Maulamuliro a ku Scandinavia ndi Chikhalidwe Chawo: Chiphunzitso Chakuya cha Chitsanzo cha Kuno

Mayiko a ku Scandinavia .Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, ndi Iceland kwa nthaŵi yaitali adachita chidwi asayansi andale, azachuma, ndi opanga malamulo a kakhalidwe ka anthu padziko lonse. Kuphatikizana kwawo kosiyana kwa ulamuliro wa democracy, mabungwe oonetsera, ndi madongosolo a zaumoyo wa anthu ogwirizana kumagwirizanitsa zitaganya zawo pakati pa anthu achimwemwe, olingana kwambiri, ndi opambana kwambiri pa Dziko Lapansi. Kulimbana kwapadera kwa dziko lililonse, ndi kupenda mavuto ameneŵa si njira imodzi yokhayi imene imayang'anizana ndi dziko lonse lapansi. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mozama kwambiri za kuyendetsa bwino zinthu zaumoyo wa anthu. Nkhaniyi ikuyang'anitsa njira zoyendera moyo wadziko lililonse, ndi kupenda zipanikiritsira njira zimenezi.

Pamaziko ake, njira ya Scandinavia ili pa pangano la kakhalidwe: nzika zimalipira misonkho yapamwamba posinthanitsa ndi anthu onse kuti apeze mautumiki a boma apamwamba, maphunziro, kusamalira ana, kusamalira akulu, ndi kusungika kwa ndalama. Mapangano ameneŵa amachirikizidwa ndi kudalirana kwakukulu kwa boma, ziphuphu zochepera, ndi kukhala ndi phande lachitukuko. Chotulukapo ndicho chitaganya chimene mwaŵi ndi ubwino wa anthu onse samaonedwa monga magulu otsutsana koma monga ochirikizana.

Malamulo Olamulira ku Scandinavia

Mayiko onse a ku Scandinavia amagwira ntchito monga mademokrase a nyumba ya malamulo, kaya ndi maufumu a monarchy (Sweden, Norway, Denmark) kapena repabuliki (Finland). Mphamvu imayendetsedwa bwino, maboma akumakhala ndi ufulu waukulu, ndipo kupanga zosankha kumadziwika ndi kumanganso kwa zipani zambiri zandale. Mabungwe ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti malamulo akusintha, makamaka amene akukhudza dongosolo la kakhalidwe ka anthu, akutsutsana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala.

Madongosolo a Zandale ndi Kugwirizana

Mbali yaikulu ya ndale za Scandinavia ndi kuchuluka kwa madongosolo osiyanasiyana ndi maboma ogwirizana. Palibe chipani chimodzi chimene chimakhala ndi anthu ambiri okakamiza, kukambirana ndi kupanga mapangano. Zimenezi zimalimbikitsa kulolerana ndi kusintha kwa nthaŵi yaitali, chifukwa chakuti kusintha kwa kakhalidwe ka anthu kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna kuchirikizidwa. Mwachitsanzo, zipani za Riksdag za Sweden zimaphatikizapo mamembala asanu ndi atatu, ndipo maboma amapangidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi magulu apakati kapena pakati. Kusintha kwa ku Norway kumachirikizanso mapangano aakulu pa zokonza za penshoni ndi za zauniororchia.

Kusiyanasiyana kwa ndale kumeneku kumatsimikiziranso kuti magulu a anthu ochepa, madera akumidzi, ndi zikondwerero zosiyanasiyana zachuma zikuimiridwa.

Kuona Zinthu Moyenera, Ulamuliro wa Chilamulo, ndi Chiphuphu Chochepa

Mayiko a ku Scandinavia amaikiratu za kuonekera kwa dziko lonse, malamulo, ndi kusakhalapo kwa ziphuphu. Malinga ndi Transparency International’s Foigns Index, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, ndi Norway nthaŵi zonse ali m'malo apakati pa maiko khumi osakhala achinyengo kwambiri. Izi sizichitika mwangozi: malamulo amphamvu, malamulo odziimira paokha, ufulu wa malamulo a za chidziŵitso, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu oŵerengera mlandu zonsezo.

Nzika zimakhulupirira kuti ndalama za msonkho zimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ndiponso mosakondera. Kudalira kwambiri ndalama za msonkho, kumachititsa kuti anthu azilandira misonkho yambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ku Sweden, lamulo loti anthu azitha kugwiritsa ntchito zikalata zalamulo (zotchedwa kuti facentipetsprin) lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito m’malamulo kuyambira 1766, kupatsa mphamvu nzika ndi atolankhani kuti aone mozama za boma.

