Kuyamba Kumasulira Kotsatira Lamulo: Kusanthula Akatswiri

Chiphunzitso chachikale chachokera ku mfundo ya malamulo a dziko la America kupita ku likulu la mkangano wa malamulo m'zaka 50 zapitazo. Kalelo njira yotsutsana ndi oweruza ochepa osunga mwambo, tsopano imafuna kuti akatswiri amaphunziro asiyane kwambiri. Mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti, mfundo ya malamulo iyenera kumasuliridwa mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lake loyamba. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza bwino mfundo zomveka bwino zokhudza kuyenerera, kukhazikika, ndi ntchito ya makhoti m’chitaganya cha democracy. Akatswiri a zamalamulo amasiyana kwambiri pa kaya chiphunzitso choyambirira chimapereka mfundo kapena njira yabwino yomasulira mfundo za malamulo. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mfundo zotsogolera pa mfundozo, ipenda mphamvu ndi kulephera kwa njirazo, ndi kuona mmene ntchito zoyambirira za kachitidwe ka zinthu.

Kumvetsa Chiyambi: Pali Zinthu Ziwiri Zofunika Kwambiri

Chiphunzitso choyambirira si chiphunzitso chimodzi, cha liwu limodzi. Akatswiri amasiyanitsa pakati pa mabaibulo aakulu aŵiri: cholinga choyambirira ndi choyambirira kutanthauza kwa anthu [. Cholinga choyambirira chimakhudza zimene olemba malamulowo amakhulupirira kapena zimene akufuna polemba mawuwo. Limeneli linali Baibulo logwirizana kwambiri ndi ochirikiza mbiri yakale monga Attor Negneral Meese ndi Woweruza Robert Bork. Chidziŵitsocho chimaoneka ngati chomveka bwino: ngati tikufuna kudziŵa zimene makonzedwe akutanthauza, tiyenera kuyang'ana kwa amene analembapo.

Komabe, cholinga choyamba chili ndi vuto lodziŵika bwino: kodi timatsimikizira motani motsimikiza kuti anthu ambiri a m’dzikolo ali ndi malingaliro kapena mazana ambiri, amene ambiri sanalembepo kanthu? Ngakhale ngati titakhoza, nchifukwa ninji zolinga za gulu laling'ono la amuna oyera m’zaka za zana la khumi ndi lachisanu ndi chitatu ziyenera kumanga gulu la anthu makumi aŵiri oyambirira? Kutsutsa kumeneku kunasonkhezera akatswiri ambiri oyambirira kuti atenge [[FL:0] tanthauzo lapoyera [, lotchuka kwambiri ndi Woweruza Antonin Scalialia ndi katswiri wa Baibulo Randnet. Pansi pa Baibuloli, womasulirayo saona malingaliro achinsinsi achinsinsi koma tanthauzo la mawu a m'malamulo monga momwe munthu akanawamvetsa bwino.

Mapangano onse aŵiri ali ndi thayo lalikulu: tanthauzo la Konsichushoni limaikidwa panthaŵi ya kuikidwa. Kusintha kwa makhalidwe a kakhalidwe ka anthu, luso la zopangapanga, kapena makhalidwe sikusintha tanthauzo limenelo, ngakhale kuti angayambukire mmene malamulo a m'zochitika zatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, tanthauzo loyamba la Commerce Claus mu 1789 silinayembekezere kuyendetsa malole adziko, koma woyambirira wokhulupirika angagwiritsirebe ntchito mawuwo ku malonda amakono mwa kulingalira kwa lamulo loyambirira.

Mlandu wa Kuyambirira

Kukhazikika ndi Kulosera

Ochirikiza mfundo imeneyi amanena kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chimapereka maziko okhazikika a lamulo lokhudza malamulo. Ngati tanthauzo la Malamulo a boma lakhazikika, oweruza sangakhale omasuka kukonzanso mfundozo mogwirizana ndi zimene munthu aliyense amafuna kapena zandale. Kukhazikika kumeneku kumalimbikitsa kuneneratu: nzika, opanga malamulo, ndi makhoti aang'ono angadziŵe zimene malamulo a boma amafuna. Loya wa boma amene amapanga lamulo pansi pa Commercial Classiale, mwachitsanzo, angafufuze zimene zakhalako m’mbiri mmalo mokanira pa malingaliro a chigamulo chosadziŵika bwino. Motero, chiphunzitso cha m'tchalitchi chimachepetsa ngozi ya kusintha kwamwadzidzidzi kwa malamulo amene angakhazikitse ziyembeke.

