Chiyambi

Madongosolo a osankhira, kuphatikizapo oyambirira a m'mbuyo (FPTP) ndi mavoti aŵiri anthaŵi zonse, amalongosola mmene anthu mamiliyoni amasankhira oimira awo. M'zaka makumi angapo zaposachedwapa, magulu a ofufuza a zandale achuluka kudutsa mademokrase, kaŵirikaŵiri akumati amalankhula za “anthu oiwalika” ndi anthu apamwamba. Nkhani ino ikufufuza chifukwa chimene malamulo aakulu angaperekere mphamvu yosonkhezera nkhani za populist, mmene amatsendereza mawu andale, ndi kusintha kumene kunganene za mavuto amene angayambitse. Kujambula kwa sayansi yandale, maphunziro a mbiri yakale, ndi kufufuza kwa bungwe, timapenda maluso amene amapanga madongosolo otchuka opanga makompyuta otchuka ndi otchuka kwambiri a opanga mapulogalamu otchuka a poplugation ndi opanga maprogation.

Kodi Njira Zothandiza Anthu Ambiri N’zotani?

Madongosolo a osankhira ndi aja amene obatizidwa kapena chipani chokhala ndi voti zambiri amapambana malo enieni kapena chisankho. Mosiyana ndi kuimira (PR), kumene kumaika mipando yotsatizana m'makalata ovuta kuvota, madongosolo aakulu amaika patsogolo zotulukapo zotsimikizirika ndi maboma amodzi okhazikika. Mitundu iŵiri yofala kwambiri ndiyo yoyamba à à à à à à pread (FPPP) ndi njira ziŵiri zozungulira (TS).

Mu FPTP, ovota anaponya chisankho chimodzi kaamba ka wobatizidwa mmodzi, ndi wofunsira amene amalandira chiŵerengero chapamwamba koposa cha voti – ngakhale ngati ali ochepa pa unyinji wa opambana . Dongosolo limeneli limagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka malamulo a dziko mu United States, United Kingdom, Canada, India, ndi maiko ena ambiri akale a Briteni. M'madongosolo aŵiri a Briteni, ovota amabwerera ku ku kufufuza kwachiŵiri ngati palibe wofunsirayo amapeza unyinji m’mbali yoyamba, kaŵirikaŵiri akumachepetsa mundawo kwa opikisana aŵiri apamwamba. Pulezidenti wa France ndi masankhoti a chisankho ndi chivoti cha lamulo ziri zitsanzo zotchuka.

Kusintha kwina kwa makampani aakulu kumaphatikizapo voti lina (loikidwa m’malo 76choice logwiritsiridwa ntchito m’Nyumba ya Oimira) ndi voti ya nyumba ya banki (yogwiritsiridwa ntchito m’masankho ena a kumaloko). Pamene kuli kwakuti njira zimenezi zimasiyana m’mamakanika, iwo amagawana malingaliro apamwamba: wopambanayo amapambana, kaŵirikaŵiri akumasiya mbali zazikulu za voti yosaperekedwa.

Madongosolo a opaleshoni amapanga mipikisano iŵiri kapena iŵiri , pamene zipani zazing'ono zilimbana kupambana mipando ngakhale ngati zipeza mbali yolemekezeka ya chisankho chotchuka. Chochitikachi “Chilamulo cha Mpulumutso” chalembedwa bwino lomwe: FPTP ndi madongosolo ofananawo mwamwambo amaletsa zipani zachitatu ndi kulimbikitsa kuvota kwapadera. Chotulukapo kaŵirikaŵiri chimawonekera bwino m'mabwalo a malamulo ndi mabungwe okhazikika, koma kuchotsapo mawu ambiri andale zadziko.

Kuchuluka kwa Chipopolizimu m’Maufumu Amakono

Chipopulist ndi lingaliro lochepa limene limapanga “anthu aubwino, aumodzi” ndi“ anthu oipa, odzinenera okha.” Atsogoleri a Chipopopuli amanena kuti ali ndi ulamuliro wapadera woimira chifuniro chenicheni cha dziko, kaŵirikaŵiri kunyalanyaza mabungwe monga zipani, makhoti, ndi ofalitsa nkhani. Pamene kuli kwakuti magulu a populist akhala akuwonekera m’mbiri yonse, ku Ulaya, Amereka, ndi Asia amasonyeza zidandaulo zazikulu.

