Malamulo apadziko lonse amapereka malamulo ofunika kwambiri amene amalamulira mmene amachitira zinthu motsutsana ndi uchigaŵenga kumadera ena. Ngakhale kuti uchigaŵenga umasokoneza chitetezo cha dziko, uyenera kuyendera mbali ya ulamuliro wa boma, kuteteza ufulu wa anthu, ndi kuchirikiza malamulo. Vuto ndi lolinganiza zochita zogwira ntchito mothandiza polimbana ndi zigaŵenga komanso kumamatira kwambiri ku malamulo amene nthaŵi zambiri amasokoneza kapena kupikisana nawo. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mfundo zofunika kwambiri za malamulo, zovuta kwambiri powagwiritsa ntchito, kusintha kwa zigawo, ndi kusinthika kwa malamulo apadziko lonse m’tsogolo.

Ntchito Yolamulira ya Malamulo Yolimbana ndi Uchigaŵenga Yolimbana ndi Dziko Lonse

Lamulo lapadziko lonse loletsa upandu limachokera ku zinthu zambiri: United Nations Charter, mapangano ambiri monga International Parvenent on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) ndi Geneva Conset Council, zigamulo za Security Council , ndi lamulo lamwambo lapadziko lonse. Palibe pangano limodzi lomwe limalongosola "uchigaŵenga" mokulira, koma ntchito yophatikizapo zida zokhala ndi zochitika zonga kulanda, kutenga anthu, ndi kuphulitsa bomba. Bungwe la United Nations Security Council lavomereza zigamu zogwirizana pansi pa mutu VII, Conclation 1373 (2001) (2001 ndi Chigamulo 2249), zimene zimaika malamulo a boma kuti ateteze ndi kutsende machitidwe a zigaŵenga. Zigamu zimenezi zimawonjezeranso maziko alamulo a ntchito za mtanda wa anthu koma zimayambitsanso kusemphana ndi ufulu wa anthu.

Ulamuliro ndi Kukana

Gwirikiti la ulamuliro . Kuyenera kulikonse kwa boma kuyang'anira gawo lake popanda kusokonezedwa . Ndilo maziko a lamulo lapadziko lonse. Tchata cha UN chimaletsa kuopseza kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu motsutsana ndi kudalirika kwa dziko kapena kudziimira kwa ndale zadziko kwa boma lililonse (Article 2(4). Kuletsa kulikonse kotsutsana ndi boma popanda chilolezo cha boma kuswa ulamuliro pokhapokha ngati chilolezo cha boma chikugwira ntchito. Kulola kuchokera ku boma la dzikolo ndiko maziko otsimikizirika ovomerezeka bwino: maboma ambiri amalola mayiko anzawo kutsogolera ntchito m'malire awo pa mapangano a dziko. Pamene chivomerezo chochokera ku chigamulo cha boma kapena bungwe la United Nations Security Count chimakhalanso chotsutsa. Lamulo lapadziko lonselo limazindikira "kufuna kapena kuti lilephera" chiphunzitso chadzikolo, chimene chimaletsa ntchito yosagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chigawa kapena kusaletsa chigaŵenga cha chigawenga cha chigaŵeretso. Komabe, sichikuvomerezedwa ndi chikanetso chotsutsa chakutsutsa chaku

Kudzifera Pansi pa Mfundo 51

Mfundo 51 ya UN Tchatar imasunga kuyenera kwa munthu mmodzi kapena gulu la munthu mmodzi ngati chida chichitika. Funso lalikulu ndilo ngati zigaŵenga ziukira kwa oseŵera osakhala a boma zingafanane ndi "kuukira kwamphamvu" kuyambitsa kudziwonetsera. Khoti la International Court of Justice mu [[FLD:0] mu chiwombo chake cha munthu mmodzi kapena kuukira kwake kwa munthu mmodzi kapena kwa gulu. M’maiko ambiri, ndi [[FLT:] Zochita zachiwembulo [FLT] [FLT] [FFLT:3] ndi zodzitetezera [kafuna kuukira kwa] [[FFLT:3] [active] [active] [actssssssss] zolimbana zodzitetezera modzi ndi zotsutsana ndi zopanda mphamvu zambirizo zimene zimagwiritsira ntchito polimbana ndi otsutsa oukiraposewera ankhondo. Komabe, ngakhale kuti, ziwonjeze kuti, zipambanetse zofunikira zapo za anthu ena aukire, ziwo, m’dziko ndi ziwonjezera za m'zo

