Malo a akazembe ndi oyang'anira amadalira ulamuliro wa Amereka, komabe ulamuliro wawo wolingana umamvedwa bwino. Akuluakulu aŵiri ameneŵa amagwira ntchito m'zigawo zosiyanasiyana za boma, aliyense akugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zosiyana zopangidwa ndi malamulo, miyambo ya mbiri yakale, ndi zinthu zandale. Kuzindikira amene ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu kumafuna kupenda ukulu wa maulamuliro awo, malamulo a malamulo awo, malamulo ndi malamulo awo, ndipo mphamvu zawo za boma zimagwira ntchito pa maulamuliro awo, ndipo mphamvu za boma zimagwira ntchito za boma ndi za kumaloko. Nkhaniyi imapereka kuyerekezera koonekera bwino, kwamphamvu ya guberneratorator ndi maulamuliro a boma, ndi maulamuliro a zamwambo, ndi maulamuliro angozi, ndi zigwirizano zamwambo. Pofika nthaŵi zonse, oŵerenga adzakhala ndi kumveka bwino kwa kazembe wa boma ndi pamene ulamuliro wa meya, ndipo nchifukwa chake n’kaŵiri.

Kufotokoza Malo Ake

Asanayerekezere maulamuliro, nkofunika kulongosola zimene ofesi iliyonse imaphatikizapo. Akuluakulu ndi akuluakulu aakulu a maboma awo, pamene maloya amatumikira monga akuluakulu a makampani. Magwero a ulamuliro wawo amasiyana kwakukulukulu: olamulira amapeza mphamvu kuchokera ku malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a boma, pamene maloya amapeza mphamvu kuchokera ku malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a boma.

Ntchito ya Bwanamkubwa

Maboma amasankhidwa kutsogolera nthambi ya boma ndipo mphamvu zawo n’zochuluka ndipo zimaphatikizapo ulamuliro walamulo ndi mphamvu zandale.

  • Kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma [[[FT:1] — Bwanamkubwa amayang'anira mabungwe onse a boma ndi kutsimikizira kuti atsatira malamulo operekedwa ndi boma.
  • ndandanda ya zachuma . Zimafuna bajeti za pachaka, kugwiritsa ntchito mabiliyoni ambiri a dzuŵa, ndi kukhala ndi mphamvu ya pulogalamu m'mayiko ambiri.
  • Kuika akuluakulu a boma pampando — Bwanamkubwa amalemba malo a kabungwe, mabungwe akuluakulu, ndipo nthaŵi zina kuika oweruza, ogonjera ku chitsimikizo cha malamulo.
  • Kukhazikitsa lamulo — akazembe ambiri angapereke ndalama zoperekedwa ndi bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo; ambiri alinso ndi chinthu cha ndandanda chimene chimawalola kukana zinthu zakutizakuti zowonongedwa.
  • Kukhazikitsa magawo apadera — Bwanamkubwa angakhazikitse nyumba yoikizira zinthu zofunika kwambiri monga ngati mavuto a bajeti kapena ngozi.
  • Zigamulo zoperekera zikhululukiro [[FL:1] — M'maboma ambiri, bwanamkubwa yekha ali ndi ulamuliro pa kulakwa kwa boma.
  • Kulamulira Gulu la National Guide — Bwanamkubwa ali akazembe a m'mutu wa Chitetezo cha National Alonda a boma lawo, kusiyapo pamene aikidwa ndi pulezidenti.
  • Kupereka malangizo a akuluakulu a ntchito — Bwanamkubwa angatsogolere mabungwe a boma kuchitapo kanthu kena, kaŵirikaŵiri ogwiritsiridwa ntchito pakachitika ngozi.

Malinga ndi Kazembe wa National Association , maboma oposa 40 ali ndi chitsanzo champhamvu cha kazembe kumene mkulu wa ntchito akukhala ndi mphamvu zapadera za bajeti ndi kukhazikitsa. Komabe, pali kusiyana: maiko ena amaika malire a mphamvu za kazembe, kapena mphamvu, kapena kukhazikitsa ulamuliro kupyolera mwa kupenda ngati chivomerezo cha lamulo kapena mabungwe odziimira.

