Lingaliro Loyambirira la Chilango cha Imfa ndi Chilungamo cha Upandu

Mkangano wa chilango cha imfa ndi dongosolo la milandu yopatsirana kaŵirikaŵiri umazikidwa pa kumasulira kwa lamulo. Pakati pa madongosolo otchuka kwambiri pali kuyambirira kwa , nthanthi imene imalimbikira kuŵerenga Malamulo mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lake loyambirira la anthu panthaŵi ya kutchuka. Olemba oyambirira, kukhulupirika ku malemba olingaliridwa ndi mbadwo wogwirizana ndi lamulo, kumapereka bata, kutsimikizirika, ndi kuyenerera kwa democracy. Malingaliro ameneŵa amapanga mmene oweruza, akatswiri, ndi opanga malamulo amapendera chilango cha imfa, ndi ufulu wa kulinganiza kwa kalembedwe kamodzi. Kumvetsetsa kwa poyamba kumafuna kuyang'ana pafupi ndi nkhani za m'mbiri, kupenda malemba, ndi kusandulika kwa chiphunzitso chachikidwa kwa mwambo — pamene akutsutsa kukonzanso kolinganiza kwa malamulo amakono ndi tanthauzo la ufulu wa malamulo a bungwe la bungwe la malamulo.

Kodi Kusimbira Kuyamba Nchiyani?

Chiphunzitso choyambirira si sukulu ya mtundu umodzi; chimaphatikizapo zingwe zingapo. Matembenuzidwe oyambirira, cholinga choyambirira , pofuna kudziŵa zimene maFramers amakhulupirira paokha ponena za kakonzedwe ka malamulo a boma. Lerolino, kusintha kwakukulu ndi [[FLT:] koyambirira] tanthauzo la anthu [, lotchuka ndi Jasitisitian Anton Scalia ndi ena. Njira imeneyi imafunsa kuti munthu wolingalira pa nthaŵi ya kukhazikitsidwa kuyenera kukanakhala atamvetsa mawu. Kutembenuza kumaphatikizaponso njira zoyambirira [[FLT:], zimene zimapenda mmene chinenero chalamulo ndi kumasulira ziphunzitso zinakhalira. Kusintha konse kuyenera kugawana: kugawana ndi kuweruza kwawo.

Maziko a chiphunzitso choyambirira ali kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri monga kulabadira ufulu waukulu wa Warren ndi Burger Courts. Akatswiri onga Robert Bork, Raoul Berger, ndi pambuyo pake Randy Barnett ndi Gary Lawson fradict conformation. Pamene kuli kwakuti Chiphunzitso choyambirira chasonkhezera Supreme Court jurisprudence m'madera onga ngati Second Const Amendment ([FLL: 0]] Diority of Columbia v. Heller , 2008) ndi Commaskonsonetic Claus ([FLT:] United States v [FLT], 1995, kufotokoza kwake kuweruza kwaupandu kwaupandu kwaupandu. — Chilango chake chikhometso cha mpikisano chachikulu. — Helmer [FLT:], 2008] ndi Cooperation [7] United States]

Kuyamba Kulankhula ndi Kukonzanso Zinthu kwa M’mbuyo kwa Malamulo Kusanu ndi Kutatu

Chikalata cha Eighth Amendment chimanena kuti: “Pa belo la m'mbiri silidzafunikira, kapena kulipiritsidwa, kapena kuperekedwa kwa malipo opambanitsa, kapena chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo choperekedwa.” Olemba mawu oyambirira akutsutsa kuti tanthauzo la “udindo ndi mwachilendo" linaikidwa panthaŵi ya kuikidwa (1791 kaamba ka Bill of Rights). Chilango chachikulu cha mbiri yakale chinali chakuti chilango cha imfa chinali chogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi kuchitidwa m'nyengo yokha. Kuswa kunaperekedwa chifukwa cha kupha, kupandukira boma, ngakhale — ngakhale — m’manenedwe ena — kuba kapena kupeka. Mafamewo anatsutsa kuyenerera kwa kuphedwa (g., ndi kutentha, kutentha, kuimbidwa kwa chiwopsezo.) sikunatengapo kanthu za mphamvu za moyo. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kuphedwa kwapo, kapena kuchitidwa mwachipando.