Kutha kwa chuma – kuchotsedwa kwa makampani, kulipira, ndi kusalingana kwa ndale kwasonkhezera mkwiyo ku gulu lokhazikitsidwa la ndale. Nkhaŵa za chikhalidwe za kusamuka, kudziŵika kwa dziko, ndi kusintha kwa kakhalidwe zakhalanso ndi maziko abwino. Zigamulo za Populing zikhala zosavuta, zopinga mavuto ovuta, kupatsa mlandu anthu osamukira kudziko lina, maulamuliro achilendo, kapena mabungwe a maiko ena opatsiratu ntchito. Kupambana kwawo kwachititsa ofufuza za demokrase kukhala oipidwa, monga momwe maboma a andale amapeputsa ufulu wa kuweruza, kufalitsa ufulu, ndi ufulu wa anthu ochepa.

Zitsanzo zazikulu zimaphatikizapo kukwera kwa Donald Trump ku United States, chipambano cha Viktor Orbán ku Hungary, kukula kwa National Rally ku France, ndi kubuka kwa Podemos ndi Vox ku Spain. Ku India, Boma la Bharatiya Janata Party pansi pa Narendra Mondi dis pemolists, monga momwe amachita mbali zingapo ku Latin America. Chochitikacho sichikuphatikiza kontinenti imodzi kapena nzeru , chimasiya dzina ndi ma verquating , zonsezogwirizana ndi kutsutsana ndi Narendra Mondial Discovectionum ndi maalution.

Makina Ogwirizanitsa Madongosolo a Majeremusi ndi Mapopolizimu

Akatswiri apeza njira zosiyanasiyana zimene njira zosankhira zinthu zingathandize kuti zifalikire m’njira zosiyanasiyana.

Warnà Gaŵani All Polargrade

Madongosolo a opaleshoni amafupa chipani chachikulu koposa ndi kulanga chaching'ono, kulimbikitsa mbali ziŵiri za ndale zadziko. Pamene magulu aŵiri aakulu amenyera ulamuliro, kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi malo ogaŵanika mowonjezereka kusonkhanitsa ochirikiza awo apakati. Kugaŵana kumeneku kungasonkhezere osankhidwa ku njira zopambanitsa, kuphatikizapo ofunsira amene akulonjeza kuswa nkhungu. Ofufuza a Zipembedzo amapambana m'nyengo zandale chifukwa chakuti amadzisonyeza kukhala olondola okha m’malo a boma loipa.

Kupendekeka kwa Mapwando Aang’ono

Pansi pa FPTP, ovota ambiri amene amachirikiza mavoti ang'onoang'ono amaona mavoti awo ataya. Gulu limene limapambana 10% ya voti ya dzikolo lingapeze mipando ya zero, pamene chipani chokhala ndi 30% chingapeze unyinji . Osankha amphamvu ameneŵa amene osankhidwa mosalekeza amataya. Ofufuza a Populist kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito kulekana kumeneku mwa kunena kuti dongosolo losankhidwiratu limapidwa ndi anthu wamba. Iwo amaitana kaamba ka masinthidwe a boma – monga demokrase, malire, kapena kuchotsa koleji yosankhidwayo nthaŵi zonse − pamene akupindula ndi zidzutso za dongosololo likutuluka.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ntchito Bwino Ntchito Ndiponso Kutaya Mtima

Oyang’anira malo m'madongosolo aakulu kaŵirikaŵiri amaloŵa m'kuvota kwapadera, kusankha woyembekezera wochepera pa 76 kuti alepheretse zotulukapo zoipa. Kachitidwe kameneka kangalepheretse zikondwerero zenizeni ndi kuchititsa kusuliza kofala. Ofufuza angachititse kukwiya kumeneku mwa kulonjeza “kuswa dongosolo” ndi kubwezeretsa mphamvu kwa anthu. Bret effendam, yochitidwa ndi lamulo lachisawawa, kachitidwe ka pulogalamu ka pulogalamu kangaletse mkwiyo wa anthu andale, makamaka pamene dongosolo la osanthula akuona kukhala losamvera.