Kulamulira Mwachidemokrase

Kuimira boma kwachibadwidwe kumanenanso kuti ndi lamulo la demokrase. Malamulo anavomerezedwa ndi anthu, ndipo angasinthidwe kokha mwa njira yovuta ya kukonza kachitidwe ka Article V. Pamene oweruza asiya tanthauzo loyambirira, amasinthadi Malamulo popanda kuchita zimenezo. Zimenezi, akatswiri atsutsa, kuchepetsa uchifumu wotchuka ndi kuchotsa chifuniro cha anthu ndi cholinga cha oweruza. Mwakumamatira ku tanthauzo la poyamba, makhoti amalemekeza kulinganiza kwa democracy kochitidwa pa Chiyambi. Monga momwe Justice Scalia analembera kaŵirikaŵiri, malamulo a Chilamulo si chikalata chamoyo chimene chimasintha ndi nthaŵi; ndi lamulo, ndipo mofanana ndi lamulo lililonse, tanthauzo lake siliyenera kusintha popanda kusinthidwa mwalamulo.

Kuumirira Nzeru ya Kuweruza

Chigomeko chachitatu chimakhudza mbali yachiweruzo. Kutembenuza mawu oyambirira, ochirikiza ake, amanena kuti, amapereka muyezo wa cholinga umene umafuna kuweruza milandu. Popanda muyezo wotero, oweruza amasiyidwa kudalira pa zikhulupiriro zawo za makhalidwe abwino ndi zandale, kukhala mafumu afilosofi. Mbiri yakale ya tanthauzo lake imakhala ngati kuyang'ana kunja, kukakamiza oweruza kulungamitsa zosankha zawo m’mawu amene nzika iliyonse yolingalira bwino ingawapende. Kuletsa kumeneku kuli kofunika kwambiri m'madera achiwawa monga kuchotsa mimba, ufulu wa mfuti, ndi ulamuliro, kumene malingaliro aumwini angalamulire.

Kugwirizana ndi Ulamuliro wa Chilamulo

Pomalizira, chiphunzitso choyambirira chimanenedwa kukhala chikuchirikiza lamulo. Lamulo limene limatanthauza chinthu chimodzi lerolino ndi china maŵa silili lamulo ayi. Mwakukhazikitsa tanthauzo, chiphunzitso choyambirira chimatsimikizira kuti Konsichushoni idakali lamulo la lamulo mmalo mwa lamulo la oweruza. Ngakhale ngati tanthauzo lake lakale nthaŵi zina limatulutsa zotulukapo za womasulirayo akuona kukhala wosafunika, lamulo limafuna kuti munthu akhulupirire malemba. Mfundo imeneyi imamveka kwambiri ndi akatswiri osunga malamulo, komanso imakopanso anthu ena amasiye amene amadandaula ndi nkhani zachiweruzo.

Zoyambitsa za Kuyambirira

Kusadziŵa Tanthauzo la Mbiri Yakale

Mwinamwake chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndicho kuti kutembenuza zinthu sikungapereke mayankho oletsa. Zolembedwa za mbiri yakale kaŵirikaŵiri n’zosamvetsetseka kapena zosakwanira. Dictionary ya m'ma 1780 ili ndi mafotokozedwe ambiri a mawu aakulu monga "mmerce," "mapanga," kapena "makemikolo ndi zachilendo. Kutsutsana kwa za m'mabungwe kumasonyeza kumvetsetsa kosiyana pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana. Ngakhale tanthauzo lapoyera, limene limadalira pa umboni weniweni, limafuna womasulira kupikisana ndi miagwero yodalirika ndi mmene angapimikire umboni wotsutsana. Monga momwe katswiri wa malamulo a malamulo a dziko [FL:] Ewin Cheinsky CheLctive . [FLT:] Atsutsa, kaŵirikaŵiri akatswiri apeza kuti achilikize coverry-contion kuchirikiza zotsatira za mbiri yakale. Koma satsutsa mfundo yachikidwa ndi mfundo yachiweruzo ya chiganizo.