Mbiri Yake

Zidutswa zingapo za umboni zimachirikiza kuŵerengera koyambirira kumeneku. Choyamba, Congress yoyamba, yomwe inafuna kuti Bill of Rights apereke chilango cha imfa pa milandu ina ya boma mu Chilamulo cha Crimes cha 1790. Chachiŵiri, malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a nyengoyo analola kuphedwa mwachimodzimodzi. Chachitatu, mawu akuti “kapena ndi kamodzi mwachilendo" anabwerekedwa ku Bill of Rights of Origin, [Anthories], kumene analetsa chilango chosaloledwa ndi lamulo kapena choletsedwa ndi mlanduwo — osati kuletsa kupha. Motero omasulira mawu amwambo anagamula kuti Kusintha kwa Eight Reformation kunali ndi cholinga cha njira zaundulu (motentha kapena kujambula ndi kujambula) ndi chilango, ndi kusachotsa chilango cha imfa pachaka chilichonse.

“ Miyezo Yosintha ya Kunama” Chiphunzitso

Otsalira mwambo amatsutsa mwamphamvu [[FLT: 0] ndi kugwiritsira ntchito miyezo yaulemu kuyesa kumene Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza Trop v. Dulles (1958]) ndipo linagwiritsa ntchito m'zotsatira za imfa monga [[FLT:] Furman. v [FLT]] [b_5] [6] [7] [62]. Malinga ndi kuyesa kumeneku, masinthidwe a Leendmend Reformation pamene miyezo ya makhalidwe ya anthu ikukula. Chilungamo chinanyoza motchuka monga “chiyeso cha [ma]. M’maganizake ya imfa yake [FL:] [FLD] [F2] [200] [F2] [52]

Malingaliro a Oyambirira Kuyamba pa Kulangidwa kwa Imfa

Poona umboni wa m'mbiri, akatswiri ambiri odziŵa za chiyambi ndi oweruza amalandira kuyenera kwa lamulo la chilango cha imfa. Komabe, iwo savomereza kwenikweni kugwira ntchito kwake m'nkhani zonse. Olemba Chingelezi amasiyanitsa pakati pa kulimba kwa chilango cha lamulo [ ndi chitetezo chachikale [[FLT:] [malamulo] oyenera kukwaniritsa tanthauzo loyambirira la njira yoyenerera ndi chitetezo chofanana. Mfundo yaikulu njaikulu: chifukwa chakuti malembo a Malembo ndi luntha loyamba silimaletsa kuphedwa chifukwa cha milandu yaikulu, nthambi zandale — Nyumba za malamulo — ali ndi ulamuliro wochivomereza, kungofunikira kukwaniritsa kukwaniritsa malire a Bill Ufulu.

Zopereka za Woweruza Scalia

Malingaliro a Justice Scalia amapereka kumveka kwa kutsutsa kwa chiphunzitso choyambirira ponena za chilango cha imfa. Kansas v. Marsh (2006], analemba kuti Severance “siletsa chilango cha imfa kwa ambanda" ndipo anatsutsa khotilo chifukwa cha kulisamalira monga“ nkhani ya makhalidwe abwino a oweruza. Mu Ring v. Arizona . [FLT: 3] [2002], Scalia anavomereza kuti lamulo la Chilango la Chilango cha Chilango chifunikire kupeza oweruza milandu okhoza kutetezera imfa — akukulitsa chitetezero cha malikulu. Mlango chake choyambirira kuchirikiza kuweruza mlandu wake.

Chilungamo cha Tomasi ndi Kusanduka kwa Chiphunzitso Choyambirira

Chiweruzo Clarence Thomas wapereka kumasulira kokulira kwa ofufuza. Graham v. Florida (2010), adatsutsa kuchokera ku kukhala ndi moyo kwa ambiri kwa achichepere opanda mapareshoni m'nkhani zosakhala 76homicide ndi kulephera. Thomas anatsutsa kuti chilango chokhacho cha “makwapulo ndi chachilendo” ndicho chimene chinalingaliridwa kwambiri mu 1791. Popeza kuti achinyamata anapangidwa (ndipo kumangidwa) panthaŵi imeneyo, mphamvu ya boma yoika moyo popanda chigamulo cha mbiri yakale. Momwemonso, mu [FLT:] Buckle. [FFLT] v [FFFFLT] [9] [9], ndi kutsutsa kuphedwa kwa ambiri a Golegle, anatsutsa kutsutsa kuukira kuukira (Goleti).

