Table of Contents
Kumvetsetsa Malingaliro Aŵiri Oika Patsoka: Maziko a Malamulo ndi Rafacy
Malamulo amakhalidwe abwino a ngozi ziŵiri ali limodzi la zitetezero zokhalitsa koposa m'lamulo laupandu, kuletsa boma kuweruza kapena kulanga munthu kamodzi pa mlandu umodzimodziwo. Pamene kuli kwakuti mizu yake inayamba kumbuyo ku miyambo yachigiriki ndi ya Roma wakale, inaikidwa ku Britain-American jurispudence kudzera mwa lamulo lofala debet bixari [pakuti munthu adzitetezeredwe kaŵiri chifukwa chimodzimodzicho.] Ku United States, Pempho imapereka lamulo lomveka bwino: [[FLT:] "nor aliyense wa munthu adzakhala wofunikira kuikidwa kaŵiri m’maupandu wa moyo kapena kuikidwa kaŵiri. [FLT] [FFOLT]]
Maupandu aŵiri amagwirizanitsidwa pa nthaŵi imene ajuli aikidwa m'bwalo loweruza milandu, kapena pamene mboni yoyamba yalumbira m'kuzenga mlandu. Pakachitika ngozi ndi kupitirizabe kutha mwa kukhululukidwa kapena kugamula, boma silingabweretse mlandu wachiŵiri pa mlandu umodzimodziwo . Kupatulapo mmodzi wa aufupi, woikidwa ndi lamulo loikidwa. Kupatulako kumachitidwa kuti kukhale koyenera (monga ngati juli yopangika), kuchonderera kwa woimbidwa mlandu amene amatulukapo ku kutsekedwa chikhululukiro, ndipo [[FLT:]] chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro chapadera chikayikiro , chimene chimalola kutsutsidwa ndi olamulira osiyanasiyana (m., boma) kaamba ka khalidwe lofananalo. Uchifumu wosiyana wakhala woimira pa mlanduwo, chilo chapamwamba, chilolezo cha lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo loloŵa.
Mfundo zomveka zimene zimachititsa ngozi ziŵirizi n’zochuluka. Imaletsa boma kuyesa mobwerezabwereza kuweruza munthu, amene angam’patse mavuto aakulu a maganizo ndi a zachuma. Imasunganso umphumphu wa zigamulo za ajuli ndi kutsimikizira kuti olakwa akhalabe omalizira. M'nkhani zazikulu, kumene anthu amafuna kuti atsimikizidwe, kuopsa kwa kaŵiri kumachita monga kupenda kofunika pa mphamvu ya oweruza, kukakamiza boma kuti likhoze kuichotsa nthaŵi yoyamba.
Magwero a Mbiri Yakale
Chiphunzitso cha kuopsa kwa kaŵiri chili ndi mzera wakale. Katswiri wachigiriki Demosthenes analongosola mfundo yakuti munthu sayenera kuyesedwa kaŵiri pa upandu umodzimodziwo. Lamulo la Roma mofananamo linatetezeredwa pa milandu yobwerezabwereza. Komabe, kupangidwa kwamakono kunachokera ku lamulo lachingelezi, kumene podzafika zaka za zana la 17, kuchonderera kwa autrefois Confict lotetezera [kuchotsedwa]) [kupoyerapo] ndi womangidwa ndi mlandu wachifumu (oyambirira]) anadziŵika monga zipilala zokwanira kuti aphedwe. Malamulo a U.
Zigamulo zoyambirira za Khoti Lalikulu, zonga ngati United States v. Ball (1996 , adatsimikizira kuti woimbidwa mlandu amene wamasulidwa sangaikidwenso mlandu, ngakhale ngati kukhululukidwako kunazikidwa pa chigamulo cholakwika. Lamulo limeneli lakhala likutsimikiziridwanso nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, kulenga chiwiya chapafupi cha kupha pambuyo pa kukhululukidwa , chotsekedwa ndi chopimira mlandu wapamwamba.
