Mbali Yofunika Kwambiri ya Maboma Akumaloko Pochitapo Kanthu Mofulumira

Maboma a m’dziko ndi maziko a kuyankha kwa mwamsanga ku United States. Ndiwo oyamba kufika, oyamba kupenda kuwonongeka, ndipo oyamba kuyamba ntchito zopulumutsa ndi kupereka chithandizo. Mphamvu zawo ndi mathayo sizimangodalira pa mfundo za boma chabe . Iwo amazika kwambiri ntchito yoteteza anthu, kuonetsetsa kuti anthu azikhala mwadongosolo, ndi kuonetsetsa kuti atha kupirira. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma ndi mabungwe a boma monga [FLD:0] FMA amapereka thandizo lofunika, ndi akuluakulu a boma, mabwana a mzinda, mabwana a zamwambo, mabwana a zamwambo, ndi mabwana a zadziwirira. Kuzindikira mmene ntchito imeneyi ikukhudzira moyo ndi katundu wa anthu onse, kukonzekera, kapena kutsogolera anthu.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokozanso za makampani a boma amene amathandiza kuti anthu adziwike kuti zinthu ziwayendere bwino komanso kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ntchito.

Maziko: Ntchito Zokhudza Kusamalira Zinthu Zoopsa za M’deralo

Kuyang'anira zadzidzidzi ndi njira yapadera imene imaphatikizapo mbali zinayi: kukonzekera, kuvomereza, ndi kuchira. Maboma a m'malo a dziko ali ndi thayo la kuswa mbali zonse zinayi m'maiko awo. Malo awo apadera ndi anthu ndi malo akuthupi . Amalola kuti zitsogozo za dziko ndi boma zigwirizane ndi mikhalidwe ya kumaloko, chiŵerengero cha anthu, ndi ngozi.

Kulinganiza ndi Kuyesa Koopsa

Boma lililonse la kumaloko liyenera kulinganiza madongosolo owonjezereka a ngozi (EOP) zimene zimadziŵikitsa ngozi zothekera , ngozi zaluso, ngozi zaumoyo wa anthu onse, ndi ziwopsezo za chisungiko. Izi zimalinganiza ntchito, mathayo, zopanga zinthu, ndi njira zopimira. Kulinganiza kumaphatikizaponso kulinganiza mayeso owopsa (HV) kulinganiza maupandu ndi kugaŵira zinthu zofunikira mogwirizana ndi. Mwachitsanzo, anthu a m’mphepete mwa nyanja amayang'ana kukonzekera mphepo yamkuntho, pamene madera akumidzi, madzi, kapena zivomezi. [[FLT: 0] Kulinganiza kwa kapangidwe kapangidwe ka dziko koyambirira kamene mapulani a kumaloko azoloŵera.

Kuphunzitsa ndi Kuchita Masewera Olimbitsa Thupi

Makonzedwewa amapindulitsa kokha ngati achitidwa. Maboma akupanga maseŵero olimbitsa thupi ndi opita pamwamba pa tebulo kwa opereka chivomerezo choyamba, ntchito za anthu onse, madipatimenti a zaumoyo, ndi madongosolo a sukulu. Kuyeseza zimenezi kuyesa malamulo a kulankhulana, kupanga zosankha pansi pa chitsenderezo, ndi kugwirizana. The Homeland Security Execsion Specience ndi Program (HEATP) imapereka njira zophunzirira zoyenerera. Popanda kuzoloŵera, nthaŵi zochitira zinthu ndi kugwirizana zimasweka pansi pa kupsinjika kwenikweni.

Kulankhulana kwa Onse ndi Machenjezo

Pa nthawi ya ngozi, yomveka bwino, ya panthaŵi yake, ndi yolondola, ingathe kupulumutsa miyoyo. Maboma a m'derali amagwiritsa ntchito Emergency Alert Systems (EAS), Zenizeni za Mafoni a Lemeter Emergency (WEA), kubwerera kumbuyo kwa 911, njira zolankhulira za anthu, ndi kusindikiza mawu achidule. Ayenera kuyang'anira mphekesera ndi mawu olakwika popereka malangizo odalirika, malangizo otetezera, malo obisalira, malo osungiramo madzi. Integrated Public Alert and Ridget Sy System (IPAWS) ndi njira yaikulu imene madera ambiri alandira.

