Pamene nzika zitsogolera ku mapendedwewo, malamulo amene amatembenuza mavoti awo ku mipando pa bungwe kapena pa nyumba ya malamulo pafupifupi mbali iriyonse ya boma lotulukapo. Kusankha pakati pa Proportonation (PR) [PLT:1] ndi [malamulo] [mavoti] onse (WTA) [[FLT])] ['ANTHA] ['] [']] — nthaŵi zina kutchedwa koyamba kulowa m'mbuyo pulo, kutsimikizira mmene nthambi yakulu ya pa ntchito ilili, ndiponso ngakhale mmene machitidwe onse otomera agwirizanitsidwa. Ngakhale kuti madongosolo onse aŵiriwa agwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ziyambukiro zawo zenizeni zasayansi, opanga masankhirishoni, ndi okonza mapulogalamu. Kudziŵa zimenezi sikuli njira yothandiza chabe; kuyendetsa ntchito kwa aliyense kapena kuyendetsa ntchito ya democracy.

Nkhani ino ikufotokoza bwino PR ndi WTA, kuphimba akaniko, kunyamuka kwa malonda, ndi zotsatira zimene zaonedwa m'mayiko amene atengera njira iliyonse. Pofika mapeto, mudzakhala wokonzeka kupenda kuti ndi dongosolo liti limene lingatumikire bwino makhalidwe a chitaganya chopatsidwa.

Kodi Kuimira Mafanizo N’kutani?

Pa maziko ake, Proportigantal imakhala banja la madongosolo osankhidwa olinganizidwa kugawira mipando m'nyumba ya malamulo motsutsana ndi mbali ya mavoti ya chipani chilichonse kapena osankhidwa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati gulu lipambana 30% ya voti ya dzikolo, lingayembekezere pafupifupi 30% ya mipando. Cholinga chenicheni ndicho kutsimikizira kuti bungwe la malamulo lisonyeza bwino lomwe kusiyana kwa osankhidwa.

Makompyuta a PR amagwiritsidwa ntchito m’mayiko oposa 80, kuphatikizapo madera ambiri a ku Ulaya, Latin America, ndi mbali zina za Africa ndi Asia. Malamulo odziŵika amasiyanasiyana kwambiri, koma ambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m’magulu awiri: ndandanda ya PR ndi voti imodzi yokhoza kusamutsidwa (STV).

Kuimira Ndandanda

Pandandanda ya PR, ovota amasankha chipani mmalo mwa munthu wosankhidwa (Ngakhale kuti mitundu ina imalola kuvota kwa wobatizidwa m'ndandanda wa chipani). Malipiro ali ndi ndandanda yotsatizana ya oyembekezera; ataŵerengedwa, mipando imapatsidwa kwa chipani chilichonse mogwirizana ndi njira zawo zofunsira, zozikidwa pa mbali ya chisankho cha chipanicho. Njira yogawira ingakhale yozikidwa pa njira yaikulu yotsala kapena njira ya diviso yonga D’Hondt kapena Sainte-Laguë. Njira ya D’Hondt imalandira anthu aakulupo, ngakhale kuti Saint-Laguë ndi wosaloŵererapo.

Maiko onga ngati [[FLT :0] Sudan, Norway, ndi Spain [[FLT :1] amagwiritsira ntchito mpambo wa PR ndi zigawo zambiri . Ku Sweden, Riksdag ali ndi ziŵalo 349 zosankhidwa kuchokera ku 29 constituenics, ndipo chipani chiyenera kudutsa malire a dziko a 4% kuti apeze malo okhala. Zimenezi zimaletsa magulu aang'ono oloŵerera kulowa pampando pamene akulolabe kuimira mbali yaikulu.

Maute Otumizidwa pa Okha (STV)

STV ndi mtundu wa PR wosankhidwa ndi osankhidwa. Osankhidwawo amasankhidwa, ndipo mipando imaikidwa pa chigawo. Opitirira chigawocho amasankhidwa; mavoti ambiri amasamutsidwa kwa wosankhidwa wina, ndipo njirayo imapitirizabe kufikira mipando yonse itadzaza. Dongosololi limapatsa ovota ulamuliro wowonjezereka pa zimene anthu amasankhidwa, osati mapwando okha.