Lamulo lachisanu Losintha Zinthu ndi Kumasulira Kwachiweruzo
Chigamulo cha Fite Amendment cha kaŵiri chafotokozedwa kwambiri ndi Khoti Lapamwamba. Chigamulo chachikulu chimamveketsa bwino kuti ngozi imagwirizanitsidwa m'kuweruza mlandu wa oweruza pamene aweruza alumbira, ndi m'zembe mlandu pamene mboni yoyamba yalumbira. Chigamulochi chimagwira ntchito ku makhoti onse aŵiri a boma ndi boma kudzera ku Geneth Demendment of Resmected Claus, monga momwe chasungidwa mu [FL:] Benton. Maryland v [[FLT:] [FLD] [1994] [199] [1991] [1] [umboni wofuna kutsimikizira mlandu umenewu . Khoti likufunanso kutsimikizira chigamu china cha mlanduwo. Woweruza wotsutsa mlandu wofanana.
Chiphunzitsocho chakhala chosintha ndi kulongosola zochitika zovuta. Mwachitsanzo, mu Hudson v. United States (1997]), khoti linavomereza kuti chilango cha anthu sichimaletsedwa ndi ngozi ziŵiri ngakhale ngati chibuka ndi khalidwe lofanana ndi la apandu, malinga ngati saweruza m’chilengedwe mwakuti amaonedwa kukhala apandu. Nkhani zimenezi m’nkhani zazikulu zimene oweruza angaperekere oweruza milandu kapena njira zina zachiŵembu zowonjezera pa milandu. Kumvetsa zimenezi nkofunika kwambiri kwa oweruza opanga njira yomveka bwino.
Zolekanitsa: Kulakwa, Kukopa, ndi Ulamuliro Waumodzi
Pamene kuli kwakuti ngozi yapaŵiri ili chikopa champhamvu, siimakhala yolimba. Mabwalo a milandu amalengeza chifukwa cha kuonekera bwino . monga ngati juli imene siingafikire chigamulo . Musaperekenso mlandu. Chitsanzo chapadera ndicho juli yopachikidwa, kumene woimbidwa mlandu angaimbidwenso. Mofananamo, woimbidwa mlandu amene amachonderera chitsimikizo ndi kubwezera mlandu, chifukwa chakuti ngozi yoyambayo sinathetsedwa mwa kuikonda pomalizira. Chosiyana chachikulu koposa ndi milandu yapamwamba ya protensi, ngakhale ndi tero, ndicho chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro wa munthu [[FLT:].
Pansi pa ulamuliro wa aŵiri, maulamuliro odziimira osiyana (m., boma ndi boma) aliyense angapereke mlandu wa munthu kaamba ka mkhalidwe umodzimodziwo ngati mkhalidwewo ukuswa malamulo a maulamuliro onse aŵiri. Kusiyana kumeneku kwagwiritsiridwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kugonjetsa boma losunthidwa. Mlandu wa Rodney King ndi fanizo lapadera: pambuyo pakuti akuluakulu a boma amasulidwa ku bwalo lamilandu la California, ozenga mlandu a boma abweretsa milandu ya ufulu wa boma m’khoti la boma ndi kupeza zikhululukiro. Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikiza kachitidweka, posachedwapa kwambiri mu [[FLT:]. United States [FL:] (2010]). Kwa oweruza milandu yapamwamba-profensi, pamene ulamuliro wambiri ukhoza kupereka ufulu pa maapulome.
Kuzenga Mlandu Mopanda Mayeso
Chenicheni chakuti kulephera kumodzi kungathetseretu mlandu kukakamiza maloya a chigawo ndi oimira boma kuwona milandu yaikulu ya profile mwachangu kwambiri. Chosankha chirichonse, kuchokera ku kusankhidwa kwa mlandu ku kukonzekera, chapangidwa modziŵidwa kuti kukhululukidwa kuli komaliza ndi kosawonedwa. Kuwonaku kumaumba njira za loya wa thangata m’njira zingapo zosiyana.