Kutengeka Maganizo ndi Boma la M’dzikolo

Magwero ena a ulamuliro wa Scandinavia ndi boma lamphamvu. Maboma ndi madera ali ndi thayo la kupereka mautumiki ambiri a zaumoyo . . Masukulu, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, chisamaliro cha akulu, ndi mautumiki a anthu. Iwo amasunga misonkho yawo ya malipiro ndi kulandira ndalama zopinga kuchokera ku boma la dziko. Kulemekeza kumeneku kumalola malamulo kugwirizanitsa ndi zosoŵa za dziko pamene akusunga miyezo ya dziko mwa malamulo ndi kulinganiza ndalama.

Mwachitsanzo, ku Finland, makampani oposa 300 amasamalira zaumoyo ndi maphunziro, boma likutsimikizira kulingana mwa njira yolinganizika bwino. Kusintha kwaposachedwapa kwa makampani a Denmark kunagwirizanitsa makampani 271 kukhala magawo aakulu 98 kuti apange bwino zinthu ndi kusunga ulamuliro wa kumaloko. Kulinganiza kumeneku pakati pa uyang'aniro wapakati ndi kulolera kwa kumaloko kuli chizindikiro cha Nordic yolamulira.

Zitsanzo za Kakhalidwe ka Anthu: Boma la Nordic Welfare

Chitsanzo cha Nordic cha kuthandizira anthu ovutika chafotokozedwa kuti “pa dziko lonse" ndi“ kuwonongeka [1] kutanthauza kuti kukhala ndi unzika ndi ufulu wa unzika, osati kudalira pa ndalama zimene amapeza. Maziko ake ndiwo mgwirizano wa anthu: aliyense amathandizira mogwirizana ndi luso ndi mapindu malinga ndi kusoŵa kwake. Zimenezi zimayendetsedwa makamaka mwa misonkho ya ndalama zimene amapeza, kugwiritsa ntchito msonkho (VAT), ndi zopereka za abwana.

Chipatala Chonse

Mayiko onse a ku Scandinavia amapereka chithandizo chamankhwala choperekedwa kwa anthu onse chimene chili chaulere kwambiri pamlingo wogwiritsidwa ntchito. Madongosolowa amakhometsa msonkho, ndi ndalama zolipirira ntchito zina (m’chitsanzo, mano, mankhwala operekedwa ndi dokotala) koma ndi zikhokhoti zapachaka zotetezera ku ngozi. Mwachitsanzo, Norway, amachotsa ndalama zowonongedwa ndi mankhwala pa 2,500 NOK ($230) pachaka. Moyo woyembekezeredwa m’chigawocho zaka zoposa 82, ndipo chiŵerengero cha imfa za ana n’zotsika kwambiri padziko lonse.

Kuyang’anira zaumoyo kumasiyanasiyana: Denmark ndi Norway agwirizanitsa dongosolo la zaumoyo la maiko; Sweden ndi Finland amagwiritsira ntchito msanganizo wa misonkhano ya boma ndi nyumba zosungiramo. Mosasamala kanthu za kusiyana kwa mabwalo a zaumoyo, zotulukapo zimakhala zabwino kwambiri nthaŵi zonse, monga momwe zimapimidwira ndi OECD Health pa malipoti a Glance.

Maphunziro Aufulu ndi Kuphunzira kwa Moyo Wonse

Maphunziro a sukulu ya pulaimale kukafika ku yunivesite ndi aulere m’mayiko onse a ku Scandinavia. Ku Finland, Sweden, ndi Denmark, maphunziro apamwamba saphatikizapo ngakhale ndalama zolipiridwa za maphunziro a m'banja ndi EU, pamene Norway poyamba anapereka mwayi kwa ophunzira onse apadziko lonse (mwachidziŵikire ana osakhala a U). Kugogomezerako kuli pa kulingana kwa mwaŵi: mosasamala kanthu za banja, mwana aliyense ali ndi mwayi wokhoza kukhoza maphunziro ofanana.

Maphunziro a ku Finland amadziwika kwambiri chifukwa chakuti sagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyezera zinthu, aphunzitsi ophunzitsidwa bwino, ndipo amaika maganizo awo pa kutukuka kwa mapulogalamu apamwamba.