Ntchito ya Mayezu

Mayesi ndiwo amatsogolera maboma a makampani, koma mphamvu zawo zenizeni zimadalira kwambiri boma la mzinda.

  • [[FLT: 0] system yoyendetsa mzinda [[FLT: 1] — Meyayo ali ndi ulamuliro woyang'anira wofanana ndi bwanamkubwa: kulamulira zigamulo za mabungwe a mzinda, kulamulira madipatimenti a mzinda, kugamula ndi kuchotsa mitu ya madipatimenti, ndi kukhoza kulinganiza bajeti ya mzinda. Dongosolo limeneli nlofala kwambiri m’mizinda yaikulu monga New York, Chicago, ndi San Francisco.
  • [[FLT: 0] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • system Council-manager [1] , mpangidwe wachitatu , wogwiritsiridwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri m’mizinda yapakati, bungwe losankhidwa limaika manijala wa mzinda waluso amene amatumikira monga mkulu wamkulu. Meya ali kwenikweni chiŵalo cha bungwe chimene chimachita monga woyang'anira mpando ndi mtsogoleri wa malamulo koma wopanda ulamuliro.

Ntchito za meya zofala m’madongosolo onse a boma zimaphatikizapo izi:

  • Kuyang’ana m’madipatimenti a m’mizinda monga apolisi, moto, ukhondo, ndi mapaki
  • Malamulo a mzinda anaperekedwa ndi bungwe la mzindalo
  • Kulinganiza bajeti ya mzinda ndi kuika misonkho yakumaloko (malo ololedwa pansi pa lamulo la boma)
  • Kuimira mzindawo m’boma ndi boma
  • Kupititsa patsogolo kutukuka kwa zachuma ndi madongosolo a m’mizinda
  • Kuthandiza anthu amene akudwala matenda oopsa monga masoka achilengedwe

National League of Cities [[FLT: 1] imadziŵitsa kuti ntchito ya meya yasintha mowonekera m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, makamaka m'madera aakulu a mzinda, kumene kaŵirikaŵiri oyang'anira mzinda amatengera utsogoleri wa dziko lonse chifukwa cha ukulu ndi kufunika kwa chuma cha mizinda yawo.

Mphamvu Zoyerekezera

Popenda amene ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu, yankho limadalira pa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mlingo.

Mbali ya Ulamuliro

Bwanamkubwa wa Los Angeles ali ndi ulamuliro pa boma lonse, limene m’nkhani zambiri nlalikulu kwambiri kuposa mzinda uliwonse. Mwachitsanzo, Kazembe wa California amayang'anira anthu 39 miliyoni, pamene Wolamulira wa Los Angeles akutsogolera mzinda wa 3.8 miliyoni .Udindo wa boma lonse umene uli waukulu kuŵirikiza nthaŵi khumi mwa anthu. Ngakhale m’mayiko a mzinda umodzi wolamulira, monga New York, ulamuliro wa kazembeyo ukufalikira m’dziko lonselo, kuphatikizapo madera akumidzi ndi m’midzi amene angafunikire zinthu zosiyana.

Mosiyana, mameya ali ndi ulamuliro wokha wa malire a dziko lawo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti iwo sangaumirize malamulo m'mizinda yapafupi kapena m'madera osaphatikizidwa. Lamulo la boma kaŵirikaŵiri limaletsa kukweza misonkho, kuyang'anira mabizinesi, kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amatsutsana ndi malamulo a boma. Lamulo la [[FLT:] Dillon’s [Dilton] Laul [[[FLT:] [1] limagwira ntchito m'magawo ambiri: maakaudindo a boma ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu za boma zokhazo zoperekedwa ndi lamulo la boma. M'malamulo ochepa otsatira [[FLT:], mizinda ili ndi ulamuliro wodzilamulira woposa, koma ngakhale, ngakhale boma lodzilamulira limakhalapobe.

  • Gumo la Governor: boma lonse, kuphatikizapo mabala onse, mizinda, ndi madera opandako.
  • ulamuliro wa magetsi: kokha pakati pa malire a mzinda; kuikidwiratu ndi ulamuliro wa boma m’ntchito zina.