Kugwirizana ndi Boma ndi Maboma

Maboma akomweko samagwira ntchito modzipatula. Amasonkhezera malo angozi (EOCs) ndi kugwirizanitsa ndi mabungwe oyang'anira zangozi a boma pansi pa National Incident Management Management System (NIMS). Pakali masoka aakulu, iwo angapemphe thandizo la boma, ndiyeno boma kupyolera mwa lamulo la Stafford Act. Dongosolo la oimba limeneli limatsimikizira kuti malowo afunikira kudziŵa boma ndi kuyankha kwa boma, koma limafunanso akuluakulu a boma kuti akhale akatswiri a misewu ya zoyendera zoyendera.

Mphamvu Zamwamsanga: Ulamuliro wa Malamulo ndi Ukulu wa Ntchito

Maulamuliro ameneŵa amafotokozedwa mwa kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo, malamulo a kumaloko, ndipo nthaŵi zina malamulo a akuluakulu.

Chilengezo cha Boma la Ngozi

Chilengezo cha kumaloko ndicho kutsegulira zinthu zina ndi maulamuliro alamulo. Chilengezocho chingaperekedwe ndi meya, mkulu wa boma, kapena bungwe la boma. Chigamulocho chimaloleza boma kunyalanyaza malamulo achibadwa, antchito otsogolera ochokera ku madipatimenti ena, kusonkhezera mapangano a chithandizo, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a ngozi. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa mliri wa COVID-19, zikalata za kumaloko zinatheketsa kutseka mabizinesi apamwamba, malamulo a maopsezo, ndi ziletso za ulendo.

Malamulo Ochotsa

Malamulo opulumutsira anthu ali pakati pa maulamuliro aakulu kwambiri amene boma lakumaloko lingawagwiritsire ntchito. Amakakamiza nzika za dzikolo kuti zisiye madera oyandikirawo kuti zipeŵe ngozi ya moto, mphepo zamkuntho, kukhetsa madzi, kapena kusefukira kwa madzi. Pamene kuli kwakuti anthu angatsutse malamulo amenewo mwalamulo, makhoti ambiri awachirikiza pansi pa chiphunzitso cha mphamvu ya boma mphamvu yachibadwa yochitirapo kanthu kaamba ka chitetezo cha anthu. Kutulutsa kothandiza kumafuna njira zapatsira anthu ovutika, ndi makonzedwe a za kuyang'anira malo otetezedwa.

Kupeza Malo Opangira Zinthu ndi Kulinganiza

Pamavuto, maboma angalamulire zinthu . Kuphatikizapo katundu wa anthu a m’maderawo, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zofunika za anthu. Izi zingaphatikizepo kupempha zipinda za m'hotela kwa anthu oyamba olandira chithandizo cha mankhwala, kapena kutumiza chakudya ndi madzi. Malamulo amasiyanasiyana malinga ndi boma, koma ndalama zolipiridwa zimafunika. Mkati mwa Mkuntho Katrina, kulephera kwa akuluakulu a boma kugula zinthu mofulumira kuchititsa kuvutika; kusintha kotsatira kukonza njira zimenezi.

Kusintha Ntchito Zochita Poyera

Maboma a boma angakhazikitse nthawi yofikira panyumba, kukhazikitsa macheza, kuletsa kugulitsa moŵa, ndi kuonetsetsa kuti anthu azikhala okha. Zimenezi n’zofunika kuti anthu asamatengere anzawo katundu, asamatengere matenda, ndiponso kuti achepetse dongosolo la boma. Pa nthawi ya madera 2020 a California, madeti a madzulo amathandiza kuteteza zinthu zimene zachotsedwa. Mliri wa CHOVID ndi19, malamulo a zaumoyo a m'malo ogona ndi sukulu omwe sapezeka kaŵirikaŵiri m’khoti koma amatsutsidwa kwambiri monga njira zoyenerera zaumoyo wa anthu onse.

Kumanga Intaneti Yoyankha Mwaluso

Boma la m’dzikolo silingathe kuyang’anira vuto lalikulu lokha.

