Maboma a m’dziko ndi amene amathandizira kwambiri ntchito za boma ku United States. Kuyang'anira apolisi ndi kukonza njira ku sukulu za boma ndi kusonkhanitsa zinyalala, mabungwe a boma ndi zigawo ameneŵa amaumba moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa pafupifupi nzika zonse. Komabe, mphamvu za maboma a m’deralo zopereka ndalama ndi kupereka mautumiki ameneŵa zimadalira pa kulinganiza kwamphamvu zalamulo, udindo wa apolisi, ndi cholinga cha ndale zadziko. Nkhaniyi imapereka kuyang'ana mokulira pa mmene maboma akusungitsira ntchito za anthu, mphamvu zimene ali nazo kuti azichita, ndi mphamvu zazikulu zimene zimalamulira ntchito zawo. Kumvetsa zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kwa ophunzira a ulamuliro, oyang’anira a boma, ndi aliyense amene akuyendetsa nkhani za m'chitaganya.

Ntchito ya Maboma a M’kupereka Chilango kwa Anthu Onse

Maboma akwawo(kuphatikizapo makampani, matauni, matauni, magawo a sukulu, ndi zigawo zapadera) amatumikira mautumiki osiyanasiyana amene mwachindunji amakhudza ubwino wa anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti maudindo apadera amasiyana ndi boma ndi ulamuliro, mautumiki a maziko amodzi amaphatikizapo:

  • Kutetezeka kwa polisi: apolisi ndi madipatimenti a moto, mautumiki a zachipatala, ndi kuyankha tsoka.
  • Kuphunzitsa: masukulu a onse K-12, makoleji a chitaganya, ndi maprogramu a ntchito za ntchito zoyendetsedwa ndi mabungwe a sukulu akwawo kapena mabungwe a boma.
  • Kusintha: misewu, milatho, kudutsa kwa onse, ndi kuyendetsa magalimoto.
  • Kusungitsa ndi mautumiki a malo ozungulira: zosonkhanitsidwa za zinyalala, kukonzanso, kuchiritsa madzi oipa, ndi kuyang'anira madzi a mkuntho.
  • Mapaki ndi zosangulutsa: mapaki a anthu onse, mabwalo, malo a chitaganya, ndi ziŵiya zachikhalidwe.
  • Kusungitsa ndi kupititsa patsogolo chitaganya: kusungitsa malo, zilolezo zomanga, maprogramu okhoza kugulitsidwa a nyumba, ndi kugonjera malamulo.
  • [[ML:0] Umoyo ndi mautumiki a zaumoyo: [[FL:1] madipatimenti a zaumoyo a kumaloko, katemera wa zipatala, mautumiki apamwamba, ndi chithandizo cha kusoŵa pokhala.

Kuchuluka kwa maudindo ameneŵa kumatanthauza kuti maboma a m’maderawo ayenera kukhala aluso pa kupezera ndalama, kuyendetsa bajeti, ndi kuthandizira anthu amene akufunika thandizo.

Mmene Maboma Akumeneko Amathandizira Ntchito Zothandiza Anthu

Maboma a m’dzikolo amadalira msanganizo wa ndalama kuti athe kulipira mautumiki. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana imasiyanasiyana malinga ndi boma ndi malo, koma mbali zazikuluzo ndizo msonkho, malipiro a ogwiritsira ntchito, kusamutsidwa kwa boma, ndi ndalama za ngongole.

Misonkho ya Panyumba

Msonkho wa katundu ndi gwero limodzi lalikulu kwambiri la ndalama za msonkho ku United States. Amalipidwa pa mtengo woyeneretsedwa wa malo, kuphatikizapo malo, malonda, ndi malo a maindasitale. Chifukwa chakuti mapindu a katundu ndi osasintha ndi ooneka, misonkho ya katundu imapereka ndalama zodalirika zimene maboma a m'dziko angadalire chaka chilichonse. Komabe, iwonso amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ndale: kuwonjezeka kwa misonkho kapena kupendanso zinthu kaŵirikaŵiri kumayambitsa chitsutso champhamvu kwa eni nyumba. Maboma ambiri amaika malire pa msonkho wa katundu kapena kukula kwa mayeso, monga ngati kuchuluka kwa makampani 13 kapena ma procession a California.