Mphamvu Zoyendera Magazi

Olamulira amalamulira bwino bajeti ya boma imene imaloŵa m'mabiliyoni makumi ambiri a madola. Iwo angapereke bajeti, ndandanda ya zinthu zowonongedwa, ndi ndalama zosonkhezera kupyolera m'malamulo (mwa chilolezo cha malamulo). Olamulira alinso ndi mwayi wa kupereka ndalama ku mitsinje ya boma ya maprogramu a boma onga Medicaid, zoyendera, ndi maphunziro.

Mayers amasamalira bajeti yaing'ono, koma kampaniyo amawonongabe mabiliyoni m'mizinda yaikulu. Ulamuliro wa Mayoral fiscal kaŵirikaŵiri umalamulidwa ndi malamulo a msonkho oikiziridwa ndi boma, zipewa za ngongole, ndi ziyeso za mabodza zolinganizika. M'madongosolo amphamvu a meya, woyang'anira mzinda amapanga bajeti ya mzinda ndipo ali ndi ulamuliro wa ndandanda ya zinthu, koma bungwe la mzindalo liyenera kuvomereza bajeti yomalizira. Madongosolo a mzinda, bungwe la kampani kapena komiti ya bajeti amalamulira mosamalitsa kwambiri.

M’nthaŵi ya mavuto a zachuma, kaŵirikaŵiri mameya amakumana ndi ziletso zokulira chifukwa chakuti mizinda simakhoza kusindikiza ndalama ndi kudalira kwambiri pa misonkho ya katundu ndi misonkho yogulitsa katundu, imene ingakhale yofulumira.

Mphamvu za M’ngozi

Imodzi ya mbali zofunika kwambiri za ulamuliro imene imasiyanitsa akazembe ndi mameya ndiyo kuyang'anira zinthu zamwadzidzidzi. Maboma ali ndi mphamvu zonse ziŵiri zolamulira ndi malamulo a boma kuti alengeze mkhalidwe wangozi, kutumiza a National Guard, kuimitsa malamulo ena, ndi kugaŵira chuma cha boma. Mkati mwa mliri wa COVID-19, akazembe anatulutsa malamulo oletsa kukhala panyumba, kuvala zovala zachinsinsi, ndi kutseguliranso nthaŵi , ndi kukhazikitsanso malamulo a boma.

A m’mayeso angalengeze kuti ngozi za m'madera ena zidzachitika m’mizinda yawo, koma malamulo awo ali oyenera kuperekedwa. Mwachitsanzo, meya angakhazikitse nthaŵi yofikira panyumba kapena chilolezo cha kubisa. Koma ngati kazembe akhazikitsa lamulo lapamwamba, lamulo la boma liyamba kutsogolera. Gulu limeneli linakhala chizindikiro chapadera m'maboma monga Florida ndi Texas, kumene akazembe anagwiritsira ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mabomba kapena zida zankhondo. Nkhondo zoterozo zimasonyeza kuti panthaŵi ya ngozi zazikulu, akazembe amatenga ulamuliro wapamwamba ndi wothandiza.

Kulowerera ndale ndi Kuthandiza Ena

Maboma a zandale ndi amene amachititsa kuti anthu azilankhulana ndi apolisi, azichita zinthu mogwirizana ndi anthu, ndipo amalimbikitsa kapena kuchepetsa ulamuliro weniweni wa bwana wawo.

Chisonkhezero cha Bwanamkubwa m’Zandale

Akuluakulu andale kaŵirikaŵiri amatumikira monga munthu wowoneka kwambiri m'boma lawo, kukopa oulutsa nkhani zambiri. Iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amatsogolera ziŵiya zawo za chipani cha boma, ofunsira maofesi a kumaloko, ndi kusonkhezera maganizi andale. Olamulira ambiri amapita kukathamangira ku Khoti la United States kapena ku boma, kuwapatsa malo apamwamba a dziko. Kukhoza kwawo kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kuitana magawo apadera amawapatsa mphamvu pa opanga malamulo a boma. Ndiponso, akazembeaja angagwiritsire ntchito tchalitchi cha anthu oukira boma kuti asinthe maganizo awo pankhani zazikulu.