Chichirikizo cha Kufa kwa Imfa Yochokera ku Lens Wachiyambi

  • [[MLT:0] Kupitiriza: Kuweruza kwakhala mbali yokhazikika ya jurispruudensi ya ku America kuyambira kumbuyo kwa Malamulo. Mahatifisi sakanawona kuchotsedwa kukhala chiyeneretso cha lamulo.
  • Chifalikani: Mpambo wa Azilamu wa Ehend sumagwira ntchito ku maikowo kupyolera mwa Kusintha kwa 14, koma olemba oyambirira kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa kuti chiphunzitso cha kuyambitsa chiyenera kukhala ndi malire. Oyambirira ambiri amakhulupirira kuti amalamulira ufulu waukulu wa kulongosola upandu ndi chilango pokhapo ngati ufulu wachindunji waswedwa.
  • Ndi malembo: Mawu akuti “kulankhula ndi kwachilendo” alibe mawu onga“ kusanthula” kapena “makono. Olemba mawu oyambirira amakana kupangidwa kwa malamulo atsopano.
  • Upo wa democratic: Ngati anthu akufuna kumaliza chilango cha imfa, iwo angakakamize opanga malamulo awo. Makhoti sayenera kupeputsa njira ya ndale zadziko.

Kutsutsidwa ndi Anthu Ena

Malingaliro a kuyambiriro amayang'anizana ndi zitokoso zazikulu kuchokera kwa akatswiri ndi oweruza. “Amoyo a bungwe la malamulo a chitaganya” akutsutsa kuti opanga malamulowo ayembekezera kuti Malamulowo atembenuzidwe m’kulingalira za mikhalidwe yosintha. Ena amatchula za kutchula kwa Eighth Amendment ku“ mwachibadwa": chilango chingakhale chachilendo pamene chitaganya chisiya. Ena amagogomezera ngozi yakupha anthu opanda liwongo — nkhaŵa imene inali yocheperapo m’zaka za zana la 18 koma tsopano ikuchirikizidwa ndi kupenda ndi kupenda kopeka konga kochitidwa ndi ADNA: [M], osuliza amatsutsa kuti kudalira kwa chiyambi kwa machitachita zopanda chilungamo kumbuyo ka ufuko. [FLD: 0] Chikhoterero chaungwe chamakono chikanetsende, chopanda chikhotereretso choyambirira cha kutsutsana ndi chosiyana ndi chosiyana ndi cholakwika. [masulira choyambirira]

Anthu Oyambirira Kuona Chilungamo cha Apandu Kuposa Pachilango cha Imfa

Kufika kwake ku njira ya upandu, zoyenera za woimbidwa mlandu, ndi ulamuliro wa boma kwatulutsa masomphenya apadera a chilungamo — amene amasunga chidziŵitso cha m’mbiri cha mchitidwe woyenerera, kuzenga mlandu wa ajuli, ndi mphamvu za boma.

Zoyenera Kuchita ndi Zokhudza Ufulu Woyenera

Olemba nkhani za m'Chilamulo amagogomezera kuti A Cends Procesme of the Findments yachisanu ndi 14th ayenera kumasulira ndi diso ku tanthauzo lake loyamba. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimatsogolera ku ukulu wochepa wa njira yofunikira yoikidwiratu — lingaliro lakuti Claus amatetezera ufulu wina wofunika wosatchulidwa m'Bungwe la Malamulo. Kwa ozengedwa mlandu, zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti ufulu (kulimbana, uphungu, ndi zinanso) ndizo chitetezo chachikulu. Oyambirira amakayikira ufulu wopangidwa monga “wotchedwa kukhala wopanda liŵongo" monga lamulo la lamulo lalamulo (siali m’malemba) kapena malamulo osakhalapo m’malemba. Oweruzawo sakana kutsutsa njira yoyambirira. Oweruzawo. Koma amatsutsa njira za lamulo la lamulolo. Oweruza m’zotsatira m’malemba la mbiri yakale, amatsutsa njirayi. Koma amatsutsa njira zomveka za kulongosola kuti, “Scialcia. [F.]