Maboma

Mabungwe oyang'anira zangozi a boma amapereka chithandizo cha boma, antchito, ndi ndalama ku mayiko akwawo. Zimathandizanso monga njira yothandizira boma. Kugwirizanitsa dziko ndi boma kumachitika kudzera ku State Emergency Operations Center (SEOC) ndi kudzera m'makalata othandizana monga Emergency Management Active Confict Compation (EMAC). Maboma angatumiza asilikali a National Guard, kupereka chitetezo cha ndege ku nkhondo yolimbana ndi moto, ndi kupereka luso la zofufuza ndi kupulumutsa.

Maboma

FEMA imatsogolera kuyankha kwa boma, koma mabungwe ena amachitanso mbali zazikulu: CDC ya zaumoyo wa anthu onse, EPA kaamba ka zinthu zowopsa, Gulu la Anjinia kuti alamulire chigumula, ndi HHS kuti apereke mapempho alamulo a chithandizo cha boma, kaŵirikaŵiri kugwiritsira ntchito programu ya FEMA's Public Translation kusungitsa zinyalala, njira zotetezera zamwadzidzidzi, ndi kukonzanso malo a anthu. Njirayi njovuta, ikufuna mapepala apamwamba ndi kutsata malamulo a boma.

Magulu Osafuna Kupeza Zochita ndi Odzifunira

Magulu onga American Red Cross, The Salvation Army, ndi magulu a chikhulupiriro a kumaloko amapereka pobisalira, chakudya, uphungu, ndi kugwirizana kwaufulu. Nthaŵi zambiri amadzaza mipata imene chuma cha boma sichingakwane. National Observatory Organizations Police in Disaster (VOAD) imagwirizanitsa mgwirizano umenewu. Maboma a kumaloko ayenera kukhazikitsa mabwenzi ameneŵa ndi kuwaphatikiza m'zolinganiza.

Anzawo a Mpatuko Wamseri

Mabizinesi ali ndi njira zosuliza, njira zolankhulirana, ndi luso loperekera zinthu. Maboma a m’malowo angagwirizane ndi zipangizo zothandizira kubwezeretsa mphamvu mofulumira, ndi ogulitsa kugaŵira zinthu, ndipo ndi ogulitsa zinthu za telecom kuti asunge ntchito ya maselo. Oyang'anira za Chigwirizano (PSLO) akhala ndi mbali yaikulu mu EOCs. Mapangano a kuthandiza kumanga makampani, ogulitsa mafuta, ndi makampani a za mayendedwe angafuluze kupeza bwino.

Zimene Tikuphunzirapo pa Masoka Aakulu

Zochitika zenizeni za padziko zimasonyeza ponse paŵiri nyonga ndi zofooka za maulamuliro a boma akumeneko.

Mphepo ya Katrina (2005)

Kulephera kwa kuchotsa anthu, kukambirana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono, ndi kulephera kwa anthu ochoka m’dzikolo. Kulephera kwa makampani a kampani ya New Orleans kunakula kwambiri. Mzindawu unalibe zoyendera zokwanira kwa anthu opanda galimoto, ndipo Superdome inakhala malo osungirako omalizira popanda kuwapatsa zinthu zokwanira. Zotsatirapo zinayambitsa kusintha pa National Response Framework ndi kugogomezera kwambiri za kukonzekera kwa malo akwawo.

COVID-19 Pandemic (2020-2022)

Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a kumaloko anakhala otsogolera ku chivomerezo cha mliri, kupima, kujambula, ndi kugaŵira katemera. Analimbananso ndi malamulo a zaumoyo wa anthu onse, kusokonezeka kwa zachuma, ndi kugaŵana kwa ndale zadziko. Maboma ambiri a m'maderawo analinganiza mofulumira njira zolankhulirana ndi zipangizo zamakono, kukhazikitsa mautumiki amakono, ndi kugwirizana ndi mabungwe a anthu kuti afikire anthu othandizidwa. Mliriwu unagogomezera kufunika kwa thanzi la anthu ambiri m’dzikolo.

Ku California moto wa m’maluwa (208-2021)

Mauniumee monga Butte (Kampasi Fire) ndi Sonoma (Thubs Fire) anasonyeza kufunika kwakukulu kwa malamulo othawa msanga ndi madongosolo odziŵika bwino a anthu. Akuluakulu a boma anayang'anizana ndi ntchito yovuta youza anthu zikwi zambiri m'moto womawalitsa. Mphamvu yotseka ndi zipangizo zamakono zinapanga kulephera kwatsopano. Zochitika zimenezi zinasonkhezera kutsatsa malonda a kuchenjeza kozikidwa pa masetilaiti, kulankhulana kolimba, ndi kuyendetsa zomera zamphamvu kwambiri.