Chilamulo cha Padziko Lonse Chokhudza Ufulu wa Anthu

Kulimbana ndi upandu kumadalira pa mtundu wa chiwopsezo ndi ukulu wa maulamuliro aŵiri osiyana: lamulo lapadziko lonse la anthu (IHL), limene limagwira ntchito pa nkhondo ya nkhondo, ndi lamulo la ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse (IHRL), limene limagwira ntchito nthaŵi zonse. Kusankha kuti ndi boma liti limene likulamulira kumadalira pa mtundu wa chiwopsezo ndi mphamvu za chiwawa. Pamene ntchito yolimbana ndi nkhondo ichitika m'nkhondo yosatha, monga momwe nkhondo za Afghanistan, Suriya, kapena kudziko la Islam ku Iraq, ngakhale kuli kwakuti limapereka malamulo oletsa kulanda, kutsekera, ndi kusamala anthu. Pansi pa zifukwazo zonse, lamulo lololedwa lingalangidwe popanda kumenyera ufulu wa anthu, pamene kuli kopanda ufulu wa kuukira boma la anthu, pamene kuli kopanda chitetezo kwa nthaŵi yake yofanana ndi kugaŵana kwa nthaŵi imene iwowo. IR, ngakhale kuti imachititsa malamulo ochirikiza malamulo ankhondowo ankhondo kudziko lonse akakhala osoŵa mphamvu ya kumenyera ufulu wa anthu.

Mavuto Ofunika Kwambiri M’malamulo a Masiku Ano

Ngakhale kuti malamulo alipo, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo ntchito polimbana ndi uchigawenga kumabutsa mafunso ovuta kwambiri.

Kumenya ndi Kudzivulaza

Kugwiritsira ntchito zida zankhondo kwa ma drones ku nkhondo zochitidwa kutali ndi nkhondo zamphamvu kwakhala chizindikiro cha uchigaŵenga wamakono wolimbana ndi . Ochirikiza atsutsa kuti ma dronie amalola kuukira kwenikweni kwa atsogoleri a uchigaŵenga pamene akuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu ndi kuchepetsa ngozi kwa asilikali. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti kuukira kwa mabomba kaŵirikaŵiri kumaswa lamulo lapadziko lonse mwa kuswa ulamuliro wa dziko lonse mwa kunyalanyaza kumasulira kodzilamulira, kulephera kukwaniritsa miyezo yosafunika ndi ya kulinganiza bwino kwa munthu mwiniyo, ndipo kunyalanyaza ntchitoyo kusiyanitsa pakati pa asilikali ndi anthu wamba. Nkhani yaikulu ndiyo ngati "chikhotere" ya chiwopsezo chingayenedwe kwa nthaŵi ndi malo. Monga United States yalola kumasulira kopanda malire, kuukira kwa anthu omwe ali ongokonzekera kuukira kwa anthu. Ngati kuti sanaphedwe mwamsanga. Mkulu wa ku Iran, anagamula mlandu wotsutsidwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kuukira lamulo ndi kuukira boma.

Kusunga Zochita ndi Kuchiritsa Malingaliro Olakwika

Kuletsa anthu ogwidwa m'nthaŵi ya ugandaganda kumavuta kwambiri. Pansi pa IHL, m'nkhondo ya zida zosachokera ku mayiko ena, ogwidwa ayenera kuchitiridwa mwachifundo ndi kukhala ndi ufulu wozengedwa mlandu. IHRL imaletsanso kumangidwa kodzifunira ndi kuyang'aniranso. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito "kubwezera" – kutumiza ziganizo ku maiko atatu kumene angayang'ane ndi kuzunzidwa – kupitirizabe nkhaŵa yaikulu. Programu ya kutembenuza ndi kutsekera kobisika pambuyo pa 9 / 11 inatsutsidwa popanda lamulo la boma lakwanuliratu. Ngakhale kuti Obama ndi Biden inathetsa ntchito yosungidwa, ntchito zina zochitidwa mosazengedwa. Oukirapo kumbuyoku ku . Osewera kwa zigaŵenga zina zogwira ntchito zankhondo zochitidwa kunja kwa dziko la Siriya ndi kulrakkitsa nkhani zina: Programme ndi akuluakulu a boma a boma a boma a boma ena oletsedwa ndi lamulo.