Kugulitsa ndi Kugwiritsira Ntchito Misonkho

Maboma ambiri amakhoma msonkho wa malonda pa malonda, kaŵirikaŵiri kuwonjezera pa misonkho ya boma. Ndalama za msonkho wa malonda a kumaloko zimayambira 0.5% mpaka 4% ndipo zingakhalenso zopindulitsa kwambiri kwa makampani ndi makampani, makamaka amene ali ndi malonda amphamvu. Komabe, misonkho ya malonda imabwezeredwanso. Iwo amatenga mbali yaikulu ya ndalama kuchokera ku mabanja otsika pa ndalama zimene amapeza.

Ndalama Zopezedwa ndi Kulipira Misonkho

Maboma ochepa kwambiri, makamaka m’mayiko monga Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, ndi Maryland, amakhazikitsa misonkho ya ndalama za dzikolo kapena misonkho ya pa pepala. Imeneyi imaperekedwa pa malipiro opezedwa molamulidwa ndi boma, mosasamala kanthu za kumene wantchito amakhala. Misonkho ya ndalama ya m'dziko ikhoza kupereka magwero owonjezereka a ndalama ndipo siisamala kwambiri pa malamulo a zachuma kuposa misonkho, koma imafunikira kugwirizanitsa ntchito ndi akuluakulu a boma ndi akuluakulu a msonkho ndipo ingachititse kuvomerezana kwa mabizinesi.

Nkhanza ndi Mlandu wa Wogwiritsira Ntchito

Malipi a antchito ali malipiro a ntchito zimene zimapindulitsa mwachindunji wopereka ndalama. Zitsanzo zofala zimaphatikizapo ndalama za madzi ndi zosungira zinyalala, ndalama zomangira zinyalala, malipiro a kulowa m'paki, ndi malipo a ndalama za kulipira kaamba ka kuswa malamulo. Malipiro a ntchito ali okongola chifukwa amagwirizanitsa mwachindunji ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ndipo angasinthidwe kusonyeza mtengo wa utumiki. Komabe, zingakhale zobwezera ndipo sizingayenere kuthandiza chitaganya chokulira, monga ngati apolisi kapena thanzi la anthu.

Kuloŵetsedwa m’Maboma

Maboma amalandira ndalama zambiri kuchokera ku maboma a boma ndi a boma monga ndalama, misonkho yogawana, ndi kugawana ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ambiri amagawira chigawo cha ndalama za msonkho wa boma ku maboma akwawo, ndipo boma limapereka maprogramu apadera monga kukonza makampani a chitaganya, maprojekiti a zoyendera, ndi maphunziro. Kusintha kumeneku kungathandize kusiyanitsa pakati pa madera olemera ndi osauka, koma kaŵirikaŵiri kumabwera ndi zingwe zogwirizana ndi [1] Kupereka ndalama zoyendetsera zinthu zina monga kukwaniritsa miyezo ina yake kapena kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo ena.

Malamulo Osunga Ufulu wa Malamulo

Pamene maboma akumaloko afunikira kulipirira ntchito zazikulu zonga masukulu atsopano, misewu, kapena mankhwala, kaŵirikaŵiri amakhazikitsa maunansi a boma. Zomangira zachisawawa zimachirikizidwa ndi chikhulupiriro chonse ndi chilolezo cha boma lopereka msonkho ndipo amapatsidwa ndalama kuchokera ku ndalama za msonkho; amafuna chivomerezo cha ovota m'mayiko ambiri. Zomangira za ndalama zimabwezedwa ku ndalama za ntchito inayake, monga ngati misewu ya ndalama kapena magetsi. Kubwereka ndalama kumalola maboma akumaloko kufalitsa ndalama za ndalama zotsala kwanthaŵi yaitali, komanso kumachititsanso mathayo autumiki a ngongole amene angachepetse ndalama za ndandanda ya mtsogolo.