Kukonzekera ndi Kufufuza Kuyambika
Kuona kumaliza kwa kukhululukidwa, kufufuza kosamalitsa asanapereke mlandu. Oweruza ayenera kutsimikizira kuti umboni wonse womwe ulipo ukusonkhanitsidwa, kupendedwa, ndi kusungidwa mlandu usanayambe. Pamilandu yaikulu, zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimatanthauza kutumiza zinthu zambiri: magulu a zachuma, ofufuza za ndalama, ndi mabungwe ambiri osungitsa malamulo. Kudalirika kwa umboni kumayesedwa kwambiri pofufuza poyera, ndipo kulephera kulikonse kungagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi chitetezo champhamvu. Malo a Chilungamo cha Woweruza kumagogomezera kufunika kwa "Umboni wokhawokha pamene umboniwo uli wokwanira kutsimikizira kukhala wolakwa mosakayikitsa" ndi machenjezo otsutsa mwamsanga amene angatsogolere ku kutetezera ndi kuloŵerera kwa chigamu.
Oweruza amagwiritsiranso ntchito kufufuza kwa ajuli kwa aupolu , monga chiŵiya chapadera. Oweruza akuluakulu angapereke umboni wa apolisi ndi kukakamiza, kuthandiza kupanga mbiri yabwino asanaike mlandu. Komabe, kubisa milandu yaikulu kungakhale lupanga lokhala ndi mbali yaikulu ya pulogalamu, monga momwe uphungu wotetezera pambuyo pake ungatsutse kuti mlanduwo umadalira pa umboni wosatsutsika. Kuyang'anira mosamalitsa kwa mbali ya Wicleve kuli kofunika kwambiri kupeŵa kulakwa kokhoza kutulukapo m'kutsutsidwanso.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mafuta Popanga Mafuta
Plea procensing ndi yogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma la America, kuchotsapo magamulo oposa 90 peresenti a milandu yonse. M'mabwalo apamwamba, kukakamiza kuti apeze chitsimikiziro kaŵirikaŵiri ozengedwa mlandu kupereka zikalata mmalo mwa kuwopseza mlandu umene ungapangitse kukhululukidwa. Kuchonderera kwa liwongo, ngakhale ku mlandu wochepa, kumatsimikizira kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo sangakhale ndi ngozi yoŵirikiza kaŵiri pa khalidwe limodzimodzilo, monga momwe kuchondererako kumapanga chitsimikiziro. Komabe, kuchonderera m'nkhani zapamwamba za mlandu wa anthu kumakhala kodzaza ndi nkhani zolingalira zapo kwa anthu ambiri . Kuchonderera pansi kungaoneke ngati kuti ndi leni, pamene kuzenga mlandu kolephera kungaonekedwe monga woimba mlandu woimba mlandu wopanda mlandu.
Oweruza akuona kuti umboni wawo ndi wamphamvu kwambiri potsutsa kuthekera kwa kugamula mlandu. M’nkhani zimene umboni uli wotsimikizirika kapena woimbidwa mlanduyo amamva chisoni ndi anthu onse, kuchonderera kungakhale njira yodalirika kwambiri yoyankhira mlandu.
Ntchito ya Kusankha Chiŵalo cha Jury
M'nkhani zazikulu, kusankha juli kumakhala bwalo lankhondo. Oweruza ayenera kuzindikira ndi kuchotsa oweruza amene angakhoze kukhala okondera chifukwa cha kutchuka kwa pulogalamu, kugwirizana kwaumwini, kapena chitsutso cha malingaliro kwa boma. Lamulo lakugamulapo koŵirikiza limatanthauza kuti jaji mmodzi wopangidwa amene amapakira jajiyo angatsogolere ku mabwalo / ndipo ngakhale kuti woweruza wa juli wopachikidwayo alola kukonzanso milandu, imaperekanso nthaŵi yodzitetezera kuti ipezerenso umboni watsopano kapena kupeza chichirikizo chapo cha anthu. Chotero ozunzawo amapanga ndalama zambiri mu , pogwiritsira ntchito akatswiri ndi mafunso aakulu kutsimikizira woweruza ndi wolandira.