Kulimbana ndi Uchigaŵenga ndi Kusiyana Malamulo

Cyber A. . . . . . . . . . . imagwira ntchito pa Intaneti. Komabe, vuto lowonjezereka likusokoneza zinthu: kutsimikizira kuti gulu la United Nations kapena boma loyambitsa ntchito ya pa Intaneti nlovuta. Kugwiritsira ntchito kwamphamvu yotetezera intaneti monga kumbuyo kapena kusokoneza zigaŵenga pa Intaneti. Maboma angayankhidwe ngati alimbana ndi anthu odziukira okha. Komabe, vuto lowonjezerekalo likusokoneza zinthu: kutsimikizira kuti gulu linalake kapena boma loyambitsa ntchito ya pa Intaneti n’lovuta. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamphamvu ya za pa Intaneti kungagwirizanitse kapena kusokoneza ulamuliro wa zigawenga wa oyendetsa zinthu zausilika pa Intaneti. Pamene zikuchita zimenezi, zingathe kusokoneza ulamuliro wa boma kumene kuli oyendetsa zinthu. Komabe, oyendetsa za boma apolisi a boma apolisi alephera kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ntchito njira zoyendetsekerera ndi kuwonjezera ntchito kwa zigaŵero zoyendetsekera za magetsi. Koma, pamene zikufunikira kwambiri, pamene zikusintha kwambiri, zigaŵero za magetsi zomveka bwino pa madera za madera za madera za .

Kuyamba Kulimbana ndi Lamulo la Uchigaŵenga

Maboma osiyanasiyana ndi mabungwe a m’madera osiyanasiyana amamasulira ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a mitundu yonse kuletsa upandu m’njira zosiyanasiyana, kusonyeza miyambo yawo yalamulo, nkhaŵa za chisungiko, ndi malo a ndale zadziko.

United States: Ntchito Yosagwirizana ndi Zakale

United States yakhala ndi lingaliro lokulirapo la chiwonjezeko cha chiIslam, al-Qaeda control , ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zotsutsana ndi akanema osakhala a boma. Pambuyo pa 9/11, Msonkhano unavomereza kugwiritsira ntchito kwa gulu lankhondo motsutsana ndi awo okhala ndi thayo (AMF), maulamuliro otsatizana omasulira mokulirapo kuphimba magulu onga ngati Chisilamu, al-Qaeda county, ndi magulu ogwirizana. U. Wachita machitidwe a U. War. War. Wachititsa mapanganowo kaŵirikaŵiri popanda chivomerezo chachinduko cha bungwe la United Nations Council lovomereza. Ngakhale kuti otsogolera akuyamba miyezo ya malamulo ya kuukira ndi kukakamiza kwa maiko ambiri kuti adzifunire "umboni zachindunjikayani" ndipo kuti anthu wamba savulala mwalamulo. Koma, kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuchirikiza ufulu wa dziko lonse ndi kuchirikiza ufulu wa anthu.

Bungwe la European Union: Ankafufuza Ufulu Wachibadwidwe

Maboma a ku Ulaya amagogomezera kwambiri ufulu wa anthu ndi malamulo oletsa ntchito zauchigaŵenga kumaiko akutali. Mchitidwe wa EU' Counter-Trorism Stratery umanena momveka bwino kuti masitepe ayenera kulemekeza ufulu wapamwamba. Mayiko a ku Ulaya amakonda madongosolo osiyanasiyana: amagwira ntchito ku UN, NATO, ndi EU yeniyeniyo. Maboma ambiri a EU ali ndi uyang'anira wosamalitsa wa maluso ndipo amafuna kuvomerezedwa kwa komiti. Mwachitsanzo, UK’SPUS INFRIGUS Act Act, pamene kuli kwakuti bungwe la General Constigational Constigation Councial Act liika malire pa kugawana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito ntchito kwa ma demonsi. Chipani cha Ulaya chikatsimikizira kuti, ngakhale kuti chigamulo cha ulamuliro cha U. Chipani cha U.

United Nations: Chisungiko Chosonkhanitsa ndi Kuyeretsa

Bungwe la Sachitikiti la UN limachita mbali yaikulu m'kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa upandu. Pansi pa mutu VII, Bungwelo lingalole mamembala kugwiritsira ntchito "njira zonse zofunikira" kugonjetsa uchigaŵenga, monga momwe linachitira ndi Chigamulo 2249 (209) ponena za Chitetezo cha Chisilamu. Bungwelo limakhazikitsanso ziletso kwa anthu auchigaŵenga ndi maulamuliro osiyanasiyana kudzera mwa bungwe lake la UN lolimbana ndi maupandu (UN) kulamula kuti mayiko aunjike, ziletse, ndi kuti zida zankhondo ziletso. Ziletso zimenezi zakhala zosulizidwa chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa njira yoyenerera: anthu angandalitsidwe popanda umboni kapena mpata. Bungwe la UN lingachirikizenso mphamvu zachikhalire za bungwe la U. Pankhani ya kuchirikiza njira za UNITEA , mosasamala kanthu ndi kuchirikiza kuyendetsa ntchito kothandiza kwambiri kwa bungwe la UNIGU.

Malamulo a M’tsogolo a Lamulo la Padziko Lonse Polimbana ndi Uchigaŵenga

Pamene uchigawenga ukusintha, malamulo a mayiko ayenera kusintha kuti athe kukonza njira zatsopano zamakono, kusintha kwa kusamvana, ndiponso kuti adziimbe mlandu kwambiri.

