Makonzedwe a mavoti ngosuliza, kaŵirikaŵiri amanyalanyazidwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti chikalata chapadera chapadera cha ovota chimapereka chisamaliro cha kuchirikiza kutumiza makalata, kulembetsa, ndi kusanthula, chikalata chakuthupi kapena cha magetsi chimene ovotawo amagwira nawo patsiku la chisankho chingakonzeke kwambiri kumvetsetsa kwawo oyembekezera ndi nkhani, ndipo potsirizira pake, kufunitsitsa kwawo kuponya steat . Cholembera chopangidwa mosalinganizidwa bwino chingachotse osankhidwa, kuwonjezera kuphonya, ndi kuchepetsa kulinganiza kwabwino, ndi kuchepetsa kuyang'anira machenjera, ndi kuyang'anizana ndi ziganizo. Nkhaniyi ikusanthula malamulo a gulu la osankhidwa, ndi kuyang'anizana ndi kugawana ndi kulinganiza kwa mavoti, ziwonedwe za mavoti, ndi kuganitsira mavoti.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Makonzedwe a Ballot sanakhale nkhani ya kufufuza kosamalitsa nthaŵi zonse. M’zaka za zana la 19, ovota ku United States kaŵirikaŵiri anagwiritsira ntchito matikiti osindikizidwa a gulu, amene kaŵirikaŵiri anali ofiira ndi osiyanitsa, kupangitsa kukhala kosavuta kwa antchito a m'gulu kuwona mmene munthu anasankhira. Dongosolo limeneli linali lofala ndi kuopsa ndi kunyenga. Kutengedwa kwa “Australian "" kumapeto kwa zaka za ma 1800, yunifomu, boma losindikizidwa ndi mameteshoni, ndi makope a makampani. Komabe, monga mmene makampani a kutembenuzira ma khadi apadera, adayambitsa kubisa ndi kukonzanso vuto latsopano la kuyendetsa mapepala ovuta. Makampani ambiri a Florida, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa makampani a kuwonjezera kwa makampani. Komabe, kuwonjezera kwa makampani ambiri, kuwonjezera njira za lamulo la lamulo la lamulo lachiweni. Komabe, zinabweretsa zizindikiro za m'magulu a maiko ena ofufuza a maiko ena, monga momwe amachenjera a Florida, makompyuta, ndi makompyuta a Florida otchuka kwambiri.

Mfundo za M’Baibulo Zothandiza Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zoopsa

Kapangidwe ka makompyuta amakono kamachokera ku kugwirizana kwa makompyuta a munthu, psychology, ndi mapangidwe ojambula. Pakatikati pake, wovota ayenera kutheketsa ovota kufotokoza bwino ndi mwaluso zosankha zawo mwa kuchepetsa. Zinthu zofunika zingapo zimatsimikizira ngati ma fomu a pulogalamu apambana kapena alephera ntchito imeneyi.

Kuwadziŵa Bwino ndi Kuyendetsa Njira

Chosankha chofunika kwambiri ndicho kulinganiza. Mavoter ayenera kukhala okhoza kusanthula mawu onse. Kugwiritsira ntchito mizera, mabokosi, ndi malo oyera nkofunika mwamsanga. Kuzungulira kokhala ndi mawu othokokera ndi kutsata kumanja, ndi kusiyanitsa koonekeratu pakati pa mipikisano. Kuika zinthu zogwirizana (m., mafuko onse a boma, ndiyeno a boma) kumathandiza osankhidwa kukhala ndi mawu ozungulira. Kugwiritsira ntchito mizera, mabokosi, ndi malo oyera nkofunika. Kuphatikiza mizera yokhala ndi mawu othothotho ndi kunalibe digiri yapamwamba kumawonjezera kuthekera kwa kuthamanga kwa otchera mipikisano kapena kujambula munthu wolakwika. Chitsogonjezo chimodzi ndicho kuletsa kugawa mpikisano umodzi kudutsa mizera yambiri kapena masamba ambiri, monga mphamvu imeneyi yosankha kugaŵa ndi kuwonjezera kulakwa. Malo a Cbiccosi omwe amalimbikitsa kuthamanga ndi kuthamanga kwa mutu wotchuka wokongola.

