Mawu oyamba a United States Constitution ali ngati chimodzi cha mawu a chifuno cha dziko odziŵika kwambiri m'mbiri. Kutsegulidwa kwake kwa chithunzithunzi, " Ife Anthu" , , kumasuliranso magwero a mphamvu zandale, kuchiika m’manja a nzika mmalo mwa mfumu kapena boma. Ngakhale kuti anaikidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, cholinga cha 6 cha kubadwa, kukhazikitsa Chilungamo changwiro, kutsimikizira kuti chitukuko cha banja, chimapereka chitetezo chachisawawa, kuchirikiza ufulu wa anthu, kuchirikiza ufulu wa ufulu, ndi kutetezera madalitso a ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu, ndi kutsimikizira kuti kumanganso malamulo aundal'kusintha. Malinga ndi malamulo a dziko la America, kuwonjezera kufalikira kwa kulimba kwa chikhalidwe. Kusintha kwa ntchito kwa madera a boma kwa , kumasintha ndi kulongosola mfundo za boma popanda kulongosola kulongosola kusintha kwa malamulo a mpangidwe kwa mbiri ya mbiri ya mbiri yakale ya kuzungulira ya kusintha kwa anthu.

Kuwononga Malo Oyamba a Chisudzo

Kupenda mosamalitsa mbali zisanu ndi chimodzi za boma kumavumbula mmene aliyense wagwiritsidwira ntchito pomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe.

  • Fm a confict Union: Mawuwa akusonyeza kuti Republic ndi ntchito yosatha, yokhoza kuwongolera nthaŵi zonse. Yagwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsutsa umodzi wokulira wa mtundu ndi kuswa malamulo a kugaŵanitsa, kugaŵanitsa zimene zimafooketsa nsalu ya mayanjano.
  • Chilungamo chachikale: Mwinamwake chonulirapo chopemphedwa kaŵirikaŵiri, chimatanthauza osati dongosolo la khoti lokha, koma chitaganya chopanda tsankhu ndi kutsendereza. Mfundo imeneyi inali injini ya makhalidwe abwino yosonkhezera kumenyana ndi kusankhana ndi kutsendereza wovota.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuthandiza kwa pabanja: [1] Pamene kuli kwakuti kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito ndi akuluakulu kutsendereza kusagwirizana, ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe amasuliranso lingaliro limeneli. Chigomeko nchakuti bata lenileni lingakhaleko kokha m'chitaganya cholungama, kuwonjezera mphamvu ya makhalidwe abwino ndi malamulo ku chitsutso chosamenyana.
  • Project ya kudzitetezera kwa anthu onse: Zimenezi zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti nzika zonse, mosasamala kanthu za makulidwe, zili ndi thayo ndi kuyenera kwa kutetezera dziko lawo. Magulu osonkhezera kuchotsa magulu ankhondo ndi kulemekeza utumiki wa anthu ochepa.
  • Anzake Auvel: Maziko a lamulo kaamba ka khoka lamakono la chisungiko cha chitaganya ndi maprogramu otsutsa umphaŵi. Kumapanga ntchito yabwino ya boma kusamalira ubwino wa nzika zake, kuyambira ku thanzi kufikira ku mwaŵi wa zachuma.
  • Sungani Madalitso a Liberty: Malo amenewa aufulu monga ukulu ndi choloŵa, lonjezo kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo imene iyenera kutetezeredwa ndi kufutukulidwa pa nthaŵi. Imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsutsa kaamba ka ufulu wa kuvota ndi ufulu wa kudzilamulira.

Chinenero chongofuna chimenechi chinali ponse paŵiri mphamvu ndi choyambitsa mavuto a mwamsanga. Amuna amene anavomereza Malamulo analephera kukwaniritsa mfundo zimenezi, ambiri mwa kukhazikitsa ukapolo ndi kuchotsedwa kwa akazi. Komabe, mwa kuwonjezera zolinga zapamwamba zimenezi m'makalata a maziko, anapanga chida champhamvu kwa awo amene pambuyo pake anatsutsa zophophonya zawo. Pregle inakhala chinsinsi cha malamulo, ndipo mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe ayamba kuisintha kuti apeze ndalama. National Archives [FLT:] imadziŵitsa kuti chinenero chokongola chinali cholinganizidwa kuti chikhale chomveka, mbali imene yachilola kuti chikhalebe chogwirizana kwa zaka mazana aŵiri.