Wasayansi yandale za dziko Thad Kousser waona kuti mphamvu ya kayendetsedwe ka nyumba ya malamulo si yokhazikika: imatsika ndi kuyenda mozikidwa pa kupangidwa ndi kutchuka kwa nyumba ya malamulo ndi bwanamkubwa. Kazembe wokhala ndi zilolezo zazikulu ndi wogwirizana wa malamulo angakwaniritse masinthidwe aakulu a malamulo; bwanamkubwa woyang’anizana ndi bungwe logawikana ayenera kudalira kwambiri pa malamulo a boma ndi kuyendetsa bajeti.

Chisonkhezero cha Adani a Zandale

Maysters wa mizinda yaikulu alinso ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu cha ndale zadziko, makamaka pamene aimira malo a zachuma ndi chikhalidwe. Meya wa mzinda waukulu wonga Los Angeles, Chicago, kapena Houston kaŵirikaŵiri amalandira chisamaliro cha dziko, ndipo onse pamodzi alandira boma la boma kupyolera mwa magulu onga United States Conference of Mayers. Mayrquers angapangenso kugwirizana kwamphamvu kwa kumalo ndi atsogoleri a zamalonda, mabungwe a chitaganya, ndi mabungwe a antchito.

Komabe, nthaŵi zambiri mphamvu ya meya imatsenderezedwa kwambiri kuposa ya bwanamkubwa chifukwa chakuti mizinda ilibe ulamuliro wa malamulo a boma. Kukhoza kwa meya kusintha kungachepetsedwe ndi boma, akuluakulu a boma, ndi zigawo zapadera (monga ngati magawo a sukulu kapena maulamuliro a za mayendedwe). Mwachitsanzo, meya angafune kusintha maofesi apolisi a m’deralo koma sangakhale ndi ulamuliro wachindunji pa mkulu wa apolisi ngati aikidwa ndi bungwe la boma.

Kugwirizana ndi Kusamvana

Unansi pakati pa kazembe ndi meya ungakhale wovuta kapena wosokoneza, malinga ndi kulinganiza kwa anthu, maunansi aumwini, ndi nkhani zimene zili pa ngozi. Kugwirizana kwachipambano kungadzetse mapindu onga ngati kuyendetsa ndalama m'njira, kupita patsogolo kwa chuma m’madera osiyanasiyana, ndi kugwetsa tsoka.

Zitsanzo n’zochuluka: Mu 2021, Bwanamkubwa wa Texas Greg Abbott anasaina lamulo loletsa kubisa chophimba kumaso (SB 8) m’masukulu a boma, kuyang'anira mameya ndi mabungwe a sukulu m’mizinda monga Dallas ndi Austin. Mofananamo, Bwanamkubwa wa Georgia Brian Kemp anasuta Atlanta Mayeshor Keisha Lance Lance Lodges pa mliri wa mliri wa mliri wa . Pa nthawi ya ngozi zachilengedwe monga mphepo, akazembe ndi nduna za m'boma, amagwirizanitsa kwambiri ndi mabungwe a boma oyang'anira zinthu zangozi, koma nthaŵi zina amadandaula kuti zinthu za boma zikugawiridwa mosayenerera.

Kugwirizana koteroko kumagogomezera kuti pamene kuli kwakuti oyang’anira mzinda ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu wa kumaloko, akazembe ali ndi mawu omalizira pamene lamulo la boma likutsutsana ndi malamulo a kumaloko.

Kufufuza za Matenda ndi Zitsanzo

Kuti mupange kuyerekezerako kukhala koonekera, lingalirani zitsanzo zenizeni zotsatirazi zimene zimasonyeza mphamvu zimene olamulira ndi olamulira ali nazo.