Vuto la Akufa

Malamulo achiŵiri otsutsa anazikidwa pa "pamanja akufa" akale. Nchifukwa ninji mibadwo yambiri yakufa iyenera kukhala ndi ulamuliro wa kulamulira chitaganya chamakono pa nkhani zimene sanazione? Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti malamulo a boma anavomerezedwa ndi mbali yaing'ono, yosaimira ya anthu . . Oyambirira amayankha kuti Komkishoni yakhala ikusinthidwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti ithetse kusalungama kwake ndi kuti njira yake ya kusintha idakalipo. Koma otsutsa akuona kuti njira yosinthira ya ku America ndi yosayenerera inavuta, imene ikutanthauza kuti kuchirikiza koyambirira sikuli kopanda ulamuliro wa demokrase.

Kusasintha ndi Chitaganya Chosintha

Chiphunzitso cha kuyambirira chaimbidwa mlandu wa kulephera kukwaniritsa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, kusiyanitsa mafuko ndi kusankhana. Kumasulira koyambirira kukanawononga brown v. Board of Education ndi kulingana kulikonse kwakukulu kwa amuna ndi akazi kwa zaka za zana la 20. Kupeŵa zotsatirazi, oyambitsa ena atembenukira ku "kuphatikizapo chiphunzitso choyambirira" kapena "kumasulira koyamba," kutsutsa kuti tanthauzo loyamba la pepala la Chingelezi linali lotakata mokwanira kuphatikizapo mafufuzidwe pambuyo pake. Koma otsutsa Baibulo amanena kuti zimenezi ndizo lakusintha kwa makhalidwe amakono kuti aloŵetse m'ka m'mbiri yakale. Kulimbana pakati pa malamulo apamwamba ndi apamwamba kwa anthu a m'kambira kupitirizabe.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Malamulo Ochirikiza Kulambira

Kufufuza kwa Epipiral kumapereka lingaliro lakuti kuyambirira kumatulutsa zotulukapo zosasintha. M'khoti Lapamwamba, oweruza amene amadzichirikiza okha monga akatswiri oyambirira [1] monga Clarence Thomas ndi malemu Antonin Scalia . adavotera kuletsa ufulu wa kuchotsa mimba, kufutukula ufulu wa mfuti, kuchepetsa mphamvu za boma, ndi kutetezera mawu achipembedzo. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuyambika kwa chipembedzo sikumagwirizana ndi malamulo amwambo (oyamba amachirikiza ufulu wa kulankhula umene anthu amatsutsa), chigwirizanocho n’champhamvu kwambiri kuwonjezera nkhaŵa yakuti chiphunzitso cha m’chilengedwe chili njira yosaloŵererapo mbali zonse za dziko ndi chipangizo chothandizira kupititsa patsogolo zolinga zandale. [FLT:] Katswiri wa zamalamulo . [FLT:] .

Akatswiri a Malamulo a M’nthaŵi Yathuyi ndi Malingaliro Ochititsa Chidwi

Masiku ano, akatswiri a zamalamulo ochepa chabe ndi amene amakhulupirira kuti tanthauzo lenileni la mawu oyambirira liyenera kutsimikizira zimene malamulo a boma anena.

Ziphunzitso za Chiyambi

Randy Barnett , profesa wa lamulo ku Georgetown, ndi mawu otsogolera a zimene akutcha "kuyambira tanthauzo la kuyambika kwa zinthu. Barnett akutsutsa kuti kuyambirira, koyenera, kogwiritsiridwa ntchito bwino, kutetezera munthu aliyense mwa kugawa ufulu wa boma. Iye walemba kwambiri pa Commerce Classione ndi Nigrandment , kupikisana kuti tanthauzo loyamba la zogaŵira zimenezi limafunikira ufulu. Bannet's akusonyeza kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira sichimangika ndi malamulo a chikhalidwe cha anthu; iye watetezera ufulu umodzimodziwo pa maziko oyambirira. Chilungamo china chotchuka ndicho [FLT] Johnnin [FLT] [FF] [FLT] [5] ndi kumadzulo kwa . Chiphunzitsogo choyambirira cha Chiphunzitso cha Chikatolika cha Chikatolika cha Chikatolika (G.C.C.C.I.I.I.