Inshuwalansi Yothandiza Anthu ndi Ntchito Zogulitsa Mokangalika

Boma la zaumoyo limapereka chinjirizo la ndalama pa moyo wonse: mapindu a ana, tchuthi cha makolo (kufikira ku masabata 68 olipiridwa ku Sweden), inshuwalansi ya ulova, mapindu a matenda, ndalama zopuma pantchito, ndi ndalama za penshoni yaukalamba. Kuoloŵa manja kuli kwakukulu . Mapindu a ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri amaloŵa mmalo 60-80% ya malipiro apitawo kwa nyengo, ndi mikhalidwe yofunikira kufunafuna ntchito kwachangu ndi kutengamo mbali m'maprogramu ophunzitsa.

Malamulo a ntchito ogwira ntchito kwambiri ndi ofunika kwambiri. Maboma amawononga ndalama zambiri pophunzitsa anthu ntchito, kuwapatsa ntchito, ndi kulipira ndalama zothandizira anthu amene ali paulova kuti ayambenso ntchito. “kuchuluka kwa ntchito . Kusintha kwa ntchito kumaphatikizapo kulembedwa ntchito ndi kuombera ndi kupatsidwa ndalama zambiri ndi kugulitsa ntchito. Kuteroku kwachititsa kuti kusoŵa ntchito kukhale kotsika kwambiri (mwachidziŵikire 4-6%) pamene kukupitirizabe kugwira ntchito, makamaka akazi ndi anthu achikulire.

Kulingana kwa Mayanjano ndi Kugaŵana

Madongosolo a zaumoyo a Scandinavia ali olinganizidwa bwino kuchepetsa kusalingana. Kuphatikiza pa ndalama, msonkho wopita patsogolo ndi kutumiza mooloŵa manja, Gini conation (mlingo wa ndalama zosalingana) m'maiko onga Sweden ndi Norway ali ndi 0.0.27, poyerekezera ndi 0.39 mu United States ndi 0.35 mu United Kingdom. Kuwonjezera pa ndalama, boma la zaumoyo limachirikiza ulingana wa amuna ndi amuna mwa kusamalira ana, maleshoni a makolo ooooooooonda, ndi malamulo olimbikitsa atate kugaŵana mathayo awo.

Chotulukapo sikukhala kokha kwachuma chakuthupi komanso kuchuluka kwa kudalirana kwa anthu ndi kutsika kwa upandu. The World Happiness Report imaika mosalekeza Finland, Denmark, Iceland, ndi Sweden pakati pa maiko asanu opambana okondwa koposa, akutchula makampani ochirikiza kwambiri anthu ndi kusoŵeka kwa ziphuphu.

Kuyerekezera Chidziŵitso: Kusiyana Pakati pa Maiko a ku Nordic

Pamene akugaŵana mfundo zachikhalidwe, dziko lililonse la ku Scandinavia lapanga njira zosiyanasiyana zoyendera zopangidwa ndi mbiri yakale, chuma, ndi mphamvu za ndale zadziko.

Norway: Chitukuko cha Mafuta

Chuma chachikulu cha mafuta cha Norway, chomwe chapezedwa m'ma 1960, chayang'aniridwa ndi Boma Pension Fund Global (tsopano yoposa $ 1,7,000,000,000). Chuma chimenechi chimathandiza Norway kuyendetsa maprogramu a zachuma pamene akusunga ndalama za m'tsogolo. Dzikoli lili ndi GDP yaikulu kwambiri pa munthu aliyense m'chigawo ndipo limanyadira ndalama zapamwamba kwambiri za anthu padziko lonse za development (0.96666 mpaka 202). Dongosolo la penshoni la Norway lili ndi chitsanzo cha ndalama zapamwamba zowonjezera ndalama zapansi, ndalama zowonjezera ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito. Komabe, ndalama zokwera pa mafuta zimapanga ndalama za dziko lonse zokwera mtengo, ndi dziko la kampani yake.

Finland: Kubwezeretsa ndi Maphunziro Choyamba

Kusoŵa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, Finland inagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri maphunziro ndi luso la zopangapanga pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II. Zotsatira zake ndi kuchuluka kwa chuma kotsogola ndi makampani onga Nokia (ndipo tsopano malo oyambika bwino a chilengedwe). Chionetsero cha Finland cha zaumoyo chimalimbikitsa njira zogwirira ntchito za ntchito, ndipo dziko layesa ndalama zotsala zapadziko lonse (UBI) pa kayendetsedwe ka ndege kakang’ono ka ndege kuyambira 2017 mpaka 2018. Kuyesa kupeza kuti olandira katundu a mbiri yabwino ndi zotsatirapo zabwinopo kuposa gulu la olamulira. Finland anasinthanso njira yake yosamalira zaumoyo ndi mautumiki a anthu (STE) kuti achepetse ndalama zoyendera ntchito, ngakhale kuti ntchito zapanga zakhala zovuta.