Mphamvu za Maboma Akumaloko

Maboma a m'dzikolo amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zosiyanasiyana zimene zimawathandiza kupezera ndalama ndi kuchita mautumiki. Maulamuliro ameneŵa amadalira pa malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi boma, limene lingatsatire Ulamuliro wa Dillon kapena malamulo a boma lakwawo.

Pansi pa Kulamulira kwa Dillon , maboma akuno ali ndi mphamvu zoperekedwa mwachindunji ndi boma kapena kwenikweni kuchokera ku maulamuliro operekedwa. Imeneyi ndi chiphunzitso chofala m'maiko ambiri ndi malire apadera a ufulu wakwawo. Mosiyana, malamulo a kumudzi [[FLT:] amapatsidwa ulamuliro waukulu wakuchita m’nkhani za boma, popanda kuletsedwa mwachindunji ndi lamulo la boma. Pafupifupi maboma 40 ali ndi malamulo a malamulo a panyumba a malamulo a m'magawo ena a makampani a ma Stockvicial.

Ulamuliro wa Malamulo

Maboma a m’dzikolo angakhazikitse malamulo, zigamulo, ndi malamulo a nkhani zosiyanasiyana za kumaloko, kuphatikizapo malamulo omanga, malo omanga, kuletsa phokoso, kuyendetsa nyama, ndi kutumiza malamulo.

Msonkho ndi Mphamvu za Malonda

Maboma a m'deralo ali ndi mphamvu ya kupereka misonkho ya levy . Nayini amaikizidwa ndi boma. Iwo angakhazikitse msonkho, kukhazikitsa zipinda za msonkho, ndi kusonkhanitsa ndalama. Alinso ndi ulamuliro wogwiritsira ntchito bajeti, ndalama zoyenerera, ndi ngongole. Maulamuliro a ndalama ameneŵa ndi ofunika kwambiri pothandiza pa za ndalama, koma kaŵirikaŵiri amaletsedwa ndi msonkho woperekedwa ndi boma ndi malire a ndalama (malamulo) zimene zimawonjezera ndalama kapena zimafuna mavoti a ndalama zowonjezera msonkho.

Mphamvu za Apolisi ndi Kubwezera

Mphamvu ya apolisi ndi ulamuliro wa boma ndi maboma akomweko kulamulira thanzi, chisungiko, makhalidwe, ndi ubwino wa anthu onse. Maboma akumalo amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu imeneyi kukhazikitsa malamulo a zaumoyo, miyezo ya kutetezereka kwa moto, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi zofunikira za bizinesi. Iwo amagwiritsiranso ntchito mphamvu za apolisi mwa kukhazikitsa malo ndi kugwiritsira ntchito maulamuliro a dziko, zimene zimalamulira mmene chuma chingapangidwire ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito. Mphamvu imeneyi njotakata koma iyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito moyenerera ndi osati mopambanitsa.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Nyimbo Zapamwamba

Maboma a kumaloko ali ndi mphamvu ya kutenga katundu waumwini kaamba ka kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa anthu onse ku madera otchuka, malinga ngati alipirira . Mphamvu imeneyi njofunika kwambiri pomanga nyumba monga misewu, masukulu, ndi zipangizo zothandizira kuyendetsa zinthu. Komabe, kugwiritsira ntchito kwake kumatsutsana makamaka pamene katundu watengedwa kaamba ka kutukuka kwa chuma. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. mu Kelo v. City of New London [[FLT:] (200]]) (2005) imatsimikizira kuti maboma a m'dziko angagwiritsire ntchito malo otchuka kaamba ka kutukuka, koma maiko ambiri pambuyo pake analetsa mphamvu imeneyi.

