Chiyambi: Kugaŵanikana Kokulira m’Madongosolo a Malamulo

Malamulo padziko lonse ali ogaŵanika m'magulu aŵiri aakulu: malamulo a boma ndi lamulo laupandu. Pamene kuli kwakuti madongosolo onse aŵiri amafunitsitsa kusunga dongosolo, kuthetsa mikangano, ndi kupereka chilungamo, amagwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo osiyanasiyana, zifuno, ndi zotulukapo. Kwa aliyense amene angakumane ndi nkhani zalamulo . Woyang'anira malonda wopanga mapangano, woyang'anizana ndi kuchotsedwa, kapena munthu woimbidwa mlandu wa upandu . Nkhaniyi imapereka kufufuza kochuluka kwa lamulo lachiŵeniŵeni, malongosole, zitsimikizo, zipambano, ndi ziwonjezero. Imagogomezeranso mmene dongosolo la kagulu kagulu kampatuko ndi kupereka zitsanzo zothandiza kumvetsetsa.

Kodi Chilamulo cha Chiŵeniŵeni Nchiyani?

Malamulo a boma amalamulira mikangano pakati pa anthu wamba . "achiŵalo, abizinesi, kapena mabungwe. Cholinga si chilango koma chigamulo: kugamula mlandu ndi kupereka mankhwala kwa chipani chovulazidwacho. Mosiyana ndi lamulo laupandu, limene limafuna kulanga boma, lamulo la boma limasumika maganizo pa kuvomereza wolakwiridwayo kapena kukhazikitsa kuyenera kumene kunatsutsidwa.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu ndi Kuphunzira za M’kati

M’nkhani yachiŵeniŵeni, munthu amene ayambitsa mlandu ndi wofotokoza za mlanduyo. Munthu kapena chinthu chimene chikuzengedwa ndi amalakwa. Munthuyo ayenera kukhala ndi kuimirira kwalamulo kwa konkire kapena kuvulala. Nkhani za boma zingaphatikizepo chilichonse ndi cholakwika cha ngozi ya galimoto kutsutsana pa malire a katundu.

Zitsanzo za Milandu ya Malamulo a M’boma

  • Kutsutsana: Mwini malonda amaimba mlandu wogula chifukwa cholephera kulipira katundu woperekedwa.
  • Matabwa: Munthu woyenda pansi amaimba mlandu dalaivala chifukwa cha kunyalanyaza atamenyedwa panjira.
  • Lamulo la banja: kusudzulana, nkhondo za kulera ana, ndi zifunsiro za kulera ana.
  • Lamulo lonena za pulojekiti: mikangano ya Landloster-metant ponena za zikalata za chitetezo kapena kuswa lamulo la lendi.
  • lamulo la kusamvera: Kutha kwa zikalata kapena kuweruza milandu ya tsankho.

Mtolo wa Umboni m’Chilamulo cha Chiŵeniŵeni

Milandu yachiŵeniŵeni imagwiritsira ntchito kusinkhasinkha kwa muyezo wa umboni . Izi zikutanthauza kuti woweruza ayenera kukhutiritsa woweruza kapena juli kuti kutembenuza kwawo zochitika nkothekera kwambiri kuposa (kowona, kwachidziŵikire, “kuthekera kwa." Ndi chiletso chotsika kwambiri kuposa muyezo wogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'lamulo laupandu, chimene chimasonyeza chenicheni chakuti milandu yachiŵeniŵeni imaphatikizapo zoyenera zaumwini mmalo mwa zikondwerero zaufulu.

Njira Zothetsera Lamulo la Chiŵeniŵeni

Pamene wopatula apambana mlandu wa boma, mankhwala nthaŵi zambiri amakhala malipiro a ndalama (mapesetsa) kapena chithandizo chopanda malire (monga lamulo lokakamiza woimbidwa mlandu kutenga kapena kuletsa kachitidwe kena). Kumangidwa sikuli chosankha m'khoti lachiŵeniŵeni. Mankhwala ofala akuphatikizapo:

  • Zowononga: [[FT:1] Ndalama zolipirira zotayika zenizeni, ngongole za mankhwala, malipiro otayika, kapena kuwonongeka kwa katundu.
  • Zowonongeka zowonjezereka: Ndalama zoperekedwa ku kulanga chisembwere cholakwika (chokha chopezeka m’zochitika zina za tort).
  • Kachitidwe kopeka: Lamulo la khoti lokakamiza chipani kukwaniritsa thayo la pangano (ofala m'malonda a malo).
  • Chigamulo cha kugamula mlandu: Ndemanga ya khoti ya ufulu wa oweruza popanda kulipira.