Sweden: Boma la Archemont Universal Welfare

Chitsanzo cha Sweden kaŵirikaŵiri chimalingaliridwa kukhala chochuluka kwambiri. Chimapereka malo a makolo owonjezereka masiku 480 pa mwana mmodzi, osamalira ana mopambanitsa (pafupifupi 1-3% ya ndalama), ndi maphunziro aulere a ku yunivesite . Dzikolo liri ndi chiwongola msonkho wapamwamba wa GDP (pafupifupi 42%), koma kuvomerezedwa ndi anthu kumakhala kwamphamvu. Sweden alinso ndi mwambo wa nthaŵi yaitali wa kudalirana pakati pa maukwati a antchito, mabungwe a antchito, ndi boma la kukhazikitsa malipiro ndi mikhalidwe ya msika wantchito. Mavuto amaphatikizapo kuphatikiza anthu ambiri osamukira kudziko lina, kusunga ndalama za nyumba, ndi kuwonjezereka kwa upandu m'masitolo.

Denmark: Kanyama ndi Kachigawo Kochepa

“ Kusintha kwa Denmark kwa Denmark ndi chitsanzo cha . Olemba ntchito angawapatse ndi kutentha ndi ziletso zochepa (kulephera), pamene kuli kwakuti mapindu ambiri a ulova ndi maprogramu ophunzitsa okangalika apereka chisungiko. Kuphatikizana kumeneku kwasunga chuma cha Denmark ndi liŵiro lake la ntchito kukhala lokwera (pafupifupi 75%). Boma la zaumoyo la Denmark nlochepa pang'ono m'madera ena poyerekezera ndi Sweden, koma mautumiki a anthu onse ngokwanira. Dzikolo lilinso ndi mbali ya anthu onse yolinganizidwa kwambiri, ndi mautumiki ambiri opezeka pa Intaneti. Denmark imayang'ana a maheantinenti a anthu koma imakhalabebe ochirikiza kukhazikika kwa ndalama zosintha ndi chuma.

Mavuto Amene Tikukumana Nawo M’tsogolo

Ngakhale kuti mayiko a ku Scandinavia apambana, nawonso amapanikizika ndi zinthu zina.

Kukalamba kwa Anthu ndi Kukhalabe Olimba

Mofanana ndi maiko ambiri otukuka, Scandinavia akuyang'anizana ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu okalamba odalira anthu. Chiŵerengero cha anthu akale (anthu 65+ pa 100 peresenti ya ntchito) akulingaliridwa kukwera kuchoka pa 30 kufika pa 45 kufika pa 2050 m'maiko ena. Madongosolo a ndalama za penshoni, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, ndi chisamaliro cha akulu. Masinthidwe awonjezera pang'onopang'ono nyengo ya kupuma pantchito (mphindi., dongosolo la Sweden limagwirizanitsa ndalama za penshoni ndi moyo wa anthu okalamba), ndipo maiko ambiri akuwonjezera kugawana kwa antchito. Ndalama zapamwamba za Norway zimapereka chitetezero, koma maiko ena ayenera kudalira pa misonkhoma kapena mapindu apamwamba.

Kusamukira ku Dziko Lina ndi Kusamukira ku Dziko Lina

Scandinavia walandira anthu ambiri osamukira m'dziko, kuphatikizapo ofuna kopulumukira kumadera a nkhondo ndi anthu osamukira ku mayiko ena a m'bungwe la EU. Kusintha kwakhala kovuta, ndipo kuli ndi kutsika kwa ntchito ndi maphunziro a magulu ena a anthu osamukira kumayiko ena. Sweden, imene inalandira anthu ambiri othaŵa kwawo mu 2015, ili ndi malamulo okhwima otetezera anthu othawa kwawo ndipo yayambitsa zofunika zambiri kuti iphunzitse zinenero ndi chikhalidwe cha boma. Denmark yakhala ndi malamulo ena okhwima kwambiri oletsa anthu kusamukira ku Ulaya, pamene Finland ndi Norway yakhala yokhudzana ndi ntchito yothandiza anthu othawa. Kusamalira ntchito ndi cosheionism kumakhalabe nkhani ya ndale ya ndale.