Kubereka ndi Kulera Ana

Maboma a m'madera ena angalowe m'mapangano ndi makampani a anthu, mabungwe osapanga phindu, ndi mabungwe ena a boma kuti apereke ntchito. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo mapangano a kusonkhanitsa zinyalala, kukonza misewu, ntchito za IT, ndiponso ngakhale kuyang'anira ndende. Kukonza kungayambitse ntchito yabwino ndi yatsopano, komanso kumayambitsa nkhaŵa za kuŵerengera ntchito, ndi kuyang’anira. Maboma a m'dzikolo amasungabe udindo ngakhale pamene ntchito zachotsedwa.

Zimene Boma Lingathe Kuchita

Ngakhale kuti mabomawa ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, maboma akulephera kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zawo kuti athandize anthu mogwira mtima.

Chiyeso cha Boma ndi Ulamuliro wa Dillon

Choletsa chachikulu kwambiri ndicho kutha kwa mkhalidwe. Chifukwa chakuti maboma akomweko ali zolengedwa za boma, makhomagedo a boma angachepetse kapena kuchotsa zochita za kumaloko. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, chiwombolo cha boma chagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsekereza malamulo a kumaloko pankhani monga malipiro ochepa, kulipira tchuthi, kuletsa, ndi malamulo a mfuti. Ngakhale m’maboma akwathu, malamulo a boma angachotse ulamuliro wa kumaloko m’malo ena. Mphamvu imeneyi ingalepheretse zoyesayesa za kumaloko za kuyang’anira zosoŵa za anthu.

Msonkho ndi Malire (Malonda)

Maboma ambiri amakhazikitsa malamulo kapena malamulo oletsa msonkho wa boma ndi ndalama zimene amawononga. Malamulo ameneŵa angapititse msonkho wa katundu wa boma, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kupima, kufuna chilolezo cha ovota pa misonkho yatsopano, kapena kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zimene amawononga pachaka. Pamene kuli kwakuti matelek anapangidwa kuteteza okhoma msonkho, iwo angalephere kuyankha ku mtengo wokwera, kukula kwa anthu, kapena ntchito zatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, mzinda umene uli ndi vuto la kusoŵa pokhala ukhoza kuwonjezera ndalama zokwanira zosungiramo nyumba ndi kutumiza maprogramu chifukwa cha chikole cha msonkho woperekedwa ndi boma.

Kusintha Kosakonzedwa

Maboma ndi maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amalamula maboma a m'dziko popanda kupereka ndalama zofunikira. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo zofunika kuti afikire miyezo ya madzi oyera a boma, kukhazikitsa masinthidwe a zamaphunziro a boma, kapena kupereka mautumiki ena a zaumoyo. Maboma a boma a boma akakamiza kutumizanso chuma kuchokera ku zinthu zina zofunika kapena kukweza misonkho, kukakamiza ndalama zimene zakhala zikuperekedwa kale. Maboma ambiri ali ndi mtundu wina wa malamulo operekedwa mokakamiza kapena kulipirira, koma lamulo la kusungitsako kaŵirikaŵiri nlo lofooka.

Anthu Ovuta pa Zandale ndi za M’mayiko Ena

Akuluakulu osankhidwa akumasankha amayang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo zimene zingachepetse kufunitsitsa kwawo kupanga zosankha zovuta. Kukweza misonkho, kudula mautumiki otchuka, kapena kuvomereza masinthidwe a dziko otsutsana angadzutse wovota. Magawo achidule a chisankho (kaŵiri kapena zaka zinayi) angaletse kulinganiza kwanthaŵi yaitali. Ndiponso, wovotayo m'masankho a kumaloko amatsika kwenikweni, kutanthauza kuti magulu olinganiza ofuna kuchita chidwi monga mayanjano a eni nyumba, mabizinesi, kapena maukwati a antchito a anthu onse [1]