Zitsenderezo Zapadera za Milandu Yaikulu ya Ziŵalo
Milandu yaupandu yokulirapo . Imene imakhudza anthu otchuka, anthu andale, kapena makamaka upandu wochititsa mantha . Ndizo zovuta zimene zimaposa kwambiri nkhani za lamulo. Maupandu aŵiri amagwirizana ndi zitsenderezo zimenezi kuti apange maloya apadera.
Kupenda Mosalekeza ndi Kuyembekezera Anthu
Chisonkhezero cha manyuzipepala a maola 24 ndi mawailesi akanema anthabwala chimatanthauza kuti njira iliyonse ya mlandu wapamwamba imatsutsidwa m'nthaŵi yeniyeni. Ozunza ayenera kuyang'anira osati kokha umboni komanso nkhani. Kukhululukidwa m'nkhani yotero kungadzutse anthu ndi kupangitsa kuti asinthe, monga momwe zikuonekera pambuyo pa kuchotsedwa kwa George Zimmerman m'kuwombera kwa Travon Martin. [FLT: 0] Malonjezero a chikhulupiriro angatsogolere ozembetsa ozenga mlanduwo kuwonjezera kapena kulakwa, kuwonjezereka kwa kukana kwa kuchotsedwa kumene sikungasinthidwe. Mlanduko kaŵiri kaŵiri kawonjezeketsa zotsatira za zolakwa zoterozo.
Malo oulutsira nkhani amakhudzanso gulu la ajuli. Oweruza ambiri asanaweruze mlandu angakuchititse kukhala kovuta kupeza ajuli opanda tsankho, ndipo oweruza angayang'ane kuyang'anizana ndi pulogalamu ya oweruza opemphedwa. M'zigawo zina, makhoti ayesa kuletsa kupezeka kwa ofalitsa nkhani m’nthaŵi ya kuzenga mlandu, koma Coprst Constemplete kaŵirikaŵiri imatsimikizira kutsata. Ozunza ayenera kugwirizana ndi akuluakulu a nkhani zapoyera kuti alankhule ndi mlanduwo popanda kukhazikitsa njira. Komiti ya Amelikani Bar Association pa manyuzipepala ndi makhoti a [1] imapereka malamulo a ovomerezeka pa ndemanga za oweruza milandu.
Kufunsira Ozunza Mwandale ndi Ntchito
Maloya achigawo kaŵirikaŵiri amasankhidwa kukhala akuluakulu a boma, ndipo oimira boma angakhale ndi zolinga za ndale. Kutayikiridwa kwa pulojekiti yaikulu kungakhale kochititsa ntchito, pamene chikhululukiro chingakhale choyambira ku udindo wapamwamba. Mtengo umenewu ungasonkhezere zosankha zanzeru, nthaŵi zina woweruza milandu imene ili yopanda pake, chifukwa chakuti anthu amafuna kwambiri. Maupandu aŵiriwo amatsimikizira kuti zotsatira za kutchova juga n’zosasinthika [1] Woimbidwayo amayendera dala mpaka kalekale.
Koma oweruza angasankhe kukana kuzengedwa mlandu pa milandu imene ilibe umboni wokwanira, ngakhale kuti anthu akukukakamizani. Kuitanako kumafuna kulimba mtima kwa ndale. Chigamulo cha kusawazenga chingakhale chotsutsana ndi mlandu wolephera, koma chimateteza umphumphu wa ofesi ndi kupeŵa chikalata chosatha cha kukhululukidwa. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, zitsanzo zapamwamba monga ngati chosankha chosalamula apolisi pa mlandu wotsatira lamulo linalake zayambitsa mkangano wokhudza ntchito ya oweruza milandu.