STV imagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Ireland kaamba ka nyumba yake ya malamulo (Dáil Éireann), ku Malta, ndi zisankho zina za kumaloko ku Scotland ndi New Zealand. Chimodzi cha zipilala zake nchakuti imachepetsa “a" — mavoti oikidwa kaamba ka oyembekezera amene sasankhidwa — koma njira ya kuŵerengera njachovuta kwambiri kuposa kuchuluka kwa zinthu. Kufufuza ndi [FLT: 0] Electoral Reformation Society [ kumasonyeza kuti STV imapanga zotulukapo zogwirizana kwambiri pamene ikusunga kugwirizana kwamphamvu pakati pa oimira awo ndi malo.

Mitundu Ina

Mixed-MEMber Proportonal (MMP) [[FLT :1] iyenera kutchulidwa chifukwa chakuti imaphatikiza PR ndi madera amodzi. Voters amaponya ma blott aŵiri: imodzi ya woimira wa kumaloko ndi imodzi ya pa chipani. Mipando ya mndandanda imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuwongolera masankho alionse a chigawo. Germany, New Zealand, ndi Scotland kugwiritsira ntchito MMP. Pamene kuli kwakuti ofufuza ena amaika MMP kukhala dongosolo losiyana, ndi limodzi la ndandanda ya chipani.

Kodi Opambana Amadya Nsalu Zonse?

Warver- All, yodziŵika kwambiri kukhala yoyamba ya m'mbuyo ndi chizindikiro (FPP) kapena kuvota, ndi njira yosavuta ndi yakale kwambiri yosankhira imene ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. M’chigawo chilichonse, wosankha amene wasankha kwambiri amapambana pampandopo — ngakhale ngati kuchuluka kwake kuli kochepa kwambiri. Kokha wopambana m'chigawo chimodzi ndi amene amaloledwa; mavoti ena onse amatayidwa bwino kaamba ka kuimira chigawocho.

Dongosolo limeneli likugwiritsiridwa ntchito mu United Kingdom (ya Nyumba ya Commons), United States (ya Nyumba ya Oimira ndi nyumba za malamulo a boma zambiri), Canada, India, ndi maiko ena ambiri okhala ndi choloŵa cha Briteni. Utali wake wa moyo umadalira kwambiri kupepuka kwake ndi chikhoterero chake cha kutulutsa maboma amodzi okhazikika.

Ziŵalo Zofunika

  • Zigawo za chigawo chimodzi:[[FLT :1] Dera lililonse limasankha woimira mmodzi.
  • Lamulo lakudziwitsa: Chilakiko chimafuna chivoti chimodzi chokha kuposa wothamanga, osati unyinji wonse (50%+1).
  • Kuvota: Nthaŵi zambiri amasiya chosankha chawo chenicheni choyamba cha kupeŵa “kuvota kwa wobatizidwa amene alibe mwaŵi, kuchititsa chinthu chodziŵika monga Chilamulo cha Duverger — chikhoterero cha madongosolo a kuchulukitsa kuti atulutse mpikisano wa mbali ziŵiri.
  • Phosolidi ya Mayeso: Chipani chopambana kaŵirikaŵiri chimalandira mipando yambiri kuposa yosankha yake imalosera. Mu 2019 chisankho cha boma la Canada, Liberal Party inapata 33% ya voti yotchuka ya dzikolo koma inasungidwa 47% ya mipando, kuipatsa iyo boma lalikulu.

Kuyerekezera: PR vs WTA

Chosankha pakati pa PR ndi WTA chimaphatikizapo malonda aakulu amene amakhudza kuimira, kuyang'anira, ndi khalidwe lovota. Palibe dongosolo langwiro; lirilonse limakhala lopambana m'mbali zina pamene likulephera m'mbali zina.

Kuimira ndi Kuika Malo Pansi

PR ndi wopambana pa kutembenuza mavoti m'mipando molingana. Zipani zazing'ono — monga ngati magreen Party a ku United States, osamalira malo, kapena zipani za mafuko ochepa — nthaŵi zonse zimapata mipando pansi pa PR, pamene iwo ali otsekedwa pansi pa WTA. Mwachitsanzo, Green Party ya ku Germany yakhala ndi mipando mu Bundestag kwa zaka makumi ambiri, pamene kuli kwakuti gulu la Green Party of United States silinapambanepo kukhala pampando mu Congress. Pansivement , gulu limene limapeza 15% ya voti ya dziko lonse logaŵiridwa ndi njira yofala ingapeze mipando; pansi pa PR, ikhoza pafupifupi 15% ya mipando.