Kusintha kwa Kachinayi: Kufunafuna Tanthauzo Loyambirira

Pankhani ya kufufuza ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, kuyambirira kwachititsa mkangano wonena za tanthauzo la “kusalingalira. . Woweruza Scalia lingaliro la anthu ambiri mu [[FLT: 0] Khaldlo v. United States (2001] adanena kuti kugwiritsira ntchito chithunzi chotentha cha m'nyumba kunali kufunafuna chifukwa chakuti anthu analoŵa m’malo amene anthu akuwalingalira kukhala achinsinsi. Motero, m'mayesedwe a United States v. Jones] (2022), Scalia analemba za Khoti limene limagwirizanitsa galimoto ndi galimoto kuti likhale chiweruzo chakuthupi — “kufunafuna pansi pa katundu womangika. Motero, kaŵirikaŵiri amakana kuyembekezera kuyesa kwachinsinsi kwa [FLT:] [KT]. [4]

Ufulu Wosankha Anthu Oti Aziwaona

Okhulupirira zinthu zoyambirira akhala othandiza kwambiri kubwezeretsa Bhassion Claus. Lingaliro la Woweruza Scalia mu Crawford v. Washington (2004) (kuyesa kodalirika koyamba) ndi njira ya mbiri: mawu otsimikizira ndi mboni zopanda umboni n’zosadziŵika ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo sanapezedwe. [Mu FLD2] Appredi. M'malo mwake, chosankhachi chinasintha kwambiri kuyesa kwa upandu ndipo chinavomerezedwa ndi kuyambitsa kwa kumvetsetsa. Momwemonso, kuyenera kwa kuweruza koweruza pansi pa Kukonza Komphonso Sikisi kwakhala koyambirira kwalimbikitsidwa ndi kugamula koyambirira. [FLD] Appredi. [FFF] [2] [2]

Mavuto Apanthaŵi Ino: Kusiyana Mafuko ndi Kusagwirizana kwa Fuko

Kukhulupirira zinthu zoyambirira sikumangokhala chete pa nkhani zazikulu kwambiri za chiweruzo chamakono cha upandu. Kumangidwa kwa mbanda — United States iri ndi mlingo wapamwamba koposa wa kuikidwa m'ndende m'dziko lotukuka — kumadzutsa mafunso ponena za kulinganiza ndi ukulu wa lamulo la boma laupandu. Akatswiri a m'Chikomyunizimu onga Randy Barnett ochirikiza “maulamuliro oyambitsidwanso", akumatsutsa kuti malamulo ambiri a boma a mankhwala ndi mfuti amaposa ulamuliro wa Congress Commercinec, mwachitsanzo, Congress angalamulitse malonda apakati pa kampani ya zachigamu , osati kokha ntchito zokhala ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Zimenezi zingachepetse kwambiri chiŵerengero cha akaidi a boma. Komabe, maboma angasungebe mphamvu yofala ya kuchita zaupandu, zimene zingayambukire ziŵerengero zonse.

Kusankhana Mafuko ndi Kuyamba Kwake

Kusiyana kwa mafuko m'kumangidwa, kuweruza, ndi kupha kaŵirikaŵiri kumagogomezeredwa ndi osuliza a dongosolo la chiweruzo chaupandu. Olemba nkhani za m'malemba akuvomereza kuti Kutetezera kwa 144th Experimence inalingaliridwa poyamba kuletsa kusankhana kwaufuko, koma iwo akugawana pa kaya ngati kuphatikizapo “chiyambukiro cha kugaŵidwa.. Thomas, mu [Gract] v. Bollinger [[200] [200] [malamulo] [malamulo] ndi zochitika zina, atsutsa kuti tanthauzo loyambirira la Chitetezero cha Claus ndilo liri lamulo la [FLT:] lochititsa khungu la kulakwa kwa chiwero chachinduko, lomwe silikutsutsa lamulo launyiri lolakwika launyiri la m'mitundu yambiri. Otsutsa chikhoterero cha kutsutsa lamulo launyiri, lomwe limapangitsa kutsutsa kutsutsa kwake, kwenikweni kutsutsa kwake kutsutsa lamulo launyikitsa kwaunyikitsa kwaunyiri.