Nkhondo ya Mtanda Yomenyera Upulumuko: Kuyesa Chigwirizanocho

Tchimo Loyambirira ndi Lonjezo la Chilungamo

Malonjezo oyamba a Pregedge anapangidwa ndi gulu la oletsa. Kulolera kwa 1787 koikidwa ukapolo mu Union , kotsutsana mwachindunji ndi pempho la Pregedge la " Justice" ndi "Liberty". Okhulupirira kusokonezeka kwa chinyengo chimenechi. Atsogoleri onga Frederick Douglas anapanga chosankha chabwino ndi chabwino kumasulira Malamulo kupyolera mwa malens a Preging, akumati chikalata choperekedwa ku ufulu sichingavomerezetseke ukapolo wachikhalire.

Masomphenya a Douglas a Malamulo

M'nkhani yake yosintha zinthu, "Kodi kapoloyo ndi uti? (1852) , Douglas anayang'ana mwamphamvu kupsinjika kumeneku. Pamene kuli kwakuti adagwirizanitsa mtunduwo ndi chinyengo chake, sanasiye Malamulo. Mmalomwake, anautcha ngati chikalata chotsutsa ukapolo. Anatsutsa kuti malamulo aakulu a ufulu ndi chilungamo mu Presagedi inali mzimu weniweni wa lamulo, ndi kuti ukapolo unali kulekana. Kusintha kumeneku kunali kofunika: sikunayambitse nkhondo ya kutha kwa kutha kwa ku America, koma monga kukwaniritsidwa kwa lonjezo la dziko loyamba. [FLD:] Dolasssss akhalabe puloma pulogalamu ya , ndipo amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake zamakono za kukhazikitsa.

Kukonzanso Malamulo: Kuchepetsa Ufulu ndi Chiweruzo Cholungama

Nthaŵi yapambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni inali mbali yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya malamulo ya Pregest. Mpumitsi wa 13 unachotsa ukapolo, Kusintha kwa 14 kunakhazikitsa ufulu waufulu ndi kutsimikizira chitetezero chofanana pansi pa lamulo, ndipo Demendment ya 15 inaletsa tsankho la fuko posankha. Izi zinali zoyesayesa zachindunji za kukonzanso malamulo a boma kuti zigwirizane ndi malonjezo a Pregest. Malamulo a 14, makamaka, ndi lamulo lake lamphamvu lakuti palibe boma lililonse la boma la "liyenere ku munthu aliyense m'dzikolo lokhala ndi chitetezo chofanana cha malamulo," anakhala galimoto yaikulu yalamulo chifukwa cha ufulu wa anthu onse wotsatira. Ilo linaloŵetsamo mokhutiritsa chiitano cha "Chikole" m'malemba la malamulo, kupereka malamulo oletsa lamulo a m’tsogolo.

Chikalata cha Akazi: Kulengeza "Ife Anthu"

Chilengezo cha Malamulo ndi Maziko

Chikalatachi chinasonyezedwa mwachindunji pa Chikalata cha kudziimira paokha ndi kuyambika kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi 20 chimapereka chitsanzo china champhamvu cha kuyambika kwa ntchito. Gululo linayambika mwalamulo pa Seneca Falls Convention mu 1848, kumene ochirikiza nkhondo anatulutsa Chilengezo cha Sevanti. Chikalatachi chinakhala chosonyeza mwachindunji Chilengezo cha Kudziimira pawokha ndi kutulutsa chinenero cha Woyamba cha chilungamo ndi ufulu. Chinayamba ndi kunena kuti, "Tikusunga choonadi chimenechi kukhala chodzionetsera: kuti amuna ndi akazi onse alengedwa mofanana," kutsutsa mwachindunji kuchotsedwa kwa akazi kuchokera ku "Ife Anthu".

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, olembetsa anatsutsa kuti kukana akazi kuyenera kuvota kunaswa ntchito ya boma ya "Chilungamo" ndi "kukhazikitsa Chilungamo chachisawawa". Anatsutsa kuti boma limene linalipira akazi popanda chivomerezo chawo linali kulephera kutetezera "Madalitso a Liberty" kwa theka la anthu. Laibulale ya Congress imasunga Chikalata choyambirira cha Sentiments [, chikalata chimene chimaimira mphamvu ya maziko a malamulo ofuna kuloŵetsedwa. Kuvomerezedwa kwa anthu 19 Dementi Reformation mu 1920 kunali yankho lachivoti, lodziŵika ndi lamulo lakuti "FORments" mu Pregtion.