Kuwerenga ndi Kuwerenga

Typtography kaŵirikaŵiri imalingaliridwa pambuyo pa kulinganiza kwa maluŵa, komabe imakhudza mwachindunji liŵiro la kuŵerenga ndi kulondola. Ukulu wa fonti uyenera kukhala waukulu kwambiri kuŵerengedwa popanda kutsendereza ndi makhoti 12 kapena kukulirapo kwa kusindikiza mavoti, ndipo makamaka 14 a malembo a ovota akale. Sans-seref adawna, Arial, kapena Verdana amawoneka bwino kwambiri kuposa serif pa mawords papepala, makamaka pa ukulu waung'ono. Malo (Ganizolo) ayenera kukhala owoloŵa manja onse kuti apeŵe kupo anthu. Kuwonjezerapo, kugwiritsira ntchito mawu olimba kapena opeka mosasintha chifukwa cha mapepala (g., “Vetee ) imathandiza disolo popanda kupambana. Malembo opendutsa kapena kujambula.

Mawonekedwe ndi Kusiyana

Pamene kuli kwakuti, maonekedwe angawonjezere kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa woyera mwa kugogomezera malangizo kapena magawo osiyanasiyana, ayenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mosamalitsa. Malemba apamwamba-okha otsekereza (malembo oŵala pa kuwala) ngofunika kuti aŵerengedwe. Masanganizo ang'onoang'ono oyera (m., kuyera kwa mpukutu woyera) angapereke pepala looneka ngati , makamaka kwa achikulire kapena amene ali ndi maso. Malembo osaoneka bwino asakhale kokha njira yoperekera chidziŵitso cha umbuli (ang'onong'onoang'onong'onong'ono a anthu) (ang'onong'onong'onong'onong'onong'ono a anthu) adzaphona ndi amene amadalira pa utoto wokongola. Omwe amagwiritsira ntchito njira yosafunika kwambiri. Ogwiritsa ntchito: "Déra" ndi“

Chinenero ndi Kumveka Bwino

Mawu a pa fomu, ma Office, ndi maofesi oonera mawu oyenera kukhala osavuta ndi omveka bwino. Masitepe, makamaka, analembedwa m'zilembo zalamulo kapena mawu omveka omwe amasokoneza. Kufufuza ndi Pew Charitab Trust kwapeza kuti osankha kaŵirikaŵiri amalingalira molakwa mafunsowa, kutsogolera ku mavoti amwano. Atsogoleri amalangiza kugwiritsira ntchito mawu achidule, mawu ogwira ntchito, ndi chinenero chosavuta. Mwachitsanzo, mmalo mwa “mapepala a a adindo apatsidwa mphamvu yopereka lamulo la msonkho wa sukulu za anthu..., , mapulogalamu abwino akakhala“ kugulitsa msonkho wa kumaloko ndi 1% kuthandizira sukulu za anthu. Abungwe ayeneranso kuyesa ndi kuimira ndi kuimira magulu omaliza a chilankhulo.

Kupezeka ndi Kupangidwa Kosadziŵika

Makonzedwe a Ballot ayenera kutumikira wovota aliyense woyenerera, osati kokha awo okhala ndi maso enieni, akumva, kapena chivomerezo. Ufikiri siupomwano . Icho chalamulidwa ndi lamulo la boma ku United States pansi pa Desition America Vote Act (Hava) ndi Aamereka okhala ndi Chilema Act (ADA). Komabe, kugonjera ndi kukwaniritsadi sikuli kofanana nthaŵi zonse.