Ochirikiza Ufulu Wawo Wokaikira ndi Utsogoleri Walamulo Wamoyo

Kumbali ina, [[FLT: 0] Erwin Chemerinsky [1] (BELT: 1]) wakhala wosuliza wanthaŵi yaitali wa chiphunzitso choyambirira. Iye akutsutsa kuti Konsichura kuyenera kutembenuzidwa m’kuunika kwa sociatetal ndi kuti kuyambilira, ngati kugwiritsa ntchito mopambanitsa, kungatulutse zotulukapo zimene anthu ambiri a ku America lerolino angapeze kukhala zosavomerezeka mwamakhalidwe. [[FLT:]] Laurence Tribun [[FLT:] [FLT] [FT] [FT: 3] (Harvard]) adatsutsa mofananamo kuti Chiphunzitso choyambirira sichingafotokoze zambiri za machitidwe a Khoti Lapamwamba, kuphatikizapo [FLD] BB [FLD] ndi zikalata za m'mbiri ya mbiri yakale. [wna]

M’madera Apakati Okongola Kwambiri

Akatswiri ambiri ali ndi maziko apakati. Jack Balkin (Yale) motchuka wapereka maziko amene akuwatcha "kukhalira moyo moyo woyambirira" Balkin akunena kuti tanthauzo la Konsichushoni ndi zinthu zina zongopeka osati zenizeni. Tanthauzo loyamba la "kuteteza malamulo," mwachitsanzo, linali lotakata mokwanira kulola makhoti a pambuyo pake kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yatsopano ya tsankho. M’lingaliro limeneli, kuyambirira ndi kukhalira moyo silinasiyane; mmalo mwake, tanthauzo loyamba limapereka maziko a zimene malamulo a boma amachitika. [FLD] [FFFF:3] [FFOD] [FFUR: [FFUT] ndi kutsutsana ndi mbiri yakale ya anthu otsutsa mbiri yakale.

Kuumirira M’kachitidwe ka Khoti Lalikulu

Zigamulo zaposachedwapa za Khoti Lalikulu zapereka kuyambika kwa chiphunzitso kukhala mbali yaikulu m'pangano la malamulo. [FLT] Diformation of Columbia v. Helter (2008]), Chigamulo cha Chilungamo cha Scalia chinadalira kwambiri pa umboni wa mbiri yakale kuti Malamulo achiŵiri amateteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi kunyamula zida za kudzisunga. Malingaliro a Chingelezi, malamulo a boma, makalata oyambirira a boma, makalata a pambuyo pa malingana ndi nkhondo, ndi malamulo ankhondo a heastery. Njira ya Scalia inali yoyambirira, ngakhale kuti otsutsa adalemba mbiri yakale ndi ofala.

Mu . NewFLT :1] State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [2002] , Khoti linaŵirikiza kaŵiri pa kuyambirira, poona kuti malamulo amakono a mfuti ayenera kuonedwa mwa kufanana ndi malamulo a mbiri yakale. Lingaliro la Thomas linalengeza "kulamulira ndi mwambo" zimene zimafuna kuti makhoti aone ngati lamulo lokayikiridwa ndi malamulo a kalelo a mfuti n’logwirizana ndi malamulo a dziko. Kachitidwe kameneka kanatamandidwa ndi anthu oyambirira kukhala kokhulupirika ku tanthauzo loyamba la malamulo ndi kusulizidwa ndi ena kukhala kosachitidwa, kukakamiza kupikisana kwa oweruza m’mbirimbiri kaamba ka kupikisana kwa kukonzekera kwawo.