Mphepo ya mkuntho Maria (2017) ku Puerto Rico

Ngakhale kuti Puerto Rico ndi gawo la United States, zimene zachitikapo zikusonyeza mavuto ambiri a boma: kuwononga zinthu zofunika, kusoŵa kulankhulana, kupereŵera kwa mafuta, ndi kuyankha kwa boma kwapang'onopang'ono. Maboma analibe mphamvu kwa miyezi ingapo. Tsokali linasonkhezera njira za kumaloko monga ma stardid a magetsi oyendera magetsi a magetsi ndi mabungwe ogaŵira, kusonyeza kulimba kwa utsogoleri wa kumaloko ngakhale pamene madongosolo apakati alephera.

Mavuto Okhalitsa Amene Oyang’anira Ngozi Akukumana Nawo

Ngakhale kuti pakhala zaka zambiri, maboma akupitirizabe kulimbana ndi mavuto obwera chifukwa cha ntchito komanso ntchito.

Kulephera Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malo Okhala

Magulu ang'onoang'ono kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anira zinthu zangozi ndi ziwiya zochepa zanthaŵi ndi zachikale. Malo a bajeti okonzekera kupikisana ndi sukulu, misewu, ndi mautumiki a anthu. Ndalama zochokera ku Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security zatsika m’mawu enieni, kukakamiza madera kuchita zambiri ndi zochepa. Kusintha kumeneku kumakhudza kwambiri zotsatira ndi mphamvu.

Kusiyana kwa Kulankhulana

Kuyang'ana kuti tcheru zifika kwa aliyense [1] kuphatikizapo anthu olankhula Chingelezi, opunduka, ndi amene alibe mafoni . Siren, TV/radio, ndi foni si zapadziko lonse. Ndiponso, kulankhulana kogwirizana pa wailesi zosiyanasiyana ndi makompyuta sikugwirizanabe kwambiri. Chigwirizano cha Oyamba cha Net chinapangidwa kuti chigwirizane ndi zimenezi, koma kulera ana n’kosiyana kwambiri.

Zitsenderezo za Ndale ndi Zamalamulo

Akuluakulu osankhidwa a boma amayang’aniridwa kwambiri akakumana ndi mavuto. Zosankha zokhudza kuthawa kwa anthu othawa, kutsekedwa kwa malonda, kapena kupatsidwa ndalama zingasokonezeke ndi ndale ndipo zingachititse kuti anthu aikidwe mlandu. Kuopa kuchititsa kuti munthu asakhale ndi mlandu nthaŵi zina kumachedwetsa. Mwachitsanzo, akuluakulu ena a boma amaopa kulamula kuti athawe mphepo ya Hurricane Sandy isanafike pochedwa kwambiri. Kusamala ufulu wa anthu n’kovuta nthaŵi zonse.

Ntchito Ndiponso Kusiyana kwa Ntchito

Mamanejala ambiri a zangozi amakhala ndi nthawi yochepa kapena ndi antchito odzifunira. Maprogramu a maphunziro a zomangamanga si okhazikika kapena sapezeka bwino. Zotsatira zake ndizo kuntchito kumene kumakhala kopanda kuiwala kwa minofu yofunikira kuti igwire ntchito mosiyanasiyana. Office Emergency Management Institute (EMI) imaphunzitsa kwaulere, koma kuyenda ndi kulephera kwa nthaŵi.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu ndi Zipangizo Zamakono

Kuyankha kwangozi kwamakono kumafuna chidziŵitso cha nthaŵi yeniyeni cha zinthu zodyetsedwa, makamera a galimoto, kuyang'anira za mayanjano, kutumiza zinthu, ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu. Koma maboma ambiri akudalirabe pa mapu a mapepala, zionetsero, ndi kulankhulana kwa ma ad hoc. Kuchotsa zolemba pa chithunzi chofanana ndi chimodzi ncholinga chimene chikupitirizabe chimene chikufunikira ponse paŵiri kusintha kwa sayansi ndi chikhalidwe.

Zofunika Kuti Magulu Othandiza Omwe Akuyendera M’derali Azigwira Ntchito Zam’derali

Maboma a m’derali angathandize kuti azikhala okonzeka komanso opirira.