Anthu a mafuko ndi malo ochepa amapindulanso ndi PR. ku India, dongosolo la FPTP lasulizidwa chifukwa cha kuchepetsa zipembedzo za anthu aang’ono m’maiko ena, pamene kuli kwakuti madongosolo a PR onga aja a ku South Africa (ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka msonkhano wake wa dzikolo) athandiza kutsimikizira kuti magulu a mafuko ndi zinenero osiyanasiyana a dzikolo ali ndi liwu.

Kukhazikika kwa Boma

WTA iri ndi phindu lowonekera bwino popanga maboma osasunthika, a gawo limodzi. Chifukwa chakuti magulu aŵiri amalamulira mokulira, mmodzi kaŵirikaŵiri amapambana mipando yambiri ngakhale kuti 40-45% ya voti. Boma limenelo lingapereke malamulo popanda kugwirizana ndi anzawo. M'madongosolo a PR, mgwirizano uli wokhazikika. Pamene kuli kwakuti mgwirizano ungakhale wokhazikika — monga ku Germany kapena Netherlands — ukhozanso kukhala wofooka. Italiya inakhala ndi maboma 61 pakati pa 1946 ndi 2020 pa dongosolo lapamwamba la kayendetsedwe ka zinthu, ngakhale kuti masinthidwe aposachedwapa a gulu la osankhidwa abweretsa chitukuko.

Komabe, chigomeko chokhazikika chimathetsa njira zonse ziŵiri. Maboma amodzi angakhale okhazikika, komanso angakhale osalabadira mbali zazikulu za anthu. Gulu limene limapambana ambiri ndi 48% ya mavoti limalamulira ngati kuti limakhala ndi lamulo kuchokera ku 100% ya anthu. Asilikali a PR amalolera molakwa, zimene zingatsogolere ku malamulo amene amalamulira kuvomereza kokulira ngakhale ngati njirayo njosokoneza.

Kudziloŵetsamo ndi Kubwereranso

Kufufuza kukusonyeza kuti wovota amakhala woposa m'madongosolo a PR, makamaka pakati pa ochirikiza zipani zazing'ono. Mu WTA, ovota ambiri saona kuti malo awo oonera ali osavulaza ngati akhala pampando wa chitetezo kumene gulu limodzi limapambana. Pansi pa PR, voti iliyonse imakhala pafupifupi pa chiwonkhetso chonse cha chipani, kuwonjezera mphamvu ya nzika. Malinga ndi data ya International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Intective , avarectal station mu PR ndi 72%, poyerekezera ndi 65% m'maiko ambiri, kulamulira zinthu zina.

Kuŵerengera Kwawo Oimira

WTA imapereka kugwirizana kwamphamvu kwa dziko: chigawo chirichonse chiri ndi woimira mmodzi wodziŵika yemwe angaikidwe mlandu kaamba ka nkhani za kumaloko. Madongosolo a PR kaŵirikaŵiri amafooketsa kugwirizana kumeneku chifukwa chakuti oyembekezera kusankhidwa ku zipani amasankhidwa kuchokera ku mindandanda ya zipani mmalo mwa kuchokera ku malo ena. STV ndi MMP zingalinganizire zonse ziŵiri kuimira ndi kuŵerengera mlandu, koma ndandanda ya PR imakhala yofooka kwambiri pankhaniyi. Oimba nyimbo sakudziŵa amene ali “wodi", makamaka m’zigawo zazikulu za madera ambiri.

Kucholoŵana ndi Kuwonongetsa

WTA njosavuta kwa ovota ndi oyang'anira masankho. Osankha maina, ovota asankha mmodzi, ndi kupambana kwapamwamba kwa wovota. Madongosolo a PR kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna madera aakulu (multi-membala), kuvuta kwambiri kuŵerengera ma algorithm, ndi maphunziro ambiri kwa osankhidwa. Mndandanda wa PR umafuna osankhidwa kuti amvetsetse mmene mandandanda akugwira ntchito; STEV imafuna malo apamwamba. Komabe, ovotawo amakhala ozoloŵereka, kucholoŵa m'pang'ono pomwe ndilo. Kukwera kwa mtengo kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mapepala a PR kungakhale kokulirapo chifukwa cha mapepala a pulogalamu ndi kuŵerengera kowonjezereka, koma ndalama zina zimatsutsidwa ndi mapindu a woimira.