Kupereka Umboni ndi Udindo wa Ukapolo
M’nkhani zazikulu, umboni kaŵirikaŵiri umatulukapo ndi kufufuzidwa kwakukulu. Ozunza ayenera kutsimikizira kuti umboni uliwonse wasonkhanitsidwa bwino, kulembedwa, ndi kusungidwa kuti usagwe ndi mavuto. Kulakwa kwa kusunga ana kungatsogolere ku umboni wochotsedwa, umene m'nkhani yapambali ya chiletso ungachititse kukhululukidwa. Mlandu wa kaŵiri umatanthauza kuti kukana mlandu kotereko kuli komaliza, mosasamala kanthu za mphamvu ya mlanduwo imene ingaperekedwe. Chifukwa chake, oweruza amaika ndandanda yaikulu ya malamulo a umboni, kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo malabolabutali ambiri odziimira ndi mapepala atsatanetsatane.
Umboni wa manambala umapereka zitokoso zina. Ndi kuchuluka kwa mafoni, wailesi, ndi vidiyo yoyang'anira, ozunza ayenera kugwira ntchito ndi akatswiri a zamalonda kuti apeze ndi kutsimikizira umboni wa magetsi, kutsimikizira kuti n’kulephera pansi pa malamulo monga [[FLT: 0] Malamulo a Umboni [[FLT: 1] Malamulo a [makampani] ndi Lamulo la 902 (kudzinenera). Kulephera kulikonse m'dera lino kungakhale koopsa, ndipo kuopsa kwa kaŵiri sikulipo.
Kufufuza Matenda a Maupandu Aŵiri
Zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko zimasonyeza mmene lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino la ngozi ziŵiri lasinthira zotulukapo za milandu yapamwamba ndi mmene njira zochitira ndi oweruza zasonkhezereka.
Chilango cha Rodney King ndi Chilango cha Federal
Mu 1992, maofesala anayi a polisi a Los Angeles anamasulidwa m'bwalo la California la kuukira ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu mopambanitsa polimbana ndi Rodney King. Chigamulocho chinayambitsa zipwirikiti zofalikira. Chifukwa chakuti khalidwe la apolisiwo linaswanso malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe, kulekana kwa ulamuliro kunachititsa oweruza a boma kubweretsa milandu pa 18 U.S.C. . . . . . . Pa kuzengali kwachiŵiri, aŵiri a apolisiwo anaimbidwa mlandu ndi kuweruzidwa kundende. Mlandulo umenewu umasonyeza kufunika kwa kuphwanya ufulu wa boma pa mlandu wa boma. Oweruzawo ayenera kupenda mosamalitsa kuti kaya boma likhale lodalirika pa makonzedwe kuti likhale lodalirika.