Mawu Oyambirira m’Makhoti: Kuunika Kolunjika

Pamene kuli kwakuti mawu oyamba samapereka maulamuliro enieni, atumikira monga kuunika kotsogolera pa zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu pa ufulu wa anthu. M'milandu yokhudza ufulu wa boma, Khoti kaŵirikaŵiri layang'ana ku kutseguka kuti limvetsetse zolinga zachisawawa za Malamulo. M’nkhani yotchuka Brown v. Gulu la Maphunziro [1954] [1954], limene linalengeza fuko m'masukulu osagwirizana ndi malamulo a onse, Khoti linasumika maganizo kwambiri pa kuwonongeka kwa kakhalidwe ndi maganizo kochititsidwa ndi kusudzulidwa. Mwachisa, chigamulo chinaikidwa m'kuimira lamulo la ku "Luste" ndi kupititsa patsogolo "generalvelve". Khotilo linazindikira kuti malo osiyana koma silingafikiretutsa lamulo lofanana ndi lamulo lolungama pansi pa lamulo. Ngakhale kuti silinalonedwa kwenikweni, chigamulutso chakuimira chika pa mlandu choyambirira chakuimira cholembedwa choyambirira cha cho, choyambirira chakutumikira chokhudza chika. Chikalata chokhudzana

Gulu la Chigwirizano cha Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni la M’zaka za Zana la 20: Kukwaniritsa Chikalata Chopereka Ufulu

Chivomezi cha ufulu wa anthu cha m'ma 1950 ndi 1960 chikuimira kuchonderera kwamphamvu ndi kochirikizidwa kwa zolinga za Woyamba za ku America. Dokotala Martin Luther King Jr. ndi atsogoleri a gululo analongosola momveka bwino kuti nkhondo yawo inali yofuna kuti boma lilemekeze zikalata zake zokhazikitsidwa. Gululo linaitana "Justice" ndi "Liberty" yolonjezedwa m'chiyambi cha Chiyambi cha dziko lonse.

Loto ndi Malamulo

Dr. King's "Ine Ndili ndi Dyera" mawu, operekedwa pa Lincoln Cikumbutso mu 1963, ndi kalasi lapamwamba m'zolemba za lamulo. Analankhula motchuka za Chilengezo cha Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Malamulo kukhala "chikalata cha lamulo" kwa amene munthu aliyense wa ku America anali woloŵa nyumba. Iye adanena kuti, "Mmalo mwa kulemekeza udindo wopatulika umenewu, America wapatsa anthu a Negro mayeso oipa, chekere amene abwereranso dala ndalama zoikidwiratu. Zimenezi sizinali kukana chikhulupiriro cha ku America; chinali kufunidwa kuti mtunduwo ukhale ndi moyo ku chiphunzitso choikidwa m'chiyambitsiritsira. [FL:] Prig. [FL:] Mpho ya Mfumu ya Pansipo Nobel, yofotokozanso nkhani ya nkhondoyi, yogwirizana ndi nkhondo yapadziko lonse la America.

Chikalata cha Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964, chimene chinaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena mtundu, ndi Chikalata cha Voting Rights cha 1965, chimene chinaletsa tsankho la mafuko posankha, chinali chisonyezero chalamulo cha lamulo lachindunji la lamulo la Preggeeting. [FL:0] National Archives imalongosola kuti Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe chinali cholakwika cha makhalidwe, koma kuswa lamulo lalikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya Amereka, lamulo limene pomalizira pake linayamba kugwirizanitsa kuwona kwa lamulo ndi malonjezo ake. Gululo linatsutsa mwachipambano kuti kugawa ndi kuchotsa ndi kuchotsa zikalata zachiŵeruzo sikuli chabe kulakwa kwa makhalidwe abwino, koma kuswa kwa lamulo la boma.

Chiweruzo cha Zachuma: Chigwirizano cha Onse cha Ntchito

Nkhondo ya chilungamo cha zachuma imayendera limodzi kwambiri ndi lamulo la mawu a mawu akuti "kuteteza anthu onse a ku Welfare . Gulu la antchito la m'zaka za zana la 20 linamenyera ufulu wa kugwirizanitsa, maola asanu ndi atatu akugwira ntchito, ndi mapeto a kugwiritsa ntchito ana. Ofuna kuyambitsawo anapempha kuti anene kuti boma likhale ndi ntchito yabwino yoteteza antchito kuti asadye masuku pamutu. Malamulo a New Decureal of the 1930, kuphatikizapo Facial Security Act ndi Far Labor Act, adaikidwa mwachindunji ndi Pulezidenti Flank D. Rooselt monga kukwaniritsidwa kwa "Geneal Welve". Pambuyo pake, Mfumu yaumphaŵi ya mu 1968 ikufuna kukonzanso chisamaliro cha anthu pa zachuma, "Fairburt" ndi "Ubwino wa zachuma" chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mwambo, ikupitiriza kukwaniritsa ntchito yake ya zaumoyo, ndipo ikupitirizabe kulonjeza kwake kwa boma kuti anthu onse.