Miyezo ya ADA ndi Yoposapo

ADA imafuna kuti zipangizo zolembera mawu zikhale zopezeka kwa ovota opunduka. Izi zimaphatikizapo kupereka malamulo odziŵika bwino, mawu oulutsira mawu, ndi kukhoza kukulitsa mawu. Koma kuchuluka kwa makompyuta kumaposa makina. Mapepala, omwe adakali mtundu wofala kwambiri wosankha, ayeneranso kupangidwa kuti apeze. Zimenezi zimatanthauza kugwiritsira ntchito mabaibulo aakulu osindikizira owonongeka pa chosankha (kaŵirikaŵiri 18 kapena matanthauzo aakulu), kupatsa maboolesi otsegulira, ndi kupereka mapepala otchuka pamalo oonera. Kwa Fokita ndi kulephera kuŵerenga kapena kulemba mawu, kugwiritsira ntchito zizindikiro (mo ngati chizindikiro cha kuyang'ana kapena chodzaza) pafupi ndi malemba angathandize. Chosankha cha Voter mu California, chifukwa cha, chilimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa zilembo zoonera zinenero zowombera modzi. Oweruza ayeneranso kuyang'anira ntchito pulogalamu pothandiza anthu ofufuza popanda kugonetsa.

Mabale Osiyanasiyana

Pansi pa Gawo 203 la Chikalata cha ufulu wa anthu, mayiko ena ayenera kupereka zilolezo ndi zovotera m’zinenero zina, monga Chispanya, Chitagalog, Chivietnavia, ndi Chinavajo. Malembedwe ogwira mtima a zinenero zimafuna kutembenuza mosamala, osati kungotembenuza mawu enieni. Mwachitsanzo, kupima zinenero zimene zimasokoneza Chingelezi kumakhala kopanda tanthauzo. Kumasulira bwino kwambiri ndi kumasulira mawu osiyanasiyana n’kusintha kuti muone ngati n’ngolondola, ndi kuyesa omasulira olankhula ndi anthu a zinenero zosiyanasiyana. Malo: zinenero za zinenero ziŵiri ziŵirizi zingafunikire kuonetsa zinenero zonse kumbali imodzi, kapena m'madansi, koma kuonetsetsa kuti chinenero chilichonse nchogwirizana ndi kusapikisana. Mabungwe ena amasindikizapo a zinenero zosiyanasiyana, koma amawonjezera kusiyanasiyana kwa zinenero.

Chiyambukiro pa Khalidwe la Chiwongola dzanja ndi Kubwerera

Kugwirizana pakati pa kapangidwe ka pepala ndi khalidwe la wovota kumachirikizidwa ndi bungwe lomakulakula la kufufuza kwa m’mipangidwe. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti ngakhale kusintha pang’ono kwa kakonzedwe kapena kalembedwe ka mawu kungayambukire mokulira ziŵerengero zolakwika, masankho osadziŵika (kumene kumachititsidwa ndi kulephera kwa kapangidwe), ndi kutembenuka konse.

Zochititsa za Maganizo

Chikalata chosonyeza mmene zinthu zina zikugwirira ntchito bwino kuposa zina. Kutopa kwapadera ndi chinthu cholembedwa bwino: monga wovotera kugwira ntchito kwa nthaŵi yaitali, amakhala osatchera kwambiri ndi okhoza kuyang'ana kwambiri kupyola mipikisano kapena kupanga zophophonya. Zimenezi makamaka zimatchulidwa chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwa mipikisano (mphambu.], oweruza, kapena maluso a kumaloko). Kupanga kungachepetse kutopa mwa kugaŵa mipikisano ifupi pamodzi, kupereka maphuno oonekera bwino, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kukonza zinthu mosasinthasinthasintha. Chochititsa china ndicho [FLT:] chiyambukiro chodabwitsa chakuya, choyambirira chikayikitsa kupindula ndi phindu pang'ono, makamaka m'malemba laling'ono. Otsatira ambiri amasinthasinthasinthana, koma popanda kukonzanso. [FLD]

Kulakwa ndi Kulephera

Chikalata chokonzedwa bwino chachepetsa zonse ziŵiri za pansi pa chivote (kumene wovota amalephera kupanga chosankha) ndi mavoti opambanitsa (kumene amalemba oyembekezera ambiri). Maphunziro a Nationalal Conference of State Legistratures [[FLT:] Apeza kuti mabolot okhala ndi kaonekedwe kosayenera / ofanana ndi otchukawo “okhala ndi nyukiliya” a Palm Beach County mu 2000 . [6] Akupanga ziŵerengero zolakwika monga 3 /5% mu fuko limodzi, zokwanira kusintha zigamu zaposachedwapa. Kufufuza kwaposachedwapa kuchokera ku MITI Econficial ndi Sayensi kuwonjezera ku Lab kukwera kwa“ kujambula mpira ndi kapangidwe kofanana ndi kakedwe kake.

Kufufuza za Matenda a M’kupangidwa kwa Ballot

Zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko zimasonyeza ponse paŵiri kulephera kowopsa ndi kusintha kwachipambano m’kulinganiza kwa maluŵa.

Kanyama Kaguluka Kayamba Kuoneka m’Chilengedwe Chonse

Nthano yoperekedwa kwambiri ndi ya kusindikiza chikalata chachikwangwani cha Palm Beach County mu chisankho cha pulezidenti 2000. Macandidate anasindikizidwa m'madanga aŵiri ndi muvi wapakati wolozera ku chiboo cha nkhonya pakati pawo. Osankha ambiri anakhomera chibowo cha Reform Pat Buchanan pofuna kuvotera Democrat Al Gore, kukhoza kusintha zotsatirapo za dziko. Malamulowo anaswa ndandanda ya osankhayo kudutsa masamba aŵiri, adagwiritsira ntchito kuwongolera kosavuta, ndipo sanapereke njira yomveka kuti atsatire. Zotsatira zotsatira zake zinatsogolera ku kusintha kwa zaka makumi ambiri, kuphatikizapo kuvomereza njira za kujambula ndi malamulo a boma kaamba ka mapulanidwe ka makompyuta, koma maulamuliro ambiri akunyalanyazabe maphunziro ameneŵa.

M’bale Wa ku California Woona za Ufulu Woyenera ndi Wopanga Zinthu

Mosiyana ndi California, ma blotts percentage awongolera mokhazikika mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe a “Voterer’s Choir Act” ndi kugwirizana ndi Mkhalapakati wa CBICO Design . Mabala a boma tsopano amasonyeza masitayelo apamwamba, mipikisano, mipikisano yaikulu, maluwa aakulu a sans-sorift, ndi chinenero choyera kaamba ka mawu. Mwachitsanzo, Pronition 12 mu 2018 adagwiritsira ntchito ie / kaonekedwe kosavuta ndi kotchuka. Zofufuza zokhutiritsa zimasonyeza kuwongoletsera kowonekera kuyambira pa chizindikiro cha . California imaperekanso zitsanzo za mawonekedwe m’zinenero zambiri ndi zosindikizaposera zazikulu, ndi kutithandiza kuyesa masankhoti. Kupanga mayezerowa kukhoza kubweretsa mavoti a kukongola kwanga m’kutsimikizira ndi kutsimikizira kwa kutsimikizira.

Kuyesayesa Kothandiza kwa ku New York

New York State inayamba kujambula chizindikiro chachikulu cha pepala la zojambulajambula pakati pa zaka 2010 pambuyo pa zaka za kusokoneza makina ndi mapepala. Makonzedwe atsopano anachotsa mipikisano yogaŵanika kuzungulira mitu, kuwonjezera mawonekedwe a ofesi iliyonse, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mitu yolimba kusiyanitsa pakati pa mamembala. Kuŵerengera zolakwa zotsika ndi 20% m'chosankha choyamba pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe atsopano. Akulu a boma anapanganso malo olembera owonjezera pa Intaneti mu kompyuta yodzaza PDF kuti ayeserea, kuchepetsanso kusokonezeka kwa nthaŵi yoyamba. Zokumana nazo za New York zimasonyeza kuti ngakhale pa boma lokhala ndi malamulo ovuta ndi zigaŵero ndi zigawo zambiri, kakonzedwe kaumbidwe kabwino kake kabwino ndi kopindulitsa.

Zitsanzo za Mayiko: Australia ndi United Kingdom

Australia imagwiritsira ntchito kuvota kokakamiza ndipo yakulitsa miyezo yamphamvu ya kulinganiza. Nyumba yawo ya malamulo, mwachitsanzo, imagaŵidwa m'malo aŵiri osiyana bwino: “Pamwamba pa layini” kaamba ka kuvota ndipo“ pansi pa layini” kwa opita kuntchito. Makonzedwe amagwiritsira ntchito mizere yolimba ndi magalasi kuletsa. UK, kumbali ina, ikulimbanabe ndi mapulani osagwirizana a m'mabungwe a kumaloko. Ena amagwiritsira ntchito mizera, ndipo malangizo ochokera ku Electoral Commission adasuliridwa chifukwa cha kulolera. [FLD:] 201920 . Kupenda kwa Elct Commis [1] Kutsogolera kumene kumagogomezera kwambiri mzera umodzi wa ofunsira, malangizo, ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba a mitundu yonse, ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba. Nkhani zimenezi sizikusonyeza kuti dziko langwiro, koma zikuyang'anafufuza mozungulira.

Kupanga Malonda Ovuta

Ngakhale kuti pali mapindu oonekera bwino a kapangidwe ka ogwiritsa ntchito, akuluakulu a masankho amayang'anizana ndi mavuto angapo. Choyamba ndi kusiyana pakati pa kufewa ndi kukwanira. Maballot ayenera kuphatikizapo zonse zofunika . Zonga ngati maina a wovota, makampani, ndi ma deator textu , koma kudziŵa zinthu zambiri kungafooketse. Miyezo ya mitu, makamaka, imafunikira chidule, kukhudza, ndi kulemba kwathunthu, zimene zimavuta kutchula mwachidule. Maboma ena amalola kugwiritsira ntchito kabuku kapepala kaundulala kovota, koma amaika katundu wovota kuti aŵerengere.

Chachiwiri, malamulo ndi malamulo angatsekereze zinthu zina. Malamulo ambiri a boma amatchula bwino lomwe zimene ziyenera kuoneka pa chisankho, kuphatikizapo lamulo la ofunsira (kaŵirikaŵiri lokhala ndi mpando), ukulu wa mawu a mtundu, ndi mawu otchulidwa. Kusintha malamulo ameneŵa kumafuna malamulo, omwe angachedwe ndi oyenera kuyambitsa mikangano. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ena amafuna ziyeneretso za ofunsira kapena malo oti andandalitsidwe, kuwonjezera ku utsiru. Akulua angaope kuti kusintha kulikonse kungawonedwe ngati kuli kogwirizana ndi boma, ngakhale ngati kuli kofuna kuwongolera zinthu.

Chachitatu, bajeti imachepetsa zinthu zimene zilipo kaamba ka kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito, alangizi opanga, ndi kusindikiza mabaibulo ambiri. Magulu ochepa okhala ndi antchito opereŵera angadalire pa masinthidwe osadziŵika operekedwa ndi ogulitsa makina, amene salinganizika nthaŵi zonse kuti aŵerengedwe. Komabe, mabungwe onga U.S. EFUMCOMCOM Commission imapereka ziŵiro zaulere ndi masinthidwe zimene zingasinthidwe.

Ntchito ya Zipangizo

Luso la zojambulajambula limapereka zonse ziŵiri mipata ndi maluso atsopano. Zipangizo zolemba mawu zingasinthe ukulu wa lembedwe, kupereka foni, ndi kulola ovota kupenda zinthu asanazisindikize. Komabe, kupanga mapulogalamu oyenera kukhala koopsa: zokhudza zikhale zazikulu kwambiri kuti munthu aone ngati akugwiritsa ntchito, kuyendetsa ndege kuyenera kukhala kwa layini, ndipo njirayo iyenera kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito dala. Maboma ambiri amafunanso kupenda mapepala ovomerezeka (VPAT), kutanthauza kuti apangenso pepala limene liyenera kutsimikizira kuti wojambulayo ayenera kukonza. Kukonza zinthu zosasintha kudutsa pa kanema ndi pepala n’kovuta. Kujambula kwa galimoto, ngakhale kuti kuchitika kawirika, kumasonyeza ngakhale kuchuluka kwa makompyuta ndi njira zogwirira ntchito. Cyselbutracy iyeneranso kuyang'anizana ndi kujambula ndi kujambula ndi kujambula kwa pulogalamu.

Ndiponso, umisiri ukhoza kutheketsa mapepala otsatsa mapepala amene ovota angalembe pa Intaneti ndi kubweretsa ku mavoti. Zimenezi zimachepetsa ntchito ya kusanthula pa tsiku la chisankho. Kusintha kwa mavoti paposita kwawonjezeranso kufunika kwa mapepala olembedwa bwino amene angamalizidwe panyumba popanda thandizo. Maboma ambiri tsopano amatumiza mapepala ameneŵa ndi malangizo oonekera bwino, malangizo osonyezedwa bwino ndi maamvulopu olembedwa bwino. Masinthidwe a mapepalawa awonjezeka kuchokera ku mapevulopu akunja kupita ku mayezo obisa [1]

Malangizo ndi Chiyeneretso Chamtsogolo

Kuti akonze mapulani a masankho, akuluakulu a masankho ndi opanga malamulo ayenera kutsatira mfundo zingapo zofunika:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kuyesa chipambano: Asanamaliza pepala, iyeseni ndi gulu losiyanasiyana la ovota, kuphatikizapo achikulire, anthu olumala, ndi olankhula Chingelezi osakhala a Chingelezi. Izi zingachitidwe pamtengo wotsika kwa odzipereka a m’chitaganya.
  • Addere ku zitsogozo zozikidwa pa kufufuza: Gwiritsirani miyezo yofalitsidwa ndi Center for Civic Designment, U.S. Commotion Appendition Commission, kapena National Institute of Direference and Technology (NIST). Zitsogozo zimenezi zimabisa mawonekedwe, typtography, mtundu, ndi chinenero.
  • Ivest m'chinenero chopepuka: Muyeso wa Ballot uyenera kulembedwa pa mlingo wachisanu ndi chitatu wa kuŵerenga kapena kutsika, ndi kupendedwa ndi gulu la akatswiri a zinenero zopanda pake.
  • Zolembera zopezeka mosasintha: Malembedwe aakulu, bralle, wailesi, ndi zinenero zambiri pamalo alionse oonera, osati pofunsira. Pangani mapepala opezeka pa Intaneti m'mafoni ofikirika tsiku la chisankho lisanafike.
  • Gwiritsirani ntchito njira zamakono zosindikizira ndi kupanga: [[FT:1] Mapepala osiyanitsa kwambiri, osamaliza, ndi kudula mosinthasintha (kudula) kungateteze kulakwa kumene kumawonedwa ngati zizindikiro.
  • Malamulo a boma oika patsogolo kapangidwe ka zinthu: Malamulo ayenera kulamulira kuti kapangidwe ka zinthu katsatire malamulo a kugwiritsa ntchito, osati kungolemba zofunika zokhalamo. Maganizo a dzuŵa angafune chizindikiro chofiira cha nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi chozikidwa pa kuyesa.
  • Phunzirani kwa atsamwali a mitundu yonse: Yerekezerani mapulani ochokera ku mademokrase ena kumene mapulani a filimu aphunziridwa ndi kutungidwa kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Makomiti a votal a ku Australia ndi Canada ali markmark abwino.

Kumaliza

Makonzedwe a Ballot si kupenda mowonetsera chabe . Ndiko kuletsa kwakukulu kwa kudalirika kwa masankho ndi kutengamo mbali kwa demokrase. Pamene ovota angawone mowonekera bwino zosankha zawo, kumvetsetsa malangizo, ndi kuzindikiritsa zosankha zawo popanda kusokonezeka, iwo amapatsidwa mphamvu ya kugwiritsa ntchito moyenerera ndi mwachidaliro. Kusintha kwa malumbiro apamwamba opanga zinthu sikunakhaleko bwino. Akuluakulu, opanga malamulo, opanga malamulo, ndi odziwonetsa okha ali ndi mbali ya kuseŵera kwa anthu ofuna kuti apezeretu zinthu zolondola ndi kuti apeze. Pamene makampani a mapulogalamu a mapulogalamu apamwamba a m’manja akugwira ntchito ndi kuwonjezera ntchito ya sayansi, tingalimbitseponso ntchito ya utole wapamwamba.