Kodi Chilamulo cha Mpandu Nchiyani?

Malamulo aupandu amakhudza machitidwe amene boma laletsa. Chiphunzitso cha upandu ndicho chilango, kuletsa, dongosolo, kapena makhalidwe. Boma . Kudzera mwa woweruza . Limapereka mlandu kwa munthu (maupandu aakulu monga kupha kapena kulanda) kapena kulakwa (kulakwa kwakukulu monga kuba kwaching'ono kapena kuukira kosavuta).

Kusintha kwa Zinthu ndi Kuphunzira za M’kati

Mlandu waupandu, nthaŵi zonse boma ndilo gulu la oweruza, loya wa chigawo, loya wa boma, kapena loya wa boma. Woimbidwa mlanduyo ndi woimbidwa mlandu. Mlanduyo sali wa m’gulu la mlanduwo koma angaonekere monga mboni. Boma limapereka umboni wonse. Woimbidwa mlanduyo akulingaliridwa kukhala wopanda liwongo kufikira atapezedwa ndi mlandu.

Zitsanzo za Apandu

  • Upandu wa kampani: Kupha, kuukira, kuba, chiwawa chapanyumba.
  • Upandu wa properti: Burglary, larcey, arson, kuphwanya malamulo.
  • Upandu wa dzuŵa: Kunyenga, kugulitsa, kuba zilembo.
  • Milandu ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo: COM, kugawira, kupanga zinthu zokhala ndi malamulo.
  • Upandu wa lamulo: [[FT:1] DUI, khalidwe losalongosoka, kulakwa.

Mtolo Wolemera wa Chilamulo cha Chipanduko

Milandu ya apandu imafuna muyezo wapamwamba koposa wa umboni wodziŵika ku lamulo: kupyola chikaikiro chomveka [1]. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti mlandu uyenera kutsimikizira mbali iriyonse ya upanduwo mokwanira kuti palibe munthu wolingalira amene angakayikire liwongo la woimbidwa mlandu. Ngati ajuli ali ndi chikaikiro chirichonse choyenera, ayenera kumasula. Muyezo wotsimikizirika umenewu umatetezera anthu ku chitsimikizo cholakwika ndi kutayikiridwa kwa ufulu.

Zotulukapo ndi Chilango

Chigamulo cha upandu chingatsogolere ku zilango zowopsa, kuphatikizapo kumangidwa, kupatsidwa malipo, kuyesedwa, ntchito ya m’chitaganya, kapena chilango cha imfa (m’zigawo zimene zimachilola). Kuwopsako kumadalira pa kugawana kwa upandu, mbiri ya upandu, ndi zitsogozo zopereka chilango. Mwachitsanzo, panthaŵi yoyamba DuI kungadzetsere zaka zandende zazifupi ndi laisensi, pamene kuli kwakuti chigamulo chakupha chingatuluke m’ndende ya moyo kapena chilango cha imfa.

Kusiyana Maganizo pa Nkhani Yochita Zinthu Mopitirira Malire

Ngakhale kuti lamulo lachiŵeniŵeni ndi laupandu limayenderana m’madera ena (monga ngati pamene kachitidwe kali ponse paŵiri ka upandu ndi kuukira konga kwa thonsi) iwo amadumphadumpha m’njira zazikulu.

Aspect Civil Law Criminal Law
Parties Plaintiff (private party) vs. Defendant State (prosecutor) vs. Defendant
Purpose Compensate victim; resolve private dispute Punish offender; protect public
Burden of Proof Preponderance of evidence Beyond a reasonable doubt
Outcome Money damages, injunction, specific performance Fines, imprisonment, probation, death
Right to Attorney No automatic right (but often hired) Constitutional right (6th Amendment)
Decision Maker Judge or jury (often judge alone) Judge and jury (defendant can waive jury)
Double Jeopardy Not applicable (civil suits can be refiled) Prohibited (5th Amendment)

Kuwombana Kopitirira Malire: Pamene Anthu Akumana ndi Mpandu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Ziwawa zina zimaphwanya malamulo a boma ndi aupandu panthaŵi imodzi. Mwachitsanzo, woyendetsa galimoto woledzera amene amapha munthu amalangidwa chifukwa cha kupha munthu mwangozi (mlandu) komanso kuimbidwa mlandu ndi banja la wophedwayo chifukwa cha imfa yolakwa (chivolire). Milandu iŵiriyo imaimira ufulu wake. Mlanduwo umafuna umboni wosatsutsika, pamene sumukayitsa kuti anthu angofuna umboni wotsimikizira. N’chifukwa chake A.