Kufufuza za Masewera: Kugwiritsa Ntchito PR

New Zealand: Kusintha kwa Chipambano

Perhaps the best modern example of a country deliberately switching from WTA to PR is New Zealand. In 1993, after decades of FPTP, New Zealanders voted in a referendum to adopt MMP — a mixed proportional system. The change transformed the political landscape. Where previously the National and Labour parties dominated, now several smaller parties — including the Green Party, New Zealand First, and the Māori Party — regularly hold seats and often participate in coalition governments.

Chisankho chinawongokera kwambiri. Pansi pa FPTP, chisankho cha 1990 chinapereka National 47% ya voti koma 69% ya mipando. Pansi pa MMP, masankho 2020 anapereka Labour 50% ya voti ndi 65 mwa mipando 120 yosankhidwa, chotulukapo choposa. Zotsatirapo zambiri. Zomwe Voter adapanga zimasonyezanso kuti pafupifupi magawo aŵiri mwa atatu a New Zealand tsopano asankha MMP ku dongosolo lakale. Kukhazikika kwa maboma a mgwirizanowo kwakhala kwabwino, ngakhale kuti panali nyengo za kukambitsirana kovuta.

Sweden: Njira Zodalirika

Sweden amagwiritsira ntchito dongosolo la PR lokhala ndi ma contituence 29 a mbali zambiri ndi chitseko cha dziko 4. Chotulukapo ndicho nyumba ya malamulo (Riksdag) yomwe nthaŵi zonse imakhala ndi zigawo zisanu ndi zitatu kapena zisanu ndi zinayi. Maboma nthaŵi zambiri amakhala ogwirizana kapena maboma ochepa amene amadalira pa kuchirikiza kokhala ndi ma hoc. Ngakhale kuti pali kugawikana kumeneku, Sweden wakhala ndi kukhazikika kwapadera kwandale. Chiyambire Nkhondo Yadziko II, maboma ake akhala okhoza kupanga zopanga masinthidwe kwanthaŵi yaitali m’kakhalidwe, maphunziro, ndi malamulo achilendo. Ankhondowo amalolera, zimene zimapanga lamulo lopambanitsa ndi kulinganiza zinthu.

Kufufuza za Masewera: WTA M’kachitidwe

United Kingdom: Kuphunzitsa za m’magulu

Nyumba ya UK ya Zolankhula yasankhidwa ndi FPP mu 650 mbali imodzi yokha. Pa masankho aakulu kwambiri, zipani ziŵiri — Conservative ndi Labour — amapambana 85-90% ya mipando, ngakhale kuti onse pamodzi amapeza 70-75% ya mavoti. Magulu aang'ono onga ngati Liberal Democrates, Green Party, ndi Bretit Party ali pansi pa malo oimira. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2015, UK Independent Party (UKIP) inapata ya mavoti 12% a voti okha.

Kutsutsana kumeneku kwachititsa kuti pakhale kusintha.

Canada: Kusagwirizana kwa Magawo

Komiti ya FPTP ya Canada imapanga kusiyana kwakukulu m'madera. Pangano likhoza kulamulira chigawo ndi mbali yochepa ya voti ya dzikolo. M'chisankho cha 2021 cha boma, Consorvative Party inapambana 33.7% ya voti koma inasunga mipando 119 (35.5%), pamene Bloc Québébécois anapambana pa 7.6% ya voti koma 32% chifukwa chakuti chichirikizo chake n’chochuluka ku Quebec. Green Party inapata 2.3% ya mavoti awiri okha koma mipando iŵiri yokha. Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza mmene WTA zonse ziŵiri zingapambanire pa zigawo zazikulu ndi pansi pa zigawo zochirikiza. Magawo ambiri a Canada ayesa kukonzanso kopetolera, koma sanalandidwe pa mlingo wa bungwe lolamulira.

Njira Zopangira Thanzi ndi Zomwe Zingagwire Ntchito

Si masankho onse osankhidwiratu amene amafanana bwino ndi ma PR v. WTA 2 (makompyuta).