Bwanamkubwa wa boma la New York Meyor

New York City ndi mzinda waukulu kwambiri mu United States, ndipo meya wake ngwamphamvu kwambiri m'dongosolo la moorray. Komabe, Bwanamkubwa wa Boma la New York ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa malamulo a boma lonse amene amayambukira mzindawo mwachindunji. Mwachitsanzo, kazembeyo amayang'anira Metropolitan Transportation Authority, imene imayendetsa nyumba za pansi pa nthaka ndi mabasi, pamene mkulu wa mzindayo amayang'anira nyumba ya NYPD ndi sukulu (kupyoloŵa m'manja mwa boma boma limene boma liyenera kukonzanso). Mliri wa CHONDO ya ku CHOVAD , Kazembe wa Andrewomo akupereka malangizo pa nyumba za anamwini ndi mabizinesi kaŵirikaŵiri olamuliridwa kapena a May Bill de Blas. Pambuyo pa kutsutsana ndi nkhani za boma la pulezirala la boma la United States, Eric anakhalabe nkhani yofanana ndi malamulo a boma la Reli.

Njira Zoyendera Zofooka: Chitsanzo cha Woyang’anira Mzinda

Si onse a meya amene ali ndi mphamvu zolamulira. M'mizinda yambiri yapakati ndi yaing'ono, meya ali woyamba pakati pa olingana pa bungwe la mzinda, opanda ulamuliro wa boma. Mwachitsanzo, mu San Jose California, meya amasankhidwa ndi kukhala ndi antchito ndi oyendetsa, koma bungwe la mzinda limaika manijala wa mzinda amene amathamanga tsiku ndi tsiku. Ulamuliro wa meya ngwo uli wochepa kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kutsogolera misonkhano ya bungwe. Yerekezerani ndi kazembe wa California, amene amalamulira ndalama, amaika zikwi za akuluakulu a boma, ndi kulamula California Highway Patrol ndi National Guard. M'madongosolo ofooka a mphamvu za mphamvu za dziko, mphamvu za gulu la anthu lauparparator ndilo nlaling'ondang'o.

Maulamuliro Adzidzidzi Mkati mwa Kudwala

COVID-19 inapereka chisonyezero chochititsa chidwi cha ukulu wa jinja pa nthaŵi ya tsoka. Olamulira m'maboma onga Ohio, New York, ndi Michigan anatulutsa malamulo a akuluakulu amene anatseka makampani, mabomba ophimba, ndi misonkhano yochepa . Nthaŵi zambiri amachotsa malamulo a kumaloko. Mayero m’mizinda ina yolimba kwambiri monga Los Angeles ndi San Francisco anasonyeza kuti poyamba anakhazikitsa malamulo okhwima kwambiri, koma sangapambane pa zimene boma linalola, ndipo akazembe ambiri amaletsa ziletso za kumaloko. Mwachitsanzo, Kazembe Doug Ducey anatseka mabwa a m'manja a asilikali kuti agwire ntchito zophimba. Vutolitsira limeneli linasonyeza kuti pamene mamejala a boma atha kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga pa nkhani zakwawo, mphamvu zalamulo ndi chuma za kazembe wa boma ndi zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri panthaŵi ya ngozi.

Maziko a Malamulo ndi Malamulo

Kumvetsetsa kozama kwa ulamuliro woyerekezera kumafunikira kupenda mmene ofesi iriyonse imalinganizidwira mwalamulo.

Malamulo a Boma ndi Mphamvu Zolamulira

Bukhu la malamulo lirilonse limakhazikitsa malo a kazembe ndi kutchula maulamuliro ena. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo amasiyana, ambiri amapatsa bwanamkubwa ulamuliro pa maulamuliro a boma, mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa malamulo, thayo la kuyang'anira kuperekedwa kwa malamulo, ndi ulamuliro wa kulamulira ankhondo a boma. Malamulo ambiri a boma amaphatikizaponso makonzedwe a mzera wa magawo, malamulo a akuluakulu, ndi kutsatizana. Maboma ena, monga Texas ndi Massachusetts, amachepetsa mwadala ulamuliro wa kazembe wosankhidwayo (monga kazembe wamkulu kapena loya wamkulu).