“ Kukayikira Koyenera” V. “Kusinkhasinkha” m’Chitsanzo

Kusiyana kwa mtolo kumafotokoza zotsatirapo zambiri zooneka ngati zotsutsana. M'kuzenga mlandu wa boma, oweruza angapeze woimbidwa mlanduyo ngakhale ngati mlanduwo utha pokhululukidwa. Mwachitsanzo, munthu amene walephera kukakamiza woweruza milanduyo kulembetsa mlandu wake angaikebe mlandu wa boma ndipo angapeze chiwombolo. Njira ziŵiri zimenezi zimapereka mikhole njira ina yochitira chilungamo pamene dongosolo la milandu laupandu lalephera.

Pamene Lamulo la Chiŵeniŵeni Livumbula Upandu

Komabe, nthaŵi zina kutsutsana kwa boma kungavumbule mfundo zimene zingayambitse milandu yaupandu imene munthu wachinyengo wa boma angaipeze, zikalata zingavumbule umboni wa chinyengo cha pa mawaya kapena kunama, zimene woweruza milandu wa boma angatchule za kusungitsa lamulo.

Kusiyana Kwabwino: Mmene Milandu Imayendera M’makhoti

Mapu a milandu yachiŵeniŵeni ndi ya apandu amasonyeza zolinga zawo zosiyana.

Njira Zoyendetsera Chiŵeniŵeni

  1. Complant imalembedwa: Placttiff imatumiza mawu olembedwa osonyeza maumboni ndi zinenezo za lamulo.
  2. Kuthandiza kwa ntchito: Woimbidwa mlandu amadziŵitsidwa mwalamulo ndi kupatsidwa mpata woyankha.
  3. Kuyankha kapena kayendedwe: Mafaelo oimbidwa mlandu amavomereza kapena kukana zinenezo, kapena kachitidwe ka kukana.
  4. Kusintha: [[FLT :1] Mapangano onse aŵiriwo asinthana umboni, masinthidwe, ndi zikalata zopempha.
  5. Kugamula kopanda pake:[[FT:1] Imodzi ingapemphe khoti kugamula mlandu popanda kuzenga mlandu ngati palibe mfundo zakuthupi zotsutsana.
  6. . Kuzenga mlandu pa benchi (kuweruza kokha) kapena kuzenga mlandu kwa ajuli kumachitika. Mlandu wa aptiff akupereka umboni choyamba; woimbidwa mlanduyo kenaka akupereka chitetezero.
  7. Dict ndi chiweruzo: Kupeza chidule kumasankha kulakwa ndi zivulazo.
  8. Appal : Chipani chotayika chingakope khoti lapamwamba lozikidwa pa zolakwa za lamulo.

Chigaŵenga

  1. Kulamula kapena kulamula: malamulo amaloŵetsa wokaikiridwayo m’ndende, kapena kutulutsa mayeso a kuwonekera.
  2. Umboni: Woimbidwa mlandu amaperekedwa kwa woweruza, kuuzidwa mlandu, ndi kuloŵa m’pempho (kulakwa, osati liwongo, kapena kulephera mpikisano).
  3. Kuweruza: Woweruza amagamulapo kaya woimbidwa mlanduyo angatulutsidwe kuyembekezera kuzengedwa mlandu ndi kuika mikhalidwe.
  4. Kuzenga mlandu koyambirira kapena juli yaikulu: Woweruza kapena kupenda umboni waukulu wa ajuli kutsimikizira chochititsa kuweruzidwa.
  5. Kusintha kwa chinsinsi ndi ndandanda za milandu: mbali zonsezo zimasinthana umboni; kudzitetezera kungapereke umboni wopezeka mosemphana ndi lamulo.
  6. Plata kutsatsa: Milandu yaupandu yoposa 90% imathera ndi chivomerezo mmalo mwa kuzengedwa mlandu.
  7. Trial: Ngati simuchonderera, juli (kapena woweruza) akumva umboni. Mlandu uyenera kutsimikizira mosakaikira kwenikweni.
  8. Kuzenga: Ngati wapezedwa ndi mlandu, kuzenga mlandu kwaumwini ndiko kumachititsa chilango.
  9. Appal : Woimbidwa mlandu angakope chikhululukiro [1] Boma silingapereke chikhululukiro (ngozi yoŵirikiza).