Kusokonezeka ndi Kusoŵeka kwa Kuimira

Madongosolo a opaleshoni amatulutsa mokhazikika zotulukapo zopotoka – magawo amene amapata mipando yambiri kaŵirikaŵiri amachita tero ndi ochepera kwambiri pa voti yotchuka. Mpata umenewu pakati pa mavoti ndi mipando ukhoza kuchepetsa njira yosankhira m’maso mwa nzika zambiri. Atsogoleri a Populistis amatsutsa kuti dongosololo liri lachionekere, kuti masankho “amakhozetsedwa" ndi wosankha wamba, ndi kuti mtsogoleri wamphamvu, wosaletseredwa angabwezeretse demokrase yeniyeni. Nkhani zoterozo zimapeza omvetsera pamene masamu awonekera kukhala osalungama.

Kupenda Nkhani: United States

United States imagwiritsira ntchito FPTP posankha masankho, kuphatikizapo Electoral College kaamba ka mipikisano ya pulezidenti. Makonzedwe ameneŵa achititsa mapresidenti amene anataya voti yotchuka (George Wabush mu 2000, Donald Trump mu 2016). Mpata pakati pa otchuka ndi osankhidwawo amapanga mphamvu zosonkhezera pulogalamu ya olemba mabuku amanena kuti dongosololi nloipa ndipo limachititsa malamulo kuti lisunge ulamuliro.

Mkupiti wa 2016 wa Donald Trump anatsutsa mwachindunji kuyenera kwa ntchito yosandutsa masankho, kuchenjeza za “kupangitsa chisankho” ndi kupempha kuti apeze“ m'madambo. [1] Kupambana kwake m'kupambana pa kupambana pa Republican ndi pulezidenti anali mbali ya dongosolo loyamba – kupambana . Kupambana kwake kunampatsa malamulo ambiri m'mayiko ambiri amene anamlola kusonkhanitsa nthumwi ndi kuchirikiza. Pa masankhoti a onse, iye anapindula ndi Electoral College kupendedwa ndi ku kutsika kwa kagulu kamodzi, mawu amene anali ovomereza kwambiri uthenga wake wotchuka.

Mofananamo, zipani za Green ndi Libertarian, zimene zili ndi malingaliro amene nthaŵi zina amagwirizana ndi mitu ya ojambula, amachotsedwa mokhutiritsa pa kuimira kwa FPTP. Ochirikiza awo kaŵirikaŵiri amalingalira kuti kuvota kwa wosankhidwa wawo kumatayidwa, kuchititsa kusankha motsika kapena mozengereza. Kusiyana kumeneku kungasonkhezere osankha otsutsa dongosolo la zinthu amene akulonjeza kusintha kwakukulu.

Kuphunzira Nkhani: United Kingdom

Bungwe la United Kingdom’s FPTP la Nyumba ya Commons lakhala likusulizidwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali kaamba ka kutulutsa “maboma osankha” – maboma okhala ndi mavoti aakulu koma kuchuluka kwa mavoti. Chisankho cha 2015 chinapereka chipani cha Conservative Party 1276sease ndi 36.9% ya voti, pamene UKIP anapambana 12.6% ya voti koma mpando umodzi. Chimenecho chinachotsa UKIP chitsutsa UKIP kutsutsa kwa kukhazikitsa kwa Bretip ndi chinathandizira ku gulu la Brexit.

Breteritapendum 2016, yomwe inagamulidwa ndi anthu wamba, inakhala pulogalamu ya opopulist . “Swer” inasonyeza EU monga ntchito yapamwamba yotsutsa ulamuliro wa Britain, ndipo magawo 52048 opapatiza anawonjezera magaŵano. Chiyambire pamene amendemu, Conservative Party yasintha, kuvomereza malo a populist pa kusamuka ndi malonda. Labour Party, la la la la langorever, linayang'anizana ndi nkhondo za mkati pakati pa mapiko ake apakati ndi kumanzere.

Nyumba za malamulo zoikikazo zimachita (2011) ndipo kachitidwe ka kukumbukira kanasulizidwanso, koma FPTP idakali woyendetsa wamkulu wa makampani aŵiri a m’duopoly. Magulu a Populist onga Reform UK (kale kagulu ka Bretit Party) amatsutsabe kuti dongosololi limachotsapo mamiliyoni ambiri.