  • Masiteshoni aŵiri (kuthamanga): [FLT :1] ogwiritsiridwa ntchito mu France kaamba ka chisankho cha pulezidenti ndi la palamenti. Ngati palibe wosankha apambana ambiri m'mbali yoyamba, nkhope yapamwamba iŵiri zungulira. Zimenezi zimatulutsa opambana ambiri koma zingasokonezebe kulinganizika. Samalingaliridwa kuti PR.
  • Alternative Vote (AV) / Mwamsanga injinio: Oyembekezera kulowa m'malo ambiri; ngati palibe munthu aliyense, wobatizidwa womalizira amachotsedwa ndipo mavoti awo amasamutsidwa. AV ndi njira yapamwamba, osati yolingana, koma imawongolera FPPP mwakutsimikizira kuti wopambanayo ali ndi chichirikizo chachikulu. Imagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Australia kaamba ka Nyumba ya Oimira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mixed-Member Majoritarian (MMM): Monga MMP ] koma mipando ya mpambo sibwezera kusakhala kwa dzina; kuli kofanana. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimatulukapo zotulukapo zochepa. Japan ndi Mexico zimagwiritsira ntchito MMM.

Zida za mtundu uliwonse zimayesa kukopa zina za mapindu a maiko onse aŵiriwo — kuimira malo onsewo ndi kulinganiza kwa anthu onse kapena kuchuluka kwa malamulo osankhidwa ndi wovota.

Kusankha Pakati pa PR ndi WTA

Chigamulo cha njira imene iyenera kutsatiridwa ndi zimene anthu a m'dziko ayenera kusamala. Ngati cholinga chachikulu ndicho kutsimikizira kuti nkhani za voti ya nzika iliyonse ndi kuti bungwe la malamulo lionere voti, PR ndi chosankha chanzeru. Ngati boma limodzi lokhazikika, lokhala ndi mbali yodziwitsa, ndi mavoti wamba ndi ofunika, WTA angakongole.

Demokrase zambiri zasintha madongosolo awo pochitapo kanthu ndi zophophonya zolingaliridwa. New Zealand ndi South Africa ovomerezedwa PR; France akugwiritsira ntchito dongosolo la mbali ziŵiri; UK yakhala ikutsutsana kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Chizoloŵezi cha mademokrase atsopano — monga ngati aja a Kummaŵa kwa Yuropu pambuyo pa 1989 — chakhala kulinga ku PR, koma palibe chilolezo cha padziko lonse.

Kulinso kofunika kudziŵa kuti PR ingalinganizidwire kuchepetsa zofooka zake: ziyeneretso za ndandanda (mt., 4% kapena 5%) zimaletsa magawo aang'ono opatuka kuloŵa m'nyumba ya malamulo, ndi kutsegulira kapena kusiyanasiyana kwa STV kusungitsa chosankha cha wovota pakati pa osankhidwa. Mofananamo, WTA ingasinthidwe mwakugwiritsira ntchito zigawo zazikulu za chigawo chochulukirapo kapena kulumikiza ndi kuthamanga, ngakhale kuti zinzakezo zimayandikira dongosolo losiyana.

Kumaliza

Proportigational Imadictionation and Wern-Proutings imaimira mafilosofi aŵiri osiyana kwambiri a demokrase ya osankhidwa. PR imaika patsogolo kusonyezera kwabwino kwa zokonda za wovota, kaŵirikaŵiri pa kugwiritsa ntchito boma losavuta ndi lotsimikiza. WTA imapanga maufumu opambana bwino ndi amphamvu, kaŵirikaŵiri kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya kuimira ndi kuvomereza kochepa. Palibe dongosolo lililonse limene limatulutsa kulephera ndi kupambana. Dongosolo labwino koposa kwa mtundu uliwonse wopatsidwa limadalira pa chikhalidwe chake cha ndale, kukula kwa malo, mitundu, ndi zochitika za mbiri yakale.

Mwa kuzindikira mamenti, mapindu, ndi zopinga za ponse paŵiri PR ndi WTA, nzika ndi opanga malamulo angaloŵetsemo mwaluso kwambiri m’kutsutsana ponena za kusintha kwa voti. Kaya dziko limamatira ku dongosolo lake lamakono kapena lisankha kusintha, chonulirapo chachikulu chimakhala chofanana: kakonzedwe ka ulamuliro kamene kali kogwira ntchito ndi koyenera pamaso pa awo amene amatumikira.