Kulakwa kwa Anthu a ku O.J. Simpson
Kuzengedwa mlandu wambanda kwa O.J. Simpson kunatha ndi kukhululukidwa mu 1995, ngakhale kuti panali umboni wamphamvu. Chigamulo cha ngozi chaŵiricho chinaletsa mlandu wakupha. Komabe, mabanja a anthu ophedwawo anasunga mlandu wakupha wachiŵeniŵeni, umene Simpson anataya, kutulukapo mlandu wa mlandu wachiweruzo. Nkhani ya boma sinali mlandu waupandu, choncho ngozi yoŵirikiza kaŵiri sinagwire ntchito. Nkhani imeneyi imasonyeza kusiyana pakati pa maupandu ndi njira zachiŵembu. Kwa oweruza, kutanthauza kuti ngakhale pambuyo pa kulakwa kwa chigawenga, iwo akhoza kuthandiza mikhole m’kulondola mlandu wa kuukira kwachiŵembu. Iwowo sakhoza kubweretsa mwachindunji kachitidweko. ndi [FLD:] Ndalama zolipidwa [F:]
Kumasulidwa kwa Mwana Wansembe Wamakono
Posachedwapa, kusudzulidwa kwa Kyle Rittenhouse mu 2021 pa milandu ya kupha anthu kunabweretsa chigamulo chachikulu kwa anthu. Khoti la Wisconsin la khoti la kukhululukidwa, litafika mlandu wokhudza mfundo za boma zonena za kudziimira, kuletsa boma kumanganso mlandu wa kuphana kofananako. Komabe, kufufuza ufulu wa boma kunakhala kothekabe pa ulamuliro wachiŵiri. Doj anakana kupereka milandu ya boma, akutchula umboni wosakwanira. Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza kuvuta kwa ndale ndi kuvuta kwa lamulo kumene oweruza milandu amayang'anizana nako: ngakhale ngati kuphwanya lamulo kutakhala kovomerezeka kwalamulo kwalamulo, kungakhale kupanda nzeru kapena kugamula mlandu wachiŵiri. Chigamulo chachiŵiri chingakhale chosankha choyenera monga chigamulo cha kuyesa mlanduwongoyamba.
Kuyerekezera Malingaliro pa Kuika Miyeso Paŵiri
Pamene kuli kwakuti dongosolo la ngozi la United States nlolimba m’kutetezera okhululukidwa, malamulo ena ofala atenga njira zokhoza kusintha, makamaka kaamba ka milandu yaikulu.
Ufumu wa United Kingdom ndi Kusintha kwa 2005
Ku England ndi Wales, Nyumba ya Malamulo inakhazikitsa Chilamulo Chalamulo 2003 , chomwe chinaphatikizapo makonzedwe olola kuweruzidwa kwa milandu ina yaikulu . Monga kupha, kugwirira chigololo, ndi arson, ngati umboni watsopano ndi womveka unachitika pambuyo pa kukhululukidwa. Kusintha kumeneku kunakhalako kwa Stephen Lawrence, kumene anthu oyamba kuimbidwa mlanduwo anamasulidwa mosasamala kanthu za umboni wamphamvu. Chilungamo cha Courtumer Proseiciation Service kungagwiritsidwe ntchito ku Bwalo la Appea kuti achotse kusuk, ndi kulamula ngati umboniwo sunapezeke pa mlandu woyamba ndipo uli wotchuka kwambiri. Monga momwe kutetezera 20222, oimbidwa ambiri anapangidwa ndi kuimbidwanso mlandu. Kufikira kumeneku ndi kulingana kwa zikondwerero zatsopano za milandu. US adayang'kuyang'kuyang'anira chitetezero chaku
Canada: Tchata ndi Zosiyana
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kuti munthu sangayezedwenso mlandu umene wamasulidwa. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba la Canada lazindikira kutsegulidwa kochepa kwa Court of Canada kaamba ka mafunso a lamulo lokha. (kamenekamodzi, ngati chipambano, chingatsogolere ku mlandu watsopano. Mosiyana ndi U.S., Canada siinakhala ndi lamulo lalamulo lamphamvu losiyana lomwe limalola kutsutsidwa ndi milingo ya makhalidwe amodzimodziwo. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti chigaŵeruzo chimodzi chokha chopatsira boma, mosasamala kanthu za mlingo wa boma. Motero, ozenga a Canada ayenera kukhala oyenera kukonzekera koyambirira, monga oyenerera.
Apandu Apadziko Lonse
Lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino la kuopsa kwa kaŵiri limavomerezedwanso m'malamulo a dziko lonse. Malamulo a Roma a Khoti la International Criminal (ICC) akupereka m'Chigawo 20 kuti palibe munthu amene adzazengedwa ndi ICC kaamba ka khalidwe limene lakhala maziko a chitsimikizo kapena kukhululukidwa ndi bungwe la ICC. Komabe, makonzedwe amodzimodziwo amalola kuti ICC iyese munthu ngati nkhani za m’khoti ya dzikolo zinalinganizidwa kutetezera munthu ku thayo laupandu kapena kusakhala kochitidwa payekha. Lamulo limeneli "kusunga" limalola chilungamo cha dziko lonse kuchotsa milandu ya . Kwa oweruza milandu yokhudza kupululutsa anthu kapena upandu, kupereka njira yowonjezereka yokhayi yokha ngati nkhani ya dziko lonse inali yotetezera.