Council of State Government imafalitsa kuyerekezera kwatsatanetsatane kwa maulamuliro a boma, kusonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu m'mphamvu ya kulinganiza, kulamulira kwa bajeti, ndi kutalika kwake. United States ndi chitsanzo champhamvu cha kazembe (m., New York, California, Illinois) imapatsa kulinganiza ndi kuyendetsa kwamphamvu, pamene awo okhala ndi kazembe wofooka (mge, Texas, South Carolina) amafalitsa mphamvu ya kazembe kudutsa akuluakulu ambiri osankhidwa modziimira paokha.

Matchati a Madokotala ndi Mayoral Mayes

Mphamvu ya Mayoral imafotokozedwa ndi tchata ya mzindawo, yomwe imaloledwa ndi bungwe la boma kapena kuvomerezedwa ndi malamulo a boma lakwawo. Matauni akwawo (monga Denver, Seattle, ndi Boston) ali ndi ufulu waukulu wa kukhazikitsa boma lawo, koma ngakhale mizinda imeneyi siingaswe lamulo la boma. M'maboma monga Colorado kapena Minnesota, malamulo a m’dziko amalola mizinda kukhala ndi mtundu uliwonse wa boma umene isankha, kaya nduna yamphamvu, doko lofooka, kapena bungwe lolamulira. Komabe, kuchotsedwa kwa malamulo a boma kumakhala kuyang'anira mwamphamvu, makamaka pankhani zolamulira mfuti, malipiro ochepa, ndi malamulo a malo okhalako.

Katswiri wa zamalamulo Richard Briffault wagogomezera kuti makampani ndiwo “matupi a boma” ndi kuti mphamvu ya meya ili yocheperapo mphamvu ya boma chifukwa chakuti maboma ali ndi ulamuliro. Khoti Lalikulu la United States limapereka zigamulo zonga Hinter v. City of Pittsburgh (07) imavomereza kuti maboma ali ndi ulamuliro wa makampani awo, kuphatikizapo mphamvu ya kuwathetsa kapena kusintha mphamvu zawo.

Kumaliza

Funso la kaya ngati akazembe kapena mameya ali ndi ulamuliro wokulirapo sangayankhidwe mwa kungofuna inde kapena ayi. Papepala, akazembe ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu, ulamuliro wa zangozi waukulu, ndi ulamuliro wa malamulo pa maboma awo. Mayar, pamene kuli kwakuti ali ndi chiyambukiro chachindunji pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu a m'mizinda, amagwira ntchito pansi pa maambulera alamulo ndi a ndale zadziko a boma. Meya wamphamvu koposa m'dzikoyo sangakhale ndi lamulo la kazembe wamkulu wa bwanamkubwa, ndipo mabanki achepetsedwa ndi ndalama za boma.

Komabe, chisonkhezero ndi ulamuliro siziri kokha zapamwamba. M'madera aakulu a mzinda, malo a mameya angalamulire chisamaliro chachikulu cha nyuzi, kupanga zigwirizano zamphamvu, ndi kukhala anthu a dziko. Nthaŵi zina likulu la ndale zadziko la meya wa mphamvu ya mphamvu ya mphamvu ya mphamvu ya mphamvu ya dziko lingatsutse lamulo la kazembe. Komabe, pamene labala lalamulo likumana ndi msewuwo / polimbana ndi ngozi, kutsekedwa kwa boma, kapena nkhani za ulamuliro wa lamulo nthaŵi zonse limapambana.

Kwa nzika ndi opanga malamulo, kumvetsetsa mphamvu zimenezi nkofunika. Kukulongosola chifukwa chake mafuko a m'chigawo cha boma kaŵirikaŵiri amakopa chisamaliro ndi ndalama zambiri, ndi chifukwa chake ochirikiza a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amatembenukira ku chitsenderezo cha boma kuti apeze kusintha kwa dongosolo. Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa akazembe ndi olamulira sikumakhala kwachikhalire; kumasintha ndi malamulo a khoti, malamulo atsopano, ndi kusintha kwa madongosolo andale zadziko. Koma kutsalira: akazembeze ali akuluakulu a maboma achifumu, pamene olamulira atsogolera pakati pa ulamulirowo.