opangawo sanaone kuti kugonana ndi munthu mmodziyo ndi munthu mmodzi.

“ Ufulu Wachikulire” Njira

Mfundo ina ikufotokoza tanthauzo loyamba la “gulu la anthu.. . . Profesa Randy Barnett, wotsogolera pa kuyambika kwa Baibulo, adatsutsa kuti Ninth Amendment, pamodzi ndi Malo Oyenerera kapena ma Immunitation Claus, imatetezera ufulu wa munthu wozama kwambiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti Barnett savomereza kotheratu [[FLT: 0]] Oberge wagwapo [[FLT:], wapereka lingaliro lakuti kuyenera kwa kukwatira munthu wa chosankha chingakhale ufulu wotero, malinga ngati chisonyezero chake chingasonyezedwe kukhala “chozika kwambiri m'mbiri m'mbiri ya Dziko lino ndi mwambo . [FLT:] [FF:]

Kuyamba Kwawo ndi “Bungwe Lolamulira la Moyo”

Njira yachitatu, imene nthaŵi zina imatchedwa “malamulo oyambirira,” imavomereza kuti malemba a Malamulo ali ndi miyezo ina imene imasintha pamene anthu ayamba kumvetsa bwino. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la Eighth Amendment loletsa“ kusamvera ndi chilango chachilendo” linadziŵika kuti limaletsa chilango chimene chimakhumudwitsa ufulu wosinthasintha. Akatswiri ena amanena kuti ufulu wa kukhazikitsa malamulo a ufulu ndi kufanana kwa anthu a m'dzikolo zili ndi mawu otseguka oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa zochitika zatsopano.

Mavuto ndi Kuyambitsa Kuyamba kwa Ukwati Wofanana ndi Wachimuna ndi Wachikazi

Kukhulupirira mwa m’mwambo kumayang’anizana ndi chisulizo chachikulu, ponse paŵiri kuchokera m’chitaganya chalamulo ndi kuchokera kwa ochirikiza njira zina zomasulira.

Vuto la Umboni wa M’mbiri

Otsutsa amanena kuti mbiri yakale siigwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti “tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira” kapena“ chitetezo chofanana” mu 1868 n’chovuta kwambiri. Anthu oimba nyimbo za dala anali ndi cholinga chokhudza ukwati wogonana ndi munthu mmodzi. Anthu odziwa za malamulo a Mulungu amene amanena kuti kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma la 144 akuchotsapo ukwati wa anthu osadziwa kuti ndi wovuta kuuthetsa, ndipo n’zokayikitsa kuti anthu apeza njira zochitira zinthu.

Kuyamba Kuganiza Zoyamba ndi Zoyambirira

Unamwini suli njira yokha yoonera zinthu. Oyambirira ambiri amavomereza mbali ya chitsanzo m'kumasulira kwa lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Jaji Scalia anavotera kuchirikiza Roe v. Wade pansi pa disc decisis ngakhale kuti anakhulupirira kuti chosankhacho chinagamulidwa molakwa. Kuyankha kwa Obergefell , wodzipereka woyambirira angavomereze kutsutsana ndi tanthauzo lake loyamba koma ngakhale kuli kogwirizana ndi lamulo lokhazikika. Kupsinjika kumeneku kuli mutu wobwerezanso m'maphunziro wa akatswiri oyambirira.

Kulephera kwa Malamulo a Malamulo a Malamulo

Otsata mawu a kutsogolo kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa kuti ngati chitaganya chifuna kuyenera kosatetezeredwa poyamba, chiyenera kukonzanso Konsichushoni . Chigomeko chimenechi chinalamulira kutsutsana mu [[FLT: 0] Obergefell . Woweruza wamkulu Roberts adawona kuti “ochirikiza ukwati wauchiŵalo umodzi wa mlingo wa mlingo umodzi apeza chipambano chachikulu kupyolera mwa dongosolo la democracy [1] ndi kuti kuloŵerera kwa Khotilo kunafupikitsa njira imeneyo.

Otsutsa lingaliro limeneli amanena kuti kusinthako nkovuta kwambiri (kupezanso magawo aŵiri ndi atatu a nyumba zonse ziŵiri ndi magawo atatu a nyumba zomanga za boma), ndi kuti ufulu wa anthu ochepa watetezedwa ndi makhoti ngakhale pamene analibe chichirikizo chofala. Kulimbana pakati pa kuyambirira ndi ufulu wa anthu ochepa sikunathe.

Ufulu wa Chipembedzo ndi Zotsatira Zake

Chiyambire Obergefell, malingaliro oyambirira agwiritsiridwa ntchito m'nkhani zotsatira zophatikizapo okana chipembedzo. Mastercenter Thighhop, Ltd . Colorado Commission Rights Commission (208), khoti linachotsa kulimbana kwapansipansi pa nkhondo, mmalo mwake likulamulira kuti bungwelo linasonyeza chidani ndi chipembedzo. Zigomeko za m'nkhani za m'nkhani zokhudzana ndi malamulo a Free Execree Claus. Colorado jod jourgation pa zoyenera za okwatirana amodzimodziwo-s-ex [2018]), kuyesa kaya ufulu wa chipembedzo woyambirira ungapitirizebe kuyankha m’mbali zosiyanasiyana za lamulo la lamulo.

Kumaliza: Mbali ya Chiyambi m’Mtsogolo mwa Kulingana kwa Ukwati

Kutsutsana pa nkhani ya kuyambirira kwa ukwati ndi kugonana si nkhani za m’mbiri chabe; kwakhala kothandiza kwambiri pamene mafunso atsopano akubuka. Mwachitsanzo, kodi tanthauzo loyamba la Century Claus likuteteza kuyenera kwa munthu kukwatira ali mwamuna kapena mkazi? Kodi Aciment Protection Claus amaletsa tsankho lochokera pa kugonana m’madera ena osakhala ukwati, monga kulera mwana wa munthu, ntchito, kapena nyumba?

Zimene zimachokera m'mabuku oyambirira ndi chithunzi chomveka bwino kwambiri kuposa ufulu wa “kuyambirira kumaletsa ukwati wa kugonana” kapena“ chiyambi chimalola. Njirayi imafunikira kusanthula mosamalitsa malemba, kalembedwe, mbiri, ndi chitsanzo. Pamene sukulu yalamulo ikupitirizabe kuwongolera chiphunzitso cha woyambirira, malo a LGBTQ pansi pa malamulo adzakhalabe maziko otsimikizira kuti nzeru za anthu zimatha kusamalira ufulu wa anthu popanda kutaya malamulo ake. Kumvetsa mfundo zimenezi n’kofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kumvetsa mfundo zachikhalidwe zimene zimatsutsana ndi malamulo.

Kuti muŵerengenso, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] Malamulo odziŵika pa Demetrimenti ya 14 [FLT :1], Jasitisi Scalia’ yovomerezeka ku Obergefell , ndi Randy Barnett [[FLT]]ticle pa kuyambirira ndi ufulu . Malingaliro ena angapezeke mu Steven Calbrasi’s [[FLT:]] ya Chiyambi ndi kukondera kugonana [[FLT:] ndi McCollells’s [FLT:]