Zitsenderezo za Chuma ndi Zaumoyo

Maboma a m’maderawa ali pangozi ya zachuma. M’nthaŵi ya kutsika kwa chuma. Kubweza misonkho, misonkho ya katundu ingachepe (mwakuchedwa), ndalama zogulitsira msonkho, ndi kutsika kwa mautumiki a anthu. Maboma ena amayang'anizana ndi kupereŵera kwa nyumba, kumene ndalama zopitira kuchuluka zikuchuluka kuposa kukwera kwa ndalama zimene anthu amawononga kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Kusintha kwa zinthu monga kuwonongeka kwa anthu, ukalamba, kapena kusintha kwa ntchito. . . mizinda mu Rutt Belt, mwachitsanzo, yavutika ndi kutsika kwa misonkho ndi mathayo a penshoni.

Ziletso za Malamulo pa Ziŵiya za Ndalama Zogulitsira

Malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amaletsa ziŵiya za ndalama zimene maboma a m'madera ambiri angagwiritsire ntchito. Maboma ambiri amaletsedwa kulipira msonkho wa ndalama kapena amatsatsa misonkho ya ndalama zogulitsidwa. Maboma ena amafuna chilolezo cha ovota pa misonkho yatsopano kapena maboo. Ziletso zimenezi zimachepetsa kulolera ndipo zingakakamize maboma a kumaloko kudalira kwambiri pa misonkho ya katundu, imene njovuta kuwonjezera. M'mayiko ena, maboma sangakweze msonkho wa katundu kuposa pamlingo wina popanda kufunsira.

Kufufuza za Matenda: Kupeza Malipiro

Kupereka Malipiro a Sukulu Yachisawawa

K-12 Maphunziro a boma ndi chimodzi cha zinthu zazikulu kwambiri m'ma bajeti ambiri a dzikolo, komabe kugaŵa ndalama zothandizira anthu olemera ndi osauka kukupitirizabe vuto. Chifukwa chakuti misonkho ya katundu ndiyo magwero aakulu a ndalama m’masukulu, zigawo za m'madera olemera zingatumize ndalama zambiri pa ophunzira kuposa m'madera osauka. Maboma ambiri ayesa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zofanana mwa njira zimene zimagaŵira chithandizo cha boma ku madera osoŵa kwambiri, koma kuwonjezera ndalama zothandizira anthu ku mabwalo a milandu ndi nkhondo za ndale zikupitirizabe. Nkhani ya [FLT: 0] ISAn Independent School v. Rodriguez [1] [1273]) inachirikiza lamulo la malamulo a sukulu yakwawo opereka msonkho, kusiya ndalama ku khoti la khoti ndi malamulo. Monga chotulukapo, sukulu yopereka ndalama ku mabungwe, sukulu yopereka chito cha boma, ikali kutsutsa chitokomezi.

Kukonza Zinthu

Maboma a m'dziko ali ndi thayo la kukonza misewu, maulalo, madzi, ndi ziwiya zina, zimene zambiri ndi ukalamba ndi kufunikira kukonzedwa. American Society of Civil Engineers mobwerezabwereza imapatsa magiredi otsika a kampani ya United States, ndipo maboma akukhala ndi mbali yaikulu ya kuikizira ndalama zofunikira. Komabe, kukweza ndalama za zoyendetsera zinthu zamakono n’kovuta chifukwa mapindu ndi owonongetsa ndalama ndi ofulumira. Matauni ambiri atembenukira ku mayeso aubwenzi a anthu onse, ndi ndalama zowonjezereka za antchito, koma njira zimenezi zingakhale zotsutsana ndi zosakwanira kutseka mpatawo.