Kusintha kwa Zachuma ndi Kudalirana kwa Mayiko

Kusintha kwa chuma, kugwiritsa ntchito makina, ndi mpikisano wapadziko lonse kumachititsa kuti makampani azikhala ndi ntchito zambiri. Mayiko a ku Scandinavia awononga ndalama zambiri pa ntchito ya makompyuta ndi zipangizo zobiriwira. Kupambana kwa Finland pa malo oyamba a luso la zopangapanga ndi Sweden (m’chitsanzo, Spoify , Klarna) kukhale kogwirizana ndi zinthu. Komabe, kukhala ndi moyo wabwino kumafuna ndalama zambiri ndiponso kulipira msonkho. Mpikisano wa msonkho wa EU ndi wokakamiza makampani a mayiko osiyanasiyana kuchepetsa ndalama zolipira msonkho.

Kusamalira Ndalama za Anthu Onse

Mitengo yapamwamba ya msonkho ingachepetse ntchito ndi kuikiza ngakhale kuti ndi yopeka. Maboma a ku Scandinavia achepetsa msonkho wa ndalama zimene amapeza m’zaka zaposachedwapa pamene akuwonjezera misonkho. Mwachitsanzo, Sweden inachepetsa mlingo wake wapamwamba wa msonkho mu 2020, ndipo Denmark ili ndi ndalama zochepa za msonkho wa makampani (22%) ngakhale kuti pali misonkho yambiri. Mfunguloyi ikudalira boma kwambiri . Ngati nzika za dziko zimaona kuti zinyansidwa kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika, misonkhoma. Kusintha kwa pulogalamu ya magetsi ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu ndiko chinthu chofunika kwambiri.

Maulamuliro a Magetsi ndi Zamtsogolo

Scandinavia ali patsogolo pa boma. Estonia kaŵirikaŵiri amatchulidwa, koma maiko a Nordic amatsogoleranso. Denmark imapatsa pepala laposi la foni la metagial (e-Boks) kuti alankhulane ndi boma; BankID ya Sweden imathandiza kuteteza manambala; Finland iri ndi “My Kanta” ya zaumoyo. Madongosolo ameneŵa amachepetsa mtengo wa ulamuliro, amawonjezera kuonekera bwino, ndipo amakupangitsa kukhala kosavuta kwa nzika kulowa m’mautumiki. Mtsogolo kuphatikizapo kutumiza kwa ntchito ya moyo (m. g., kubadwa, kupuma pantchito) ndipo amapereka mwachibadwa mapindu ofunika a AIP kukonzekera ntchito yaumwini ndi kuyendera ntchito.

Mapeto ake: Zimene Tikuphunzira ku Nkhani ya ku Norway

Njira zolamulira za maiko a Scandinavia nzogwirizana kwambiri ndi zitsanzo zawo za kakhalidwe ka anthu. Mowonekeratu, madongosolo andale ophatikizapo akupereka kukhazikika ndi kukhazikika kofunikira kusungitsa misonkho yapamwamba ndi mapindu onse. Kupereka ntchito kwa ntchito yoyendetsedwa kumatsimikizira kuvomereza, pamene malamulo a ntchito yogwira ntchito amasunga chuma champhamvu. Chitsanzo cha Nordic sichili kulimbana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, chuma, ndi mavuto a kakhalidwe ka anthu .

Kwa maiko ena, mfungulo ya kusamuka si ya kuyerekezera tsatanetsatane aliyense koma kumvetsetsa malamulo a mkhalidwe a maziko: kukulitsa chidaliro kupyolera m’kuwonekera, kuikizira m’malikulu a anthu, kuchirikiza chigwirizano cha anthu, ndi kusunga dongosolo losinthika limene lingasinthe ndi nthaŵi za kusintha. Chokumana nacho cha ku Scandinavia chimasonyeza kuti nkotheka kuphatikiza mpikisano wa zachuma ndi kulinganiza zinthu, kupereka lingaliro lochititsa kaso kaamba ka mtsogolo ka kulamulira ndi ubwino.

Zopereka zakunja zowonjezera kuŵerenga: CD kusanthula kwa chitsanzo cha Nordic [FLT :1], kukopa kwa Mitundu Yonse Chiphuphu Chisonyezero Chachipulumutso [, [[FLT] Norway pa malamulo a ntchito za msika wogwira ntchito , ndi Chikalata chapadziko lonse cha Chimwemwe.