Chigamulo cha Khotilo mu . Dobbs v. Jackson Akazi ambiri anatsutsa kuti kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba sikunali kozikidwa kwambiri pa mbiri ya dziko lino ndi mwambo wake" ndipo chifukwa chake sakanatha kuonedwa kukhala mbali ya tanthauzo la 145 la malamulo. Malingalirowo anakhudza kwambiri malamulo aupandu kuchokera ku nyengo yopezedwayo.

Nkhani zimenezi zikusonyeza mmene chiphunzitso choyambirira chasinthira kuchokera ku chiphunzitso cha maphunziro ku chiphunzitso chogwira ntchito. Komabe zimavumbulanso mavuto: kufufuza kwa mbiri m'khoti kaŵirikaŵiri kumawononga, kutulutsa, ndi kusagwirizana. Katswiri wa zamalamulo [[FLT: 0] Reva Siegel [1] (] (Yala) adatsutsa kuti mbiri yogwiritsiridwa ntchito mu [[FLT:]] Madobs [ ndi [FLT:] Bruen [FLT:] ndi [FLT] Brugs [5] siingolongosola chabe koma yamangidwa ndi Khoti kulungamitsa malamulo ake. Kutsutsana koyambirira m’kuyesera kutsata kwake: njira yeniyeni yochitira makaniwo, kapena kumangopereka zotulukapo zina?

Kulinganiza Kuyambirira ndi Zida Zina Zomasulira

Polingalira za kuchuluka kwa mkanganowo, akatswiri ambiri a zamalamulo amachirikiza njira ya kuyambika imene imagwiritsira ntchito njira imodzi yomasulira pakati pa ena. Malemba, mbiri, mpangidwe, zotsatirapo, zotsatira zake, ndi kumvetsetsa zonse zili ndi mbali yochitira. Sunstein [I] [Harvard] [i] (I]) (I] Harvard) yatsutsa za "kukonza" kupanga zosankha zapamwamba, ndipo mmalo mwake kugamula nkhani pa maziko a zimene malemba angachitire. M’katswiri woyamba, akupereka mfundo zothandiza koma sayenera kuonedwa monga njira yokha. [FFON:] Madult: [Foctive] Ast [FUT] [FUT] [FUT] (FFUT) [FUT), (omati, woyambirira, adavomereza kuti m'kayi, m'potolensi ya kulongosola kuti: pamene pali mfundo yolakwika.

Mzera wina wa kufufuza ngati kuyambirira kungagwirizane ndi zimene Mitchell Berman (Umboni wa ku Pennsylvania) umatcha "kukhulupirika ku ntchito yalamulo . Pamutu pa ichi, Konsichushoni siingokhala mpambo wa malamulo okhazikika koma ntchito ya moyo ya kudzilamulira. Kumasulira kuyenera kukhala kokhulupirika ku zolinga za ntchito za pansi pa projekiti, ufulu, kulingana ndi tsatanetsatane wa mbiri yakale. Kulingalira kumeneku kumachokera ku ku kugogomezera kwa kulembedwa ndi kutchuka kwa mbiri yakale pamene kukulolanso kusinthiratu kwa nthaŵi.

Zoyesayesa zimenezi za kugwirizanitsa kuyambika ndi njira zina zimasonyeza kuzindikira kwakukulu kwakuti kumasulira kwa lamulo sikungachepetsedwe kukhala njira imodzi. Malamulo ndi chikalata chovuta chimene chimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana: chimakhazikitsa dongosolo la boma, kutetezera zoyenera zazikulu, ndi kulongosola makhalidwe ofunika kwambiri. Womasulira wanzeru adzagwiritsa ntchito magwero ambiri, kuphatikizapo tanthauzo lake loyamba, komanso adzazindikira malire a umboni wa m’mbiri ndi kufunika kwa chiweruzo chamakono.