Ufulu wa Anthu: Cholowa Chosatha

Malamulo omasulira okhazikitsidwa ndi oletsa, olembetsa, ndi Civil Rights Movement akupitiriza kumenyera nkhondo ufulu wa anthu lerolino. Mawu otchuka akupereka mawu ofala kwa magulu opatuka kuti afotokoze zofuna zawo za kukhala ndi mgwirizano ndi chilungamo. Ntchito yopanga "Umodzi wangwiro kwambiri" imaperekedwa ku mbadwo uliwonse watsopano.

LGBTQ+ Gulu la Ufulu ndi Kulingana kwa Ukwati

Nkhondo ya kulingana kwa ukwati kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 21 inadalira kwambiri pa malamulo a kuseweretsa. Ochirikiza anatsutsa kuti kukana okwatirana a kugonana kuyenera kwa kukwatirana kunaswa mapangano alamulo a "Justice" ndi "Leberty" ndi "Liberty". M’nkhani yotchuka [[FLT: 0]]bergefell v. Hodges [2015], Khoti Lalikulu linayala chigamulo cha "Liberty" logwirizanitsidwa mwachindunji ndi oyambitsa masomphenya a Oyambitsa. Chigamucho sichinaone ukwati monga pangano lalamulo, koma monga choyenerera chakusunga "Malo a Libertion" kaamba ka anthu onse.

Kulephera Kusunga Ufulu Wochita Zinthu ndi Aamereka Opunduka

Gulu la ufulu wachilema, limene linalandira kuperekedwa kwakukulu kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, linapezanso chinenero cha Preging . American With Diculture Act (ADA) ya 1990 inali lamulo lachikhalidwe lachikhalidwe lachibadwidwe lolinganizidwira kutsimikizira kuti anthu opunduka ali ndi ufulu wofanana ndi aliyense. Lamulo limeneli ndi kuwonjezera kwachindunji ntchito ya boma ya "Kukonza Chitukuko" ndi "Chilungamo," kuchotsa zopinga zakuthupi ndi za anthu zimene zimaletsa kugawana ndi anthu onse.

Ufulu Wosamukira Kudziko Lina ndi Kulota

Magulu amakono ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu osamukira kudziko lina, monga DREAM Act, amatchula "Chilungamo" ndi "General Welfare". Amatsutsa kuti kukhazikitsa njira ya unzika ya anthu osakhala otchulidwa omwe abweretsedwa kudzikolo monga ana kuli nkhani ya chilungamo chachikulu ndipo kumachititsa "General Welfare" ya dzikolo". Nkhani yopitiriza imeneyi ikusonyeza kuti kuyambitsa kumakhala chida chofunika kwambiri chothandizira kuyambitsa nkhani za ndale ndi chikhalidwe, kupitiriza kukulitsa "Ife Anthufe".

Ntchito Yosaletsedwa ya Kuti, “Ife Anthufe ”

Mawu oyamba a Malamulo a United States si chinthu cha mbiri yakale chabe. Ndi muyezo wa moyo, kampasi ya makhalidwe imene imasonyeza Union wangwiro kwambiri. Kugwirizana pakati pa kuyambika kwa ufulu wa anthu sikuchitika mwangozi; ndi kumangidwa. Oyambitsa, pazophophopho zawo zonse, anapanga njira yopitira patsogolo ku maziko enieni a dzikolo. Mwa kukhazikitsa zolinga zazikulu, zolemekezeka, iwo anapatsa mibadwo yamtsogolo masinthidwe ndi zida zalamulo zofunika kusinthira.

Gulu lililonse la ufulu wachibadwidwe m'mbiri ya America, kwenikweni, lafunsa funso limodzimodzilo: Kodi lamulo, lamulo, kapena mwambo umenewu umatifikitsa ku "Justice," "Liberty," ndi "general Welfare" olonjezedwa m'Chiyambi? Ntchito yoyankha funsolo idakalipo. Pamene mavuto atsopano akubuka ndi mafotokozedwe a "Ife Anthu" tikusintha, mosakaikira mawu a m'nkhani yotsata dziko la America yomenyera ufulu ndi chilungamo. Imakhala chikumbutso chosalekeza kuti kuyesa kwa ku America sikuli chinthu chomaliza, koma chitokosokoso kupitirizabe kumanga chitaganya kumene kulidi ufulu ndi chilungamo.