Kupeza Maphunziro Ophunzitsa ndi Masewera Olimbitsa Thupi

Kulimbitsa thupi kwanthaŵi zonse, kumene kumaloŵetsamo onse ogwirizana [1] kuphatikizapo makampani aumwini ndi mabungwe a anthu . Kuphunzira ndi ndandanda kuyenera kuphimba kulephera kwa macascade (m’chitsanzo, mphepo yamkuntho yotsatiridwa ndi kutha kwa magetsi ndi mafuta). Ophunzitsa oyendera m'madipatimenti a m'madipatimenti akakhala kuti sakupezeka.

Kuphunzitsa Kulankhulana Kwamakono

Maboma ayenera kutengera IPAWS kaamba ka tcheru za anthu, kutsimikizira kuti wailesi ikhoza kugwirizanitsidwa, ndi kuikizira m'madongosolo olankhulirana (mafoni a foni a ku wailesi, wailesi yapamwamba). Magulu auyang'anira za mayanjano ayenera kuphunzitsidwa kutsutsa mfundo zolakwika. Kupanga ofesi ya anthu yotchuka imene imagwira ntchito 24/7 m'nthaŵi ya zochitika ndiko njira yabwino kwambiri.

Kudziŵikitsa ndi Kusonkhezera Mapangano Othandizana

Kudikira kufikira tsoka litachitika kuti asaine mapangano achepe kwambiri. Maboma a m’dzikolo ayenera kusungitsa zikalata za EMAC ndi mapangano ogwirizana ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo, zipangizo zotetezera, ndi makampani omanga. Mapangano ameneŵa ayenera kuphatikizapo makonzedwe owonongera ndalama ndi chitetezo.

Kumanga Chigwirizano mwa Kudziloŵetsa

Magulu opereka chithandizo cha mwadzidzidzi a anthu (CERT), magulu oyang'anira a m'dera, ndi mabungwe odzifunira angawonjezere kwambiri kufika kwa boma lakumaloko. Ndawala za maphunziro a anthu onse pokonzekera munthu payekha monga kukhala ndi chikole, banja, ndi inshuwalansi . Kudzipereka m'masukulu, matchalitchi, ndi magulu a anthu odzifunira kulimbikitsa mwambo wa kukonzekera.

Zipangizo Zothandiza Kuzindikira Zinthu

Kugwiritsa ntchito Geographic Information System (GIS), ma shopu oyendera kuwonongeka kwa zinthu, ndi malo enieni osungirako zinthu (monga Web - OC) amathandiza opanga zinthu kukhala ndi chithunzi chomveka. Madoko otsegulira zinthu angawongolerenso kugwirizana ndi anthu ndi mawailesi ndi mawailesi. Komabe, luso la zopangapanga ziyenera kuzikidwa pa mphamvu yodalirika ndi migwirizano yosinthasintha.

Kukulitsa Kukonzekera Mwalamulo

Kumvetsa malire a mayikowa monga pamene malamulo apadera a paokha angagwiritsiridwe ntchito kapena mmene angasamalirire zinthu zofunika kugula pochita ngozi.

Njira Yamtsogolo: Kulimbitsa Maziko

Maboma a m’deralo adakali ofulumira kwambiri ndiponso omvera boma pa zinthu zamwadzidzidzi, koma kugwira ntchito kwawoko kumayendera limodzi ndi kukonzekera, chuma, ndi kumveka bwino kwa malamulo. Pamene kusintha kwa nyengo kukuwonjezera kuchuluka ndi kuopsa kwa masoka achilengedwe, ndipo pamene miliri ndi makompyuta zikusintha, mphamvu ndi maudindo a akuluakulu a boma akungowonjezeka. Kusamalira zinthu zamwadzidzidzi sikuli ndalama zowonongera anthu.

Mwakumvetsetsa ukulu wonse wa maulamuliro akumaloko . Kuchokera ku kupereka malamulo opitikitsira ku kugwirizanitsa chuma cha boma ($officials) kukhoza kuchita ndi chidaliro ndi ulamuliro. Ndipo mwa kupitiriza kuphunzitsidwa, kugwirira ntchito limodzi, ndi kukonzanso, iwo angatsimikizire kuti pamene vuto lotsatira libuka, chitaganya chawo sichimakhala chokonzekera komanso cholimba.