Ubwino Wochita Zinthu

Lingaliro loyamba lonena za kulinganiza nlovuta. Mpambo wa Elearth Rempumesion imaletsa “mafailo a m'zipembedzo” ndi“ chilango chachilendo,” koma olemba Baibulo amatsutsa ngati kumafuna kulinganiza kwakukulu pakati pa upandu ndi chilango kwa osakhala apambuyo ndi milandu. Zosankha zaposachedwapa za Khoti Lalikulu zaposachedwapa mu [FLD]]. Florida ndi [FLT] Miller v. [FLT] [FLT] [3] [20] (20)] — zimene zinalozera moyo wopanda pa zigamu zachiyambi — zinagamulo pa maziko osayamba. Zokhazokha. Zotsutsa zokhalapo. Zotsutsa zake zopanda kuchuluka kwa anthu. Zowonading'onong'onong’onozo zina zinatero, kutsutsa kuti Khoti yake inali lingaliro lake lakale.

Kuyamba Kulankhula: Nkhani Zazikulu

  • . Georgia "[FLT]-1972] Khoti Lalikulu linalengeza chilango cha imfa monga momwe linaperekera phungu (5764). Woweruza William Brennan ndi Thir Parace anatsutsa kuswa miyezo yosintha; Woweruza Scalia anatsutsa pambuyo pake chotulukapo monga wosakhala wa chiyambi. Oyambirira ambiri amawona Furman kukhala wolakwa.
  • . Gregb v. Georgia[FLT :] Khoti linasunga malamulo otsogozedwa יהוdicttion, kubwezeretsa chilango cha imfa. Lingaliro la Woweruza Stewart linagogomezera kuti chilango cha imfa sichinali chilango cha imfa pa chigawo chimodzi — chotulukapo choyambirira, ngakhale kuti iwo angasunge kulingalira kwake monga kulolera molakwa mmalo mwa kupenda koyera kwachiyambi.
  • .[FLT .1] Ring v . Arizona (2002]: Khoti linafuna kuti majaji apeze mfundo zomveka. Woweruza Scalia anavomereza, kupanga mfundo yoyambirira yozikidwa pa Malamulo a Sixth Constemplete. Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza mmene chiphunzitso choyambirira chingatetezere ufulu wa oimbidwa.
  • [FLT .[FLT] Bucklew v. Precythe [1] (2029): Khoti linakana njira yotsutsa. Woweruza Gor "Kulingalira kofananako anagwiritsira ntchito kukambitsirana kwa woyambirira ponena za kufunika kwa kusonyeza njira zina zothekera ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mbiri ya njira yakutiyakuti yophera munthu.

Kumaliza: Chisonkhezero Chokhalitsa cha Kuyamba Kuphunzitsa Zoyambirira

Chiphunzitso choyambirira chikupitiriza kuumba mkangano wa chiweruzo cha upandu ku United States. Kuumirira kwake pa malemba, mbiri, ndi democracy kumatsutsana mwamphamvu ndi lingaliro la “Malamulo amoyo.” Pa chilango cha imfa, akatswiri oyambirira samapeza chopinga chalamulo, komanso amatetezera kumbuyo kumene kumalemekeza tanthauzo la mlandu ndi njira zoyenerera. Pankhani za upandu zazikulu, kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma ndi kukonzanso ziŵiya — monga momwe kumavutikira kufotokoza za utundu ndi kutsendereza popanda kukopa malamulo. Kulimbana pakati pa kukhazikitsa kutsendekera ndi kulamula kwa chilungamo kumakhala kosagonjetsedwa. Komabe, malingaliro oyambawo amapatsa ziŵiya zofunika m'maunansiwo ponena za zimene malamulowo, ndi zimene amawononga anthu.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, onani Demendment yachisanu ndi chitatu pa National Constitution Center ; lingaliro la Woweruza Scalia mu Kansas v. Marsh; ndi kusanthula kwa mbiri mu John Stinneford, “Tanthanthi Yoyambirira ya ‘ Utual’s [1]. .