Ntchito ya Kufunitsitsa: Kusintha Zinthu kwa Amuna ndi Kunama Kokhwima

Imodzi ya mfundo zofunika kwambiri pakati pa lamulo lachiŵeniŵeni ndi laupandu ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito zolinga. M’malamulo aupandu, milandu yambiri imafunikira amuna a [1] [1] “wolakwa maganizo. Woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kutsimikizira kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo anachita mwadala, mwadala, mopanda nzeru, kapena monyalanyaza apandu (kudalira pa lamulo). Popanda mbali imeneyi ya maganizo, munthu sangakhale wolakwa chifukwa cha upandu. Mwachitsanzo, kulanda ambulera wina sikuli kuba chifukwa chakuti panalibe cholinga cha kulanda kwachikhalire.

Malamulo a boma, mosiyana, kaŵirikaŵiri amaika chiletso popanda umboni wa cholinga. M’nkhani zonyalanyaza, cholinga chimakhala chakuti kaya woimbidwa mlanduyo achotse ntchito ya chisamaliro, osati zimene anafuna. Zotengera zowopsa monga zopangidwa ndi zinthu zowonongeka . Zonga ngati wopangayo angaikepo mlandu ngakhale ngati adasonyeza chisamaliro chonse chothekera. Mofananamo, kuswa pangano sikumafuna kusonyeza chikhulupiriro choipa; chipani chingakhale choyenera kulephera kuchita ngakhale ngati cholepheracho chitakhala changozi.

Kuteteza Malamulo: Chifukwa Chake Lamulo la Upandu Limatetezedwa Mowonjezereka

Chifukwa chakuti lamulo la upandu limasokoneza ufulu, Malamulo a ku United States amapereka chitetezo chachikulu chimene anthu oimbidwa mlanduwo sangakhale nacho m’milandu yachiŵeniŵeni.

  • Kumanja kwa uphungu: [[FLT :1] Oimbidwa mlandu oimbidwa mlandu ayenera kupatsidwa loya (Gideon v. Wainwright). Malonjezo a boma alibe chitsimikizo choterocho.
  • Kuyenera kukhala chete: Mpandu sangakakamizidwe kupereka umboni; wozenga mlanduyo sanganenepo za kukhala chete.
  • Kuchinjiriza ku kufufuza kosayenera ndi khunyu: Umboni wopezedwa popanda chilolezo (kapena chosiyana) ungachotsedwe.
  • Chiganizo cha ngozi choŵirikiza: Atamasulidwa, munthu sangayesedwenso chifukwa cha mlandu umodzimodziwo.
  • Mlandu wa Chigamulo: Pamilandu yaikulu, woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi Lamulo la Chisanu ndi Chimodzi la kuweruzidwa kwa mlandu wa oweruza.

M’nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, oimbidwa mlanduwo ali ndi malamulo ochepa otetezera. Mwachitsanzo, Seventh Amendment imatsimikizira kuzenga mlandu kwa ajuli m’milandu ya boma yoposa $20, koma maboma angakhazikitse malamulo osiyana. Palibe kuyenera kwa kuikidwa kwa uphungu ndipo palibe chitetezo chodzitetezera ku ku kudziimira pa iwo eni (ngakhale kuti Kukonzanso kwachisanu kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito ngati umboni ungapereke umboni m’chochitika chaupandu chapadera).

Kuchokera ku Bwalo Lamilandu Kufikira ku Moyo Watsiku ndi Tsiku: Chifukwa Chake Zimenezi Zili Zofunika kwa Inu

Kumvetsa kusiyana kwa mlandu wa anthu si kungophunzira chabe, koma kumakhudzanso mmene mumachitira ndi mavuto a zamalamulo:

  • Ngati muli mnkhole wa upandu: Mungafunikire kusankha kaya kugwirizana ndi loya (wolamulira mlandu wa upandu) ndi kulembetsa loya waumwini kuti alembe mlandu wa boma. Njira ziŵiri zingayende panthaŵi imodzi.
  • Ngati waimbidwa mlandu wa upandu: Mufunikira loya wotetezera waupandu mwamsanga. Ngakhale ngati munamasulidwa, mungayang'anebe suti ya boma (m., pambuyo pa chigamulo chosalakwa m'nkhani ya batri, woimbidwa mlanduyo angasunge chiwombolo).
  • Ngati muli m'makani a bizinesi: Kulimbana kwakukulu kwa malonda kuli nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni , kutha kwa mgwirizano, kuswa katundu wa luntha. Koma ngati kuchitidwa chinyengo kapena kuba kuphatikizidwa, kuphwanya lamulo kungakhalenso kotheka.
  • Ngati musaina pangano: Mulowa m'boma la boma. Chindikirani kuti kulephera kuchita kungakuchititseni kukhala ndi ndalama, osati ndende.