Luntha Lopanga Zida Zodzilamulira

Kugwirizanitsa nzeru zosakhala zachikale (IA) m'machitidwe olimbana ndi uchigaŵenga kumadzutsa mafunso aakulu a boma. Madongosolo a zida za kudzilamulira amene angadziŵitse ndi kuloŵerera popanda kulamulira kwa anthu amatsutsa malamulo a IHL a kusiyanitsa ndi kulinganiza. Ngati drane ingadzipangitse anthu odziimira okha, amene ali ndi thayo lakuukira kolakwika? Malamulo apadziko lonse amafuna kuti anthu amene angapange zosankha zawo. Kugwiritsa ntchito AI mu luntha kwa anthu kumayambitsanso kukhala chinsinsi ndi njira yoyenerera, makamaka pamene itsogolera kudziŵikitsa anthu kuti ayambe kuukira kapena kutsekera. Mayiko akupitirizabebe malo alamulo: U. AS. atsutsa chiletso chakupha zida, pamene ambiri akunena kuti UN ikhale pa Msonkhano wa Zida za Zinenero za UCC (C).

Kulimbikitsa Mafomu a Malamulo: Kuŵerengera ndi Kuŵerengera

Chimodzi cha zofunika kwambiri ndi chimveketso chomveka kwambiri. Akatswiri ena aitana pangano latsopano lokhudza ntchito zauchigaŵenga ku mayiko akutali. "osafuna kapena satha" chiphunzitso, ukulu wa lamulo lodzimasulira lokha ndi lokakamiza, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a anthu mowonjezereka ndilo likufuna kuvomerezana koonekeratu. Akatswiri ena aitana kuti pakhale malamulo atsopano ofotokoza upandu ndi kuika malamulo alamulo ogwirizana pa malire a anthu. Ena amatsutsa kuti ngati lamulo lilipo, lomasulira ndi lovomerezedwa bwino, nlokwanira koma kuti liyenera kusungidwa mosasintha. Malamulo a mlanduwo alinso ofooka: kuswa malamulo mwakamodzikamodzi kuchititsa kuti apereke kapena kuchiritsa. Khoti la Apandu la mayiko ambiri (ICC) liyang'anira milandu ya nkhondo ndi kuukira anthu, kuphatikizapo kuukira kochitidwa ndi kuweruza milandu kochitidwa ndi kuweruza milandu kochitidwa ndi kulanda milandu kwa dziko lonse. Oweruza milandu adziko lonse amalimbikitsanso kuchirikiza kuukira lamulo lankhondo ndi kuchirikiza kuyendetsa kwa asilikali.

Zimene Khoti Loona za Upandu Padziko Lonse Limachita

Ntchito ya ICC yolimbana ndi uchigaŵenga njochepa chifukwa chakuti lamulo lake limatchula upandu waukulu wa padziko lonse: kuphana kwa anthu, upandu wa anthu, ndi chiwawa. Zochita zambiri za uchigaŵenga, monga kuphulitsa mabomba omwe mwadala amaukira anthu wamba, zingapange upandu kwa anthu ngati ali mbali ya kuukira kofalikira kapena kolinganiza. ICC yafufuza mamembala a gulu la Lord’s Resistance Army, Boko Harham, ndi Dziko la Islam ku Iraq ndi Syria chifukwa cha milandu yotero. Komabe, khotilo silina ulamuliro pa upandu wa " shism" monga ngati. Mayiko ena alingalira kuti awonjezere upandu ku IS, koma kuti wakhala wovuta kwambiri pa zandale. ICUCRIP ingaperekenso mlandu wa oukira milandu yochitidwa m'malimbana ndi kuphana kwa maupandu, kapena kuzunza kopanda lamulo kwa lamulo kwa dziko lonse. Komabe, kuchirikiza kuukira kwa oweruzawo.

Malamulo apadziko lonse adzapitirizabe kukhala ponse paŵiri okakamiza ndi otsogolera ku kulimbana ndi uchigaŵenga kumaiko akutali. Vuto la maboma ndi la madongosolo aukatswiri omwe ali ogwira ntchito motsutsana ndi uchigaŵenga ndi okhulupirika ku malamulo a ulamuliro, kudziimira, ufulu wa anthu, ndi malamulo a anthu. Monga momwe uchigaŵenga umasinthira, zitsutso zalamulonso ziyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kulimbana nawo. Malamulo odalirika, kuŵerengera mlandu kwamphamvu, ndi kugwirizana kwenikweni kwa mitundu yonse nkofunika kutsimikizira kuti kulimbana ndi uchigaŵenga sikukuchepetsa mapindu enieni amene chimafuna kutetezera.