Mautumiki Otetezera Anthu Onse

Apolisi ndi makampani ozimitsa moto achita ndandanda yaikulu ya ndalama za dzikolo, ndipo mitengo yakwera chifukwa cha ntchito za penshoni, zida, ndi maphunziro. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kufuna anthu kuti adziŵerengera mlandu ndi kusintha kwachititsa kuti pakhale ndalama zenizeni kuchokera ku ntchito yapolisi kupita ku mautumiki a anthu. Maboma a m'madera ena ayenera kulinganiza zopinga ndi zimene anthu akuyembekezera. M’mizinda ina, ndalama zolinganiza zachepetsa ntchito za apolisi kapena kuchedwetsa zida zothandizira kuchepetsa, pamene kuli kwakuti ena ayesa kuyesa kuyankha kwapadera kwa maupandu, monga kutumiza akatswiri a zaumoyo m’malo mwa kutumiza mafoni ena apolisi.

Kulinganiza Pakati pa Kudziŵerengera Mlandu

Kulimbana pakati pa kudziimira kwa munthu ndi kuŵerengerana ndi nkhani ya maulamuliro a boma. Ochirikiza audindo a m'deralo amanena kuti makampani ali oyandikana kwambiri ndi anthu ndipo angathe kuyankha zosoŵa za kumaloko. Amatchula kusiyanasiyana kwa malamulo monga kampasi, malamulo akwanuko, malamulo akwanuko, ndi kudalirana kwa anthu, ndipo umboni wa kufunika kwa kumanga zinthu zatsopano za m'dziko. Komabe, otsutsa amada nkhaŵa kuti ufulu wa anthu ungachititse kusalingana, NIMBYism, ndi kusagwirizana kwa ntchito. Iwo amatsutsa kuti uyang'aniro uli wofunika kutsimikizira miyezo yogwirizana, kuteteza ufulu wa anthu ochepa, ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zimene zimayendera malire.

Kulinganiza bwino sikwapafupi. Kuletsa mopambanitsa kwa mkhalidwe kungaletse mavuto akumalo, pamene kuli kwakuti kudzilamulira kochuluka kungatsogolere ku kugaŵikana ndi mpikisano wa kunsi kwa mautumiki ndi misonkho. Maboma ambiri atengera njira zapakati panthambi, monga ngati kupereka ulamuliro wa panyumba koma kusunga ulamuliro wa boma m'mbali zazikulu monga maphunziro, malire a msonkho, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malo kaamba ka kulinganiza kwa chigawo. Kusinthasintha kwa mayanjano a boma kumapereka lingaliro lakuti mkanganowo pa maulamuliro a boma a dziko la America udzakhalabe mbali yaikulu ya ulamuliro wa Amereka.

Kumaliza

Maboma a m’deralo ndi ofunika kwambiri pothandiza anthu, koma mphamvu zawo ndi zolephera zimayambitsa malo ovuta operekera ndalama ndi kuperekera mapulogalamu. Ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu wa kukhoma msonkho, kuyendetsa, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama. Koma maulamulirowo amakakamizidwa ndi lamulo la boma, zipani za ndale, ndi chuma. Kumvetsa mphamvu zimenezi n’kofunika kwa aliyense amene amafufuza kapena kutenga nawo mbali m'mabungwe a boma. Pamene anthu akuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano. Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kuwonongeka kwa kusintha kwa makhalidwe a anthu ndi luso la zopangapanga zinthu kumadalira pa kulinganiza ndi kulinganiza kwa mphamvu zawo zachibadwa ndi kulephera kwawo. Kupenda mmene mautumiki a boma akuyendera maulamuliro a boma ndi mphamvu za dziko lawo, ndi akatswiri omwe angazi angaziyamikire bwino lomwe, anthu okhala ndi anthu, ndiponso akatswiri omwe angayamikire bwino lomwelo kuti asinthe moyo wawo.

[[FLT :⁠0] kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, onani U.S. Suzunzo la Chaka ndi Chaka la Boma ndi Malonda a Boma ; League of Millennial [FLT system system , [FLT] , ndi [FLT:] zomangira masuntwo a za boma za Makampani,