Zoona Zawo ndi Zokhulupirira Zolakwika

Kusamvana kosiyanasiyana pa malamulo a boma ndi aupandu kukupitirizabe:

  • [[FLT: 0] Yamphuno: [[FLT :1] Munthu angaperekedwe "kuwonjezedwa” ndi kuswa lamulo. Fact : Boma lokha ndilo lingabweretse milandu. Mabungwe a anthu“ Zigawenga” kapena “malamulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mphindi: Mkwiyo m'nkhani yachiŵeniŵeni uli ndi kuyenera kwa loya. Fact: Palibe kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kupereka uphungu m'zochitika za boma, ngakhale kuti maboma ambiri amapereka chithandizo chochepa m'zochitika zina (ml.g., kuchotsa, kusunga ana).
  • Thupi: [[FLT :1] Ngati munthu apezedwa “wosayenerera” m'makhoti a boma, iwo ali opanda liwongo. Tract: Chigamulo cha anthu cha kusamvera chimangotanthauza kuti wotsutsa wa kulephera kukwaniritsa muyezo wa pasadakhale; salengeza kuti alibe mlandu.
  • [[FLT: 0] TSS: milandu yaupandu nthaŵi zonse imapita ku mlandu. Fact: unyinji (oposa 90%) amathetsedwa mwa kuchonderera.
  • [[FLT: 0] Thupi: [[FLT :1] Ilionse liyenera kukhala logwirizana. Fact: M'milandu ya boma, zigamulo ziyenera kukhala zonse; m'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, kaŵirikaŵiri zigamulo zosagwirizana ndi zigamulo (m’mzera, 5 mwa 6 juro). Malamulo a boma amasiyana.

Mmene Mungapezere Thandizo: Kuti Mudziwe Zambiri

Ngati mukufuna kudziwa malamulo okhudza nkhani inayake, mungachite bwino kufunsa loya wodziwa bwino ntchito yanu.

  • Cornell Legal Information Institute (LII) imapereka mafotokozedwe omveka bwino, achizungu a zikhulupiriro zalamulo.
  • Webusaiti ya U.S.A. [ imapereka chithunzi cha mitundu ya mlandu wa boma ndi waupandu.
  • [[MLT: 0] American Bar Association's Division for Public Education imapereka zitsogozo kwa ophunzira ndi anthu.

Kumaliza: Kudalirana ndi Malo a Malamulo

Lamulo lachiŵeniŵeni ndi lachiŵeniŵeni liri mizati iŵiri ya dongosolo la chiweruzo, iriyonse yokhala ndi malamulo akeake, njira, ndi zonulirapo. Malamulo a boma amafunafuna kubwezera ndi kuthetsa mikangano yaumwini kupyolera m'kuchiritsa kapena kupatsa chithandizo koyenera, kudalira pa kuyang'anira kwapasadakhale. Lamulo lachifwamba limafuna kulanga olakwa ndi kutetezera chitaganya, kufunafuna chitsimikizo chotsimikizirika ndi kupereka zitetezero zolimba za lamulo. Ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zina zimayendera limodzi, kuzindikira kwawo kumathandizira anthu kupanga zosankha zodziŵitsidwa ndi chidziŵitso, kutetezera zinenezo, kapena kungozindikira mmene lamulolo limagwirira ntchito m’moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Mwa kuzindikira mtolo, ndi ziyambukiro zothekera, mumakhala okonzeka bwino kuyendetsa zitsenderezo za lamulo ndi kutetezera ufulu wanu.

[[FLT: 0] Disclaimer : Nkhani ino imapereka chidziŵitso chachisawawa ndipo siimapereka uphungu walamulo. Malamulo amasiyana malinga ndi malamulo; funsani loya wovomerezedwa kaamba ka uphungu pa mkhalidwe wanu wotsimikizirika. [[FLT: 1]