Zitsanzo Zina Zoyerekezera

Mu Fransa , njira ziŵiri za kuzungulira kaamba ka masankho a pulezidenti ndi a boma zimasumika mphamvu mwa pulezidenti ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri zimachotsa oyembekezera achichepere pambuyo pa kuzungulira koyamba. Marine Le Pen’s National Rely yafikira mobwerezabwereza, ngakhale kuti nthaŵi iliyonse. Dongosolo limakakamiza magulu aakulu kupanga zigwirizano zotsutsana ndi poplist kumanja, komanso limaletsa malingaliro otsutsa dongosolo – chivoti iwo akulingalira kuti akusankha “choipa chopanda pake " mmalo mwa kuimira weniweni.

India, demokrase yaikulu koposa padziko lonse, imagwiritsira ntchito FPTP kwa Lok Sabba . Gulu la Bharatiya Janiya pa Narendra Modi lagwiritsira ntchito popularst ellustra – Hindu, kukondetsa dziko, ndi malonjezo a utsogoleri wamphamvu , kupambana pansi kwambiri ndi unyinji wa voti ya dziko (31% mu 2014, 37% mu 2019). Dongosolo la Voloralor likweza magawa a chigawo ndi kuchepetsa zigawo zazing'ono, likuthandizira ku malo andale zadziko.

Canada [1] adaona kukwera kwa Chipani cha Anthu otchuka pansi pa Maximi Bernier, ngakhale kuti chimakhala chaching'ono. Conservative ndi Liberal onse aŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito FPTP kupambana ndi chichirikizo chofala, ndipo mikangano yokhudza kusintha kwa masankho yabuka kaŵirikaŵiri koma sinagwiritsiridwepo. Zitsenderezo za Populist zakhala zikutsatiridwa kudzera m'mapwando omwe alipowo mmalo mwa kupanga mphamvu yatsopano, koma kusakhutira kokulirakutsalira kukupitirizabe.

Kufuna Thanzi Lachidemokrase

Kuphatikizapo madongosolo a osankhitsa aakulu ndi opopulism kumadzutsa mafunso aakulu ponena za kuimira demokrase, kuyenera, ndi kukhazikika. Pambali imodzi, madongosolo aakulu angatulutse maboma ogwirizana amene atha kuchitapo kanthu motsimikiza – amene ena amatsutsa kukhala ofunika m’nyengo ya mavuto ocholoŵana. Kumbali ina, iwo mosalekeza amachepetsa mawu a anthu ochepa, kululuza ma ma madentigarave, ndi kufupa ndale zadziko za m’chigawo.

Magulu a oimba amadzisonyeza okha kukhala mawu a mawu opanda mawu, akulonjeza kubwezeretsa uchifumu wa anthu ambiri. Pamene dongosolo la osankhidwa lioneka ngati likutsimikizira kulakwa kwawo – mwa kupanga zotulukapo zopotoka, mavoti otayidwa, ndi mavoti aŵiri okhazikika. Mabungwe a democratic angaunjikidwe kuchokera pakati, pamene opanga mafilimu a mphamvu amafooketsa mayeso ndi malingana.

Kufufuza kwa asayansi andale monga Pippa Norris (Harvard) ndi Ronald Inglehart kwasonyeza kuti madongosolo a voti amene amaonedwa kukhala abwino ndi ophatikizapo ali ndi mlingo wotsika wa kuchirikiza populist. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, maiko okhala ndi malamulo aakulu ndi milingo yapamwamba ya kusakhutira akuona magulu amphamvu kwambiri a populist. Kugwirizana kumeneku sikumatanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito kokha, koma kulinganiza kwa mabungwe kulidi kosiyana kwambiri.

Kusintha ndi Njira Zina

Masinthidwe angapo a voti aperekedwa kuchepetsa ziyambukiro zoipa za madongosolo aakulu a populalist popanda kuchepetsa bata. Izi zimaphatikizapo kuvota koikidwa pagulu (RCV), kuphatikiza pamodzi ma versime fragate (MMP), ndi madongosolo aŵiri a m'mapulaneti omwe akugwiritsiridwa kale ntchito m’malo ena.