Tsogolo la Kutsutsana kwa Chiphunzitso Choyambirira

Kutsutsana kwa chiyambi sikumasonyeza zizindikiro za chigamulo. Ngati zilipo, ilo lakhala lotchuka ndi logaŵikana kwambiri. Khoti Lalikulu lamakono, ndi kuchuluka kwa oweruza achiweruzo osunga mwambo amene kaŵirikaŵiri amatchula malingaliro oyambirira, lapanga kuyambirira kukhala njira yaikulu m'mbali zingapo za lamulo. Zimenezi zachititsa kukayikira kowonjezereka kwa akatswiri ofufuza ngati chiphunzitso choyambirira, monga momwe chikuchitiradi, nchowona mtima ndipo kaya chimatumikira kukambitsirana kwa democracy.

Akatswiri ena, monga ngati Joshua Kleinfeld [1] (kumadzulo kwa madzulo), adatsutsa kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chinkasumika maganizo pa tanthauzo la mbiri yakale pa mafunso ofunika kwambiri okhudza chilungamo ndi ulamuliro wabwino. Iye akunena kuti malamulo a Mulungu amamveka bwino kwambiri pokambirana zandale, osati monga gwero la mayankho okhazikika. Ena, monga Rhard Primis , asonyeza kuti kubuka kwa chiyambi ndi chinthu cha mbiri yakale chomwe, makamaka, zoyesayesa za lamulo zotsutsa khoti la ku Warrenism. Pribus, monga momwe lamulo likunenera, tanthauzo lake lotsimikizirika pa nthaŵi yake yosadziŵika bwino, sili kukwaniritsidwa.

Kumbali ina, akatswiri a maphunziro a zachiyambi akhala otsogola kwambiri m'njira zawo za mbiri yakale ndipo ali ofunitsitsa kwambiri kuchita ndi umboni wolembedwa. Malamulo ndi ma brom ndi Originalist Blog yochititsa kutsutsana kwa nthaŵi zonse pa tanthauzo la poyamba. Kukambitsiranako kulibe zizindikiro za kutha kwa malamulo.

Kwa anthu ambiri, kutsutsana kwa chiyambi n’kokhudza nkhani chifukwa chakuti imakhudza tanthauzo la malamulo pankhani za moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku . Nthano za akatswiri a zamalamulo zokhudza ufulu wa anthu a mfuti, ufulu wobereka, mphamvu ya boma, ufulu wachipembedzo, ndi ufulu wosankha. Kumvetsa mphamvu ndi zofooka za kuyambika sikuli kokha maphunziro a maphunziro; nkofunika kuti munthu akhale ndi unzika wodziŵa bwino ndi kuti amvetsetse mfundo za kuikidwa kwa achiweruzo. Akatswiri a zamalamulo aona za mphamvu ya chiphunzitso choyambirira cha m'zotsatirabe pamene nkhani zatsopano za mbiri yakale zikubuka, pamene Khoti Lapamwamba likambirana zosankha zatsopano, ndipo pamene dziko likulimbana ndi mavuto atsopano a lamulo.

Kumaliza

Chiphunzitso choyambirira chatsimikizira kukhala chiphunzitso chotsimikizirika ndi chosonkhezera cha kumasulira kwa lamulo. Chigogomezero chake pa malemba, mbiri, ndi kuikidwa kwa democracy chapambana ambiri, kuphatikizapo ena kumanzere. Komabe osuliza ake asonyeza mokhutiritsa kuti kuyambirira sikungapereke chitsimikiziro chenicheni ndi kuti zotulukapo zake kaŵirikaŵiri zimagwirizana ndi ndale zosinthasintha m’njira zimene zimadzutsa mafunso ovutitsa maganizo ponena za kusaloŵerera m'zalamulo. Ntchito yaukatswiri yamakono imavomereza kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chimapereka chidziŵitso chofunika kwambiri cha pa lemba la Malamulo ndi njira ya democracy yomwe imatulutsa. Njira yolinganizika imene imagwiritsira ntchito tanthauzo loyamba monga chitsogozo, osati chomangira, ingapereke njira yothandiza kwambiri kutsogolera kaamba kalamulo m’chitaganya.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, onani [[FLT: 0] Randy Barnett, "Original ndi Lamulo la Chilamulo" [1]; ; Jaliam Baude, "Origialism ndi Mbiri" ; [[FLT:] Erwin Chemernsky, "Kulimba kwa Uyamba" [1]; ndi [[FLT:] Jakini, "Chisinthiko".