Kulingalira Moyenera ndi Mwambo
Mawu oikapo ngozi ziŵiri amadzutsa mafunso aakulu a kulinganiza kwabwino pakati pa kumaliza ndi kulondola. Pambali imodzi, mawuwo amatetezera anthu ku kuvutitsidwa kwa milandu mobwerezabwereza ndi kuchirikiza ulemu wa kukhululukidwa. Kumbali ina, pamene umboni watsopano utuluka [1] Mosiyanasiyana DNA kapena kuulula kutsutsa kuti mawuwo amalepheretsa chilungamo. Kutsutsanako kumachitidwa makamaka m'nkhani zapamwamba ndi kufunidwa ndi anthu kuti adziwire mlandu.
Oweruza ayenera kuyang'anira mosamala madzi a makhalidwe ameneŵa. . [ABA Model Reals of Professional Apple amafuna aloya kuti afunefune chiweruzo, osati zikhululukiro zokha. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale ngati zitsulo za ngozi ziŵiri zikhala zozunza, oweruza ayenera kuona njira zina zotsekera ndi kubwezera kwa mikhole. Ayeneranso kupeŵa kumangofuna kuyambitsa chitseko cha mlandu, podziŵa kuti ngati mlanduwo upita ku mlandu ndi kulephera, woimbidwayo ayenera kumasulidwa kwaulere kwamuyaya.
Akatswiri ena a zamalamulo amachirikiza kusintha kochepa, monga ngati kulola kuweruzanso milandu yaikulu pamene umboni watsopano upezeka . Ena amatsutsa kuti chitetezo cha United States nchofunika kutetezera mapangano apadera kuti asunge demokrase ndi kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa boma. Monga nkhani yeniyeni, kusintha kulikonse kwa lamulo langozi kungafunikire kusintha kochitidwa ndi boma, kumene kuli kovuta kwambiri. Komabe, maboma angasinthe malamulo awo kapena malamulo awo, mwachitsanzo, kuti avomereze kulakwako pamene kulakwako kunapezedwa. Oweruza ayenera kuzindikira kusintha kumeneku kwa malamulo a boma.
Kumaliza
Chiphunzitso cha ngozi ziŵiri chidakali maziko a njira zaupandu, kusonkhezera kwambiri oweruza milandu pa mlandu uliwonse, koma makamaka m'zimene zimalamulira dziko. Chimakakamiza oweruza kukonzekera bwino, kupima ngozi, ndi kukaniza ziyeso za kutsendereza kwa anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuchotsapo mbali ziŵiri za ulamuliro kumapatsa kutha kochepa m'nkhani zapamwamba, sikuloŵa mmalo ku kuweruza mlandu woyamba. Kumaliza kwa wochotsedwa kumasonyeza kuwopsa kwa chosankha chilichonse chochitidwa mkati mwa mlandu, ndi kuweruza. Oweruza amene amvetsetsa kuwopsa kokwanira kwa ngozi ziŵiri amakhala okhoza bwino kudutsa m'madzi onyenga a lipo lapamwamba, kutsimikizira kuti chilungamo chaperekedwa pa mlandu woyamba ndi kuyesa kokha.
Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, [[FLT: 0] Cornell Information complescope windroble imapereka kusanthula kwalamulo kokwanira, pamene .DO CHUMALT imapatsa chitsogozo chothandiza kwa oimira boma. [FLT:] BBC [kulongosola kwa UK] kuopsa koŵirikiza kaŵiri