Kuvota . RCV kumagwiritsiridwa ntchito mu Nyumba ya Oimira Oimira ndi U.S. Chisankho chimapangitsa osankha kukhazikitsa magawo osankhidwa ndi cholinga. Ngati palibe wosankha amene apambana ambiri, womalizira wa malo osankhidwa amachotsedwa ndipo ovota ake amafalitsidwa. RCV amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'Nyumba ya Oimira Oimira ndi mu U.S. Satiration imachititsa zotsatira zowonjezereka ndi kulimbikitsa anthu kumanga mipatuko. Ofuna kupambana angapambanebe, koma amakakamizidwa kukopa anthu awo mwapangizo ziŵiri kuti akope mavoti achiŵiri.

Madongosolo ogwirizana. Madongosolo omalizira a mipando amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Germany ndi New Zealand, kuphatikiza magawo limodzi ndi chigawo cha dzikolo ndi kuwonjezera kwa . Voters amaponya ma bloboot aŵiri , imodzi kwa wofunsira, imodzi ya pa chipani. Kugaŵidwa kwa mipando kumayendera pamodzi pa chisankho, kutsimikizira kuti ngakhale timagulu tating'ono tingapambane. Zimenezi zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mapulogalamu amene amatulutsa pulogalamu. Kusintha kwa New Zealand kuchokera ku FTPPP ku MMP mu 1996 kumasonyezedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala ngati kupambana mchitidwe wopanga zinthu ndi kudalira anthu onse.

Madongosolo aŵiri ozungulira angawongoleredwenso kulola ofunsira ambiri m'mabwalo oyamba ndi kuchirikiza kumangidwa kwa gulu lachiŵiri. Komabe, monga momwe chitsanzo cha Chifrenchi chikusonyezera, iwo angasumikebe mphamvu ndi kukhumudwitsa ovota awo amene akuona zosankha zawo zoyambirira za m'nthaŵi yake zitachotsedwa.

Palibe dongosolo la sankho limene liri langwiro, ndipo kusintha kumachititsa malonda. Kusintha dongosolo lamphamvu kumawononga kuwonekera kwa boma ndipo kungapereke mphamvu kwa mapwando opambanitsa amene akatsekeredwa. Komabe chikhoterero chamakono – kukwera kwa populism ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo osungira zinthu – chiwonetsero chakuti kusunga mkhalidwe wa malowo kulinso kowopsa. Okonza malamulo ayenera kupenda mtengo wa kusintha zinthu motsutsana ndi kutsika kwa demokrase.

Kumaliza

Madongosolo a osankhira si amene amayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwa populist, koma amaumba bwino lomwe malo amene populist imafalikira. Mwa kupanga wopambana îtakellall, kuchepetsa zigawo zazing'ono, ndi kupanga zotulukapo zosasiyana, madongosolo ameneŵa amatulutsa mitundu ya zidandaulo zimene ofufuza amagwiritsira ntchito. Kufufuza kofananako kuchokera ku United States, United Kingdom, France, India, ndi Canada kumasonyeza njira zosasintha: pamene ovotawo alingalira kuti mavoti awo saali opanda kanthu, iwo amavomereza mauthenga otsutsa programu.

Kuthetsa vutoli kumafuna kumvetsetsa bwino kapangidwe ka malo. Kusintha konga kuvota kapena kuimira mbali zosiyanasiyana kungachepetse kusiyana kumene kumayambitsa populism ndi kusunga kukhazikika kwa demokrase. Koma mkangano wokhudza kusintha kwa voti uyenera kudziŵitsidwa ndi umboni, osati ndi mawu apamwamba omwe amatsutsa kuvuta kwa boma. Potsirizira pake, thanzi la demokrase limadalira pa kukhazikitsa malamulo osankhidwa ndi malamulo a kuimira koyenera ndi kuyenerera kwa anthu otchuka – ntchito imene sinachitikepo mwamsanga.

Zilozero za Kusintha Koyamba Maderesi .ACE CHNEC KSOUTS MPENTS ; Kusintha Koyamba Malonda a Malonda Mapale Opasa ; [FLT:] Center yofufuza ndi kuwonjezeka kwa Mitengo ya Populiisi [1]; [FLT:]; [FLT:] Jenourme of Democratic Republic . [2:]