Table of Contents
Mabungwe Oyang’anira Dongosolo: Kuzindikira Ntchito ya Maboma m’Chikhalidwe Chamakono
M'zachuma zonse zovuta za maindasitale, bungwe la boma lapadera limagwira ntchito kutembenuza malamulo alamulo ambiri kukhala ovomerezeka, malamulo ovomerezeka. Mabungwe ameneŵa, odziŵika monga mabungwe oyendetsa zinthu, amagwira ntchito monga maziko a lamulo, kutsimikizira kuti mafakitale amagwira ntchito bwino, misika imakhala yodalirika, ndipo anthu amakhala otetezeka. Popanda mabungwewa, kusiyana pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku kuchuluka koopsa, kumachititsa nzika kukhala zosavuta kuwonongeka ndi zinthu zowonongeka kuchokera ku chinyengo cha zachuma. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupenda koyambirira kwa makampani okonzanso zinthu, mmene amagwirira ntchito, mitundu yosiyanasiyana imene amatengera, ndi mavuto aakulu amene amakumana nawo m'nyengo ya kusintha kwa zamakono ndi kusintha kwa kakhalidwe.
Kodi Malamulo Audindo N’chiyani?
Mabungwe a boma ndi mabungwe a boma, amene amakhazikitsidwa ndi kachitidwe ka malamulo, komwe amapatsidwa ulamuliro wa kupanga, kuyang'anira, ndi kusungitsa malamulo m'malo ena. Iwo amagwira ntchito pansi pa mphamvu kuchokera ku Congress kapena bungwe la boma, kuwalola kukhazikitsa malamulo amene ali ndi mphamvu. Mosiyana ndi madipatimenti audindo amene amatsatira malamulo, mabungwe ambiri okhazikitsa malamulo ali ndi mphamvu zoyendera quasi-lessislactive ndi zokhazikitsa malamulo: iwo amalemba malamulo atsatanetsatane, amafufuza, ndi kutsutsana.
Mabungwe a nthambi opatulapo makampani apadera a bungwe la . Oyang'anira a kudziko lapansi ndi oimira bungwe la Securent . Oyang'anira a kudziko lapansi monga Security ndi Exchange Commission (SEC), bungwe lodalira boma (FL Commissions (FC), ndi Federal Tradenti Commission (FC) [FC] [FL TC] [-] yalinganizidwa kutetezedwa ku ulamuliro wa prezidenti. Ofesity imatumikira mokhazikika, mawu ogwedetsedwa ndipo angachotsedwe chifukwa cha, chimene chimayambitsa ufulu wa ndale. Polo, mosiyana ndi nthambi, monga bungwe la za za za za zachitetezo (EPA) kapena za za zaultic Acuption (A) (A) ndi Oult Adbust Adbust (A) pansi pa ulamuliro, ngakhale kuti akugwirabe ntchito ya Prencelvise .
Maziko alamulo a ntchito ya bungwe ndi Administrative Procedure Act (APA) , imene imakhazikitsa madongosolo a malamulo ndi kulonjeza zimene mabungwe ayenera kutsatira. Malo ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuonekera, kutengamo mbali kwa anthu, ndi kupenda kwachiweruzo kwa lamulo m'chitaganya cha democracy. Kumvetsetsa malamulo ameneŵa ndi kulinganiza kwa malamulo nkofunika kwa aliyense amene amaphunzira za boma, malamulo, kapena malonda.
Ntchito za Mabungwe
Pamene kuli kwakuti bungwe lililonse limayendera mbali yake yeniyeni, ambiri amagaŵana ntchito zofanana zimene zimalongosola mbali yawo m’kulamulira. ntchito zimenezi zimaposa kusungitsa lamulo wamba; zimaphatikiza malamulo a moyo wonse kuyambira pa kutenga mimba kufikira pakukonzanso.
Kulamulira: Kusintha Malamulo Kukhala Miyezo
Mphamvu yooneka kwambiri ya bungwe la mabungwe ndi kukhoza kwake kukhazikitsa malamulo. Mwa njira yodziŵika monga kupanga malamulo ovuta, mabungwe amafalitsa malamulo olinganiza mu Federal Register, kufunsira ndemanga kwa osunga malamulo ndi anthu, kupendanso mawu, ndi kutulutsa lamulo lomaliza ndi maziko ndi cholinga. Zimenezi zingatenge zaka zambiri kuti zikhale malamulo ovuta. Mwachitsanzo, kutulutsa mpweya wa EPA wotentha kuchokera ku zomera za mphamvu kumaphatikizapo sayansi ndi chuma. Chikalata chogwirizana ndi lamulo, ndi kulephera kutsatira malamulo.
Kufufuza ndi Kupima
Makampani ayenera kutsimikizira kuti mabungwe oyendetsedwa akutsatira malamulo. Izi zachitidwa kudzera m'ziŵiya zosiyanasiyana zoyendera: macheke a kayendetsedwe ka chakudya (m’chitsanzo, macheke a kadyedwe ka FDA), zofunika zodzinenera (m' lekuatiso, kutulukira ndalama), ndi kuyang'anira kosiyanasiyana (m'oko, IRS ndandanda ya maajensi). Masewera angalengezedwe kapena kusatchulidwa, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo mapepala openda, malo, masiteshoni, ndi mafunsishoni ndi antchito. Kusintha kwa mafakitale kusiyanasiyana; makampani apamwamba monga mphamvu ya nyuk kapena kupanga mankhwala amaikidwa pafupi ndi kuyang'anira.
Kukakamiza: Zopatulika ndi Zochita Zowongoleredwa
Pamene kuswa malamulo kwapezedwa, mabungwe ali ndi zida zosiyanasiyana zosungitsa. Izi zimaphatikizapo faindi yoyang'anira, , ndi maoda a kusuta, , [[FLT]] malamulo ovomerezeka [[FLT:], ndi kupempha laisensi . M'nkhani zambiri, makampani angaloze nkhani ku Department ya milandu ya milandu. Cholingacho si kungopereka chilango komanso kuletsa ndi kukonza. Kusungitsa ntchito yokhudza anthu. [[FLT.] Kachitidwe kofanana ndi ka kampani konyenga ka .
Kuthetsa Mikangano: Kuthetsa Mikangano
Mabungwe ambiri amayendetsa makhoti awo a boma kuti amve mikangano yokhudza kumvera kapena kumasulira malamulo. Oweruza a boma (AL) amayang'anira nkhani zimenezi, zimene sizili zalamulo monga khoti la boma koma zidakali zoweruza. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la Social Security Administration limapereka milandu pa milandu ya anthu opunduka; NLRB inzake milandu yopanda chilungamo. Mabungwe ameneŵa amachepetsa ntchito yoweruza ndi kulola kuti apeze akatswiri a zaumoyo.
Maphunziro ndi Thandizo la Zopangapanga
Kusintha kumathandiza kwambiri ngati anthu olamulidwa amvetsa zimene zikufunika. Makampani amawononga ndalama zambiri pofalitsa zikalata zotsogolera, kutumiza anthu oyendetsa sitima za m'madzi, kukhazikitsa maganizo a anthu, ndi kukonzanso maofