Chiyambi: Kupangidwa kwa Maulamuliro a ku America

Tsiku lililonse, nzika zimagwirizana ndi zosankha za boma . Kuchokera ku misewu imene zimayendera kukafika ku madzi amene amamwa ndi miyezo ya chitetezo ku malo awo antchito. Komabe anthu ambiri amavutika kutchula kuti aone] mlingo wa boma limene lili ndi mlandu wa zimene. United States amagwira ntchito pansi pa dongosolo la boma kumene ulamuliro umagawidwa pakati pa dziko, boma, boma, ndi mabungwe a komweko. Malo ake oikidwawo sagwirizana ndi mfundo; amasonyeza cholinga cha opanga mafaelo kulinganiza boma lapakati ndi dziko ndi liwone ndi liwone ndi linzalo. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi sikuli kovuta kokha kaamba ka kuwerenga ndi boma komanso chifukwa cha mphamvu ya kuvotera, kuvotera, ndi kugawira makampani, ndi kugawa.

Boma la boma limasamalira nkhani za dziko lonse . Defense, malamulo a maiko ena, malonda a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndi ndalama. Maboma amasamalira nkhani za m’dziko monga maphunziro a boma, makampani a zoyendera, ndi mautumiki a zaumoyo. Maboma a m’dzikolo . Mabomawa [1] Malo, mizinda, matauni, ndi madera apadera ndi madera apadera ("Aakuluakulu a moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku: apolisi, kusonkhanitsa zinyalala, mapaki, ndi kulinganiza kwa makampani. Nkhaniyi imapereka ulamuliro, poyerekezera ndi ntchito, mathayo, ndi kugwirizana pakati pa mabomabungwe atatu a boma ku United States.

Boma: Ulamuliro wa Dziko

Boma la boma ndilo ulamuliro waukulu wa nkhani zimene zimathetsa malire a boma kapena kufuna malamulo ofanana a dziko. Mphamvu zake zandandalitsidwa m'Bungwe la Malamulo la United States ndipo zamasuliridwa mokulirapo pazaka mazana aŵiri. Bungwelo lili ndi nthambi zitatu zolingana, iliyonse yokhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana koma zotsatizana.

Nthambi Yopereka Malamulo: Kupanga Malamulo

Nthambi yalamulo, ndi baramaral, ndi: Nyumba ya Oimira (yogaŵidwa ndi mipando ya anthu a boma) ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo (ndi oimira aŵiri pa boma limodzi). Nyumba ya malamulo imapanga nkhani zondandalikidwa bwino m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8, monga kukhazikitsa ndalama, kutsogolera nkhondo, kuyang'anira chigawo cha dziko ndi malonda achilendo, ndi kukhazikitsa mapositi ofesi. Ilinso ndi mphamvu zofunikira kukhazikitsa malamulo “ofunika ndi oyenera" kupha mphamvuzo. Mwachitsanzo, Ceooc Air Air Act ndi Social Security Act kumanja onse aŵiri a Congress kuyang'anira malonda ndi kugaŵira ubwino wa boma, ndi kukhazikitsako.

Nthambi Yoyang’anira: Kukakamiza ndi Uyang’aniro

Wotsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti, nthambi yoyang'anira ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuyang'anira boma monga Defense, Justice, Health and Human Services , ndi Transportation . Pulezidenti akuchititsanso malamulo akunja, amatumikira monga Mtsogoleri wa asilikali a zida zankhondo, ndipo angapereke malamulo a akuluakulu otsogolera mmene malamulo amapachikidwa. Bungwe la Kbinamishoni ndi mabungwe odziimira paokha (monga bungwe la Environmental Protection Agement Agency) amasamalira ntchito ya tsiku ndi tsiku. Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro imakhazikitsa malamulo a boma pa ngongole za ophunzira ndi ufulu wa anthu m’masukulu, koma siliyang'anira malamulo a boma.

Nthambi ya Oweruza: Kumasulira ndi Kubwereramo

Chigamulo cha boma mu Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi kuphatikizapo makhoti a milandu ndi makhoti a zigawo . Mwa mphamvu ya kupenda milandu, yokhazikitsidwa mu Marbury v. Madison [1803], makhoti angagamule malamulo kapena mabwalo apamwamba amene amaswa malamulo. Makhoti a boma amaweruza milandu ya boma, mikangano ya pakati pa maboma, ndi milandu yokhudzana ndi boma la U.S. Mwachitsanzo, chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba mu Brown. Komiti ya Maphunziro ya . (1954]) yogamula milandu ya boma la boma, ndi malamulo oyendetsera lamulo m'dziko lonse.

Udindo Waukulu wa Gulu la Ofesi

  • Ulove: [1] Dipatimenti ya zachitetezo iyendetsa za Nkhondo, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, ndi Space Force, ndi ndalama zoika asilikali m'dziko lonselo.
  • Mwambo wa Chigwirizano: Department of State imayang'anira maunansi a ndale, mapangano, ndi mapangano; Pulezidenti akukambirana mapangano a mitundu yonse.
  • Malonda a Interstate: Bungwe la Federal Trade Commission ndi Department of Transports iyang'anira malonda, zoyendera, ndi kulankhulana kumene kumadutsa madera ena.
  • Kusintha ndi Banki: Treasury imasindikiza ndalama ndi kusamalira ngongole ya dziko lonse; Federal Reserve imakhazikitsa malamulo a ndalama.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusuntha ndi Kupanga: Unziko ndi Mautumiki a Kugaŵiza amapatsa ma visa ndi unzika; Customs ndi Borders Provice imatetezera malire.
  • Ufulu wosankha: Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo imakhazikitsa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe wa boma, kuphatikizapo ufulu wosankha ndi malamulo otsutsa kugaŵana.

Kaamba ka mpambo wokwanira wa mabungwe a boma ndi maulamuliro awo, onani nduna USA.gov ya kusanthula kwa nthambi za boma [1].

Boma: Mabungwe a Demokalase

Boma lili ndi chimene Tenth Amendment imatcha “maulamuliro osungidwanso” . . Ulamuliro supatsidwa ku boma la boma kapena kuletsedwa kwa maboma. Zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti boma lililonse likhale ndi mphamvu yokonza moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu okhalamo.

Malamulo a Boma, Olamulira, ndi Oweruza

Boma lililonse kusiyapo Nebraska lili ndi bungwe la boma (logwirizana ndi lolamulira). Malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa malamulo pa zamaphunziro, zoyendera, zaumoyo, zaupandu, ndi zina zambiri. Bwanamkubwa amatumikira monga mkulu wa boma, wokhala ndi mphamvu zosaina (kapena verto), kulamula boma la National Guard, ndi kukhazikitsa akuluakulu a bungwe. Nthaŵi zambiri makhoti aakulu, makhoti, ndi makhoti ozetsa milandu. Makhoti a boma amaweruza malamulo ndi malamulo ambiri a boma.

Maphunziro: Boma Linaloŵa m’Malamulo

Maphunziro a boma ndiwo udindo wofunika kwambiri m'boma. Maboma amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, magawo a sukulu zopereka ndalama (kaŵirikaŵiri mwa misonkho ya katundu ndi misonkho ya ndalama ya boma), aphunzitsi odalirika, ndi kupereka mayeso otsatiridwa bwino. Boma la boma limapereka ndalama zowonjezera (m’chitsanzo,, Umutwe I pa sukulu zolandira ndalama zochepa) koma sililamula zinthu zenizeni. Mwachitsanzo, mamejaji a maphunziro amasankha zofunika kuti munthu atsirize sukulu ya sekondale, ndi mayunivesite a boma akhazikitsa malamulo. Kusintha kumeneku kuyenera kwa maphunziro a wophunzira kumatanthauza kuti chidziŵitso cha ophunzira angasiyane kwambiri kuchokera ku boma lina kupita ku lina.

Zoyendera Ndiponso Zinthu Zowonongeka

Madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera (DOT) ali ndi udindo wosamalira misewu ya boma, mabuloji, ndi madoko. Iwo amachita ntchito zazikulu monga kufutukuka kwa misewu ya m'madera akutali ndi madongosolo a zaulendo, kaŵirikaŵiri mogwirizana ndi ndalama za boma kuchokera ku Infrapublic Restuationment ndi Jobs Act. Maboma amayang'anira kulembetsa galimoto, laisensi ya dalaivala, ndi malamulo a pamsewu. California Department of Transport (Caltrans), mwachitsanzo, amayang'anira dongosolo la ufulu wa boma la ufulu wapamwamba, pamene Department of Texas iyang'ana ya misewu yaikulu ya dzikolo.

Mautumiki A za Umoyo ndi Thanzi la Anthu Onse

Mayiko amayang'anira maprogramu a Medicaid (omwe amachirikizidwa ndi boma), amayang'anira zipatala ndi mabungwe osamalira zaumoyo, amayang'anira malaboratori a zaumoyo wa anthu onse, ndi kuyankha ku kuyambika kwa matenda. Amagwiritsiranso ntchito malamulo aumoyo a boma, monga ngati Inshuwalansi ya inshuwalansi. Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma amagwirizanitsa mpikisano wa katemera, zoyesayesa zaumoyo wa mayi, ndi kuteteza matenda aakulu. Mliri wa Covid-19, maboma anakhala operekera mayeso oyeza, ndi kutumiza mankhwala ophera mankhwala.

Chilungamo cha Anthu Onse ndi Chiwawa

Apolisi a boma kapena magalimoto olondera malamulo a pamsewu akusungitsa malamulo a pamsewu ndi kufufuza upandu m'madera osiyanasiyana. Maboma amasungitsa ndalama ndi kuyendetsa ndende, mabungwe otsekera milandu, ndi malo osungiramo ana. Iwo amakhazikitsanso malamulo aupandu, kuphatikizapo zilango za milandu ndi olakwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti apolisi akumasunga malamulo ambiri tsiku ndi tsiku, maloya a boma amaweruza milandu yaikulu ndi kutetezera malamulo a boma m’khoti. Maboma ena, monga New York ndi California, akhazikitsa mabungwe oyang’anira milandu kuti awonjezere mlandu.

Mathayo Ena Ofunika Kwambiri a Boma

  • Zisankho: Maboma amayang'anira maboma onse, boma, ndi masankho a kumaloko, kuphatikizapo kulembetsa wovota, malo ofunsira, ndi kuŵerengera kwa voti.
  • Kubwezera: Makampani a tchata a United States, ntchito za laisensi (madokotala, maloya, akatswiri a zakuthambo), ndi chitetezo chokakamiza cha ogula.
  • Chitetezero cha Entronmental : United States amagwiritsira ntchito miyezo ya boma ya madzi oyera ndi ya mpweya woyera, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera mwa mabungwe awo a malo okhala (m'jere, California Air Resources Board).
  • Information ndi Compuntation’s Workers : Boma lililonse limalamulira misika ya inshuwalansi ndi kuyang'anira madongosolo a antchito obwezera kaamba ka kuvulala kokhudza ntchito.

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane pa kakonzedwe ka boma lanu, chezerani chikalata cha boma pa USA.gov [1].

Boma Lakumene Tikukhala: Kulandira Chibalo cha Utumiki

Maboma a m’deralo ndi oyandikana kwambiri ndi nzika ndipo amachita ntchito za boma. Iwo ndi zolengedwa za boma, kutanthauza maulamuliro awo amapatsidwa ndi malamulo ndi malamulo. Pali mitundu yambiri: magawo, mizinda, midzi, matauni, matauni, zigawo za chigawo za sukulu, ndi zigawo zapadera (kufunira madzi, moto, mapaki, ndi zina). Malo awo amasiyana kwambiri mwa kusankha malo ndi mabungwe, ena amagwiritsira ntchito mabwana a mzinda kapena mabungwe a boma.

Mautumiki Othandiza Anthu: Madzi, Masuku ndi Malo Osungiramo Anthu

Maboma a m'deralo amapereka, kaya mwachindunji kapena kudzera m'mapangano, madzi akumwa, mankhwala a m'madzi otayika, zosonkhanitsidwa za zinyalala, ndi kuyeretsa m’misewu. Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya New York City of Environmental Protection imayang'anira imodzi ya njira zamadzi zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse. Magulu ambirinso amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi, gasi wachilengedwe, kapena intaneti. Madera apadera kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga njira zimenezi kuti ayendetse ntchitozo m'malo osiyanasiyana a boma.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Nthaka ndi Kuumba

Malamulo opanga malo amasankha zimene zingamangidwe kumene / makampani, maindasitale, makampani, kuphatikizapo. Mabungwe olinganiza ndi mabungwe a kumaloko okonza mapempho kaamba ka kusiyana, kukonzanso, ndi kuvomerezana kwa magawo. Zigamulo zimenezi zimaumba mkhalidwe wa malo okhala, ndalama zokhalira, ndi kusungidwa kwa malo okhala. Mwachitsanzo, mzinda ungapangitse nyumba zokhala zazitali pafupi ndi malo oimira sitima, kapena pansi pa malo osungiramo zigawo za mbiri yakale.

Kukakamiza ndi Kuteteza Moto ku Lamulo Lakumaloko

Madipatimenti apolisi a polisi amayang'anira misewu, amayang'anira zamwadzidzidzi, ndi kufufuza upandu pakati pa mizinda; a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira madera opanda anthu ndi mandende. Madipatimenti a moto . Madipatimenti odzitetezera ndi odzifunira ali ndi ndalama zambiri / kutetezera miyoyo ndi katundu. M'madera ambiri, mautumiki ameneŵa amayendetsedwa ndi misonkho ya katundu ndi misonkho ya malonda. Maprogramu a maofesi a boma, njira zoyendetsera ntchito zapolisi za boma, ndi mapangano a kuthandizana ndi mayiko apafupi ndi njira zothandizira kuwonjezera chitetezo.

Mapaki, Zosangalatsa, ndi Maprogramu a M’deralo

Maboma a m’maderawa amasamalira mapaki, mabwalo a masewera, madamu osambira, ndi malo ochitirako masewera. Amakonza mapulogalamu a sukulu, ntchito zotchuka, misika ya alimi, ndi zikondwerero za chikhalidwe. Malo amenewa amalimbikitsa moyo wabwino ndiponso amalimbikitsa mgwirizano. Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya Los Angeles ya Zosangalatsa ndi Mapaki imayang'anira malo ochitirako zosangalatsa oposa 440 ndi 180 mumzinda wonsewo.

Maphunziro Amene Ankapita Kumeneko

Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma amakhazikitsa malamulo a maphunziro ambiri, magawo a sukulu a m'dziko (olamulidwa ndi mabungwe osankhidwa) amayang'anira sukulu imodzi ndi imodzi. Amalemba aphunzitsi, kusamalira malo, kupanga bajeti, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito miyezo ya boma. Mizinda ina, monga Chicago ndi New York, ili ndi masukulu achigawo chonse; ina imagawidwa m'zigawo zambiri. Msonkho wa katundu wambiri wa m'dzikolo umathandizira ku ndalama za masukulu, zimene zimatsogolera ku kusiyana kwakukulu kwa chuma pakati pa anthu olemera ndi osauka.

Mathayo Enanso Amene Ali M’deralo

  • Nyumba ndi Mautumiki Opanda Nyumba: akuluakulu a nyumba akupereka Chigawo 8 ndi kuyang'anira nyumba za anthu onse; mizinda maofesi osungiramo ndalama ndi maprogramu opimira.
  • Kusintha: misewu ya mzinda, zizindikiro za pamsewu, njira zapamsewu, ndi manjinga amasungidwa kumaloko, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri ndi ndalama za boma kapena za boma.
  • [[ML:0] Moyo ndi Mautumiki a Anthu: [[FL:1] Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a m'chigawo akupereka katemera, zipatala zokonzera banja, ndi malangizo a zaumoyo.
  • Uyang'aniro wa kuchuluka kwa zinthu: Mamanejala a ngozi a kumaloko amagwirizanitsa zochita za ngozi zachilengedwe, zochitika za mtokoma, ndi mavuto aumoyo wa anthu.

Kuti mudziŵe zambiri ponena za mautumiki a boma a kwanuko, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] National Association of Counies’s [[FLT: 1]

Kuthandizana ndi Kuchulukitsitsa kwa Maboma

Ngakhale kuti pali magaŵano audongo, ulamuliro weniweni wa dziko umaphatikizapo kugwirizana kosalekeza kwa boma, kukambitsirana, ndipo nthaŵi zina mikangano. Palibe mlingo umene umakhalapo pawokha.

Kupereka ndi Kuchirikiza Ndalama

Maboma a m'madera ambiri amadalira kusamutsidwa kwa boma ndi boma kuchokera ku magwero a boma ndi boma . Zinthu zazikulu za makilogalamu monga misewu, misewu, ndi masukulu. Izi zimaperekedwa ndi zingwe zolumikizidwa: mzinda wolandira ndalama za boma kaamba ka ntchito ya njanji ziyenera kugwirizana ndi kupenda malo okhala, malamulo a kulipira, ndi miyezo ya kupezeka. Mofananamo, maboma amadalira pa ndalama za boma zoyendera, ndi malo amadalira pa kugawana kwa boma. Zimenezi zipanga uto wovuta wa kudalirana ndi mphamvu ya boma.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Lamulo ndi Kukhazikitsa Malamulo

Malamulo a Federal ndi boma kaŵirikaŵiri amafunikira kuchitapo kanthu kwa . Mwachitsanzo, Clean Water Act imakhazikitsa miyezo imene makampani akwanuko osamalira madzi oipa ayenera kuikwaniritsa. Lamulo la America lokhala ndi vuto la kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito malo a anthu. Maboma angapereke malamulo kwa maboma akwawo monga kupereka ndalama zochepa za apolisi popanda kupereka ndalama zokwanira. Zimenezi zingasokoneze bajeti yakwanu ndi kutsogolera ku mikangano ya ndale zadziko pa “zifuno zosavomerezedwa ndi boma.”

Kulabadira Kofulumira ndi Kusamalira Tsoka

Pakachitika ngozi monga mphepo zamkuntho, moto wadzaoneni, kapena miliri, milingo yonse ya boma imagwira ntchito. Oyamba kuyankha (mabungwe, moto, EMS) ndi amene akuyamba kuyankha. Ngati chochitikacho chiposa mphamvu za dzikolo, bwanamkubwa angalengeze boma langozi ndi kutumiza zida za National Guide . Ngati tsokalo lagwa tsoka, Pulezidenti angalengeze tsoka la boma, kutsegula ndalama ndi mabungwe a boma. 2020 CVOVID-19 anasonyeza bwino lomwe likuimira malangizo a boma, boma lockdowe, ndi madipatimenti a zaumoyo a m'dzikolo ayenera kugwirizanitsa ndi kugwetsana.

Kugwirizana ndi Kulamulirana

Malo ambiri a malamulo ndi maudindo onse pamodzi. Kutetezereka kwa dziko lapansi kumaphatikizapo mabungwe a boma (DHS), malo ogwirizanitsa nzeru za boma, ndi apolisi akumaloko. Malamulo a malo okhala akuwona EPA akutsatiridwa ndi boma DEP koma akutsatiridwa kwa chigawo. Umoyo wa anthu umadalira pa CDC (federal), madipatimenti a zaumoyo, ndi zipatala za boma. Magwirizano ameneŵa amaikidwa mwa mapangano ogwirizana, mphamvu za ntchito, ndi kukambitsirana kwanthaŵi zonse.

Kupima, Kulinganiza, ndi Mikangano Pakati pa Ziyeso

Kusemphana maganizo pakati pa mlingo wa boma nkofala ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kumafika kumakhoti. Mwachitsanzo, Tenth Amendment imaletsa ulamuliro wa boma, ndipo maboma apereka mlandu boma pa malamulo a zaumoyo, kusungitsa anthu kusamuka, ndi malamulo a malo. Nthaŵi zina maboma a kumaloko “achotsa” malamulo a boma kapena malamulo a boma. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa malamulo a boma pa malamulo a boma pa malipiro ochepa kapena malamulo opatulika. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi ndiko mfungulo kwa aliyense wofufuza za boma kapena wotengamo mbali m'kambikitso.

Chipulumutso ndi Autonomy Yakumaloko

Boma limamasulidwa pamene lamulo la boma linyalanyaza lamulo la kumaloko. Mwachitsanzo, Arizona waletsa oimira boma kuyendetsa matumba apulasitiki, pamene Texas watseka mizinda kuti isawonongeretu tchuthi chodwala. Komanso, maiko ena amapatsa “ulamuliro wa panyumba” mphamvu zimene zimalola mizinda kukhala ndi ufulu wodzilamulira pa nkhani za kumaloko. Kulingana pakati pa boma ndi mphamvu za dziko kumachitidwa nthaŵi zonse m’makhoti ndi makhoti.

Chigamulo cha Kugamulapo pa Mikangano ya Boma

Pamene mikangano siingathetsedwe m'ndale zadziko, imathera m'khoti. Khoti Lalikulu la United States lagamula milandu yaikulu yambiri: Mcloch v. Maryland (1819) anakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa boma pa maboma; [[FLT:] Prentz v. United States [FLT] [1997] [1997] kuchepetsa lamulo la boma la akuluakulu a boma; ndi South South United Pentecostal Church v. News com[FLT:] 2020] mphamvu yoyesa kuletsa misonkhano yachipembedzo mkati mwa mlirilikiti. Zimenezi zimalamulira mosintha malire a boma.

Kumaliza: Kudziŵa Mphamvu Zochirikiza

Boma limakhazikitsa malamulo okhudzana ndi zinthu zimene zikufunika m’madera osiyanasiyana. Maboma amapanga mautumiki ofunika kwambiri omwe amaumba moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Malo abwino, madzi abwino, sukulu zabwino, ndi malo oonekera bwino. Kulamulira kwamphamvu kumafuna kuti anthu azilankhulana, kugwirizana, ndiponso nthawi zina kupikisana.

Kwa nzika, kudziŵa amene ali ndi thayo la kuchita mbali yoyamba yatanthauzo. Pamene mufuna kusintha kayendedwe ka galimoto, mukumana ndi bungwe la mzinda wanu. Kuti musonkhezere maphunziro, mumapezeka pamsonkhano wa bungwe la sukulu kapena kuvota m'masankho a boma. Kuchirikiza malamulo a zaumoyo wa dzikolo, kulemberani oimira a bungwe lanu. Kuzindikira njira zimenezi kumasintha njira za boma kukhala chidziŵitso chogwira ntchito. Pamene dongosolo la America likupitirizabe kusinthika, tsogolo lake lidzaumbidwa ndi anthu odziŵa bwino.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka ponena za kulekana kwa maulamuliro ndi maulamuliro a boma, fufuzani Conreff.gov chitsogozo pa kachitidwe ka malamulo ndi kujambula kwa Nyumba ya White House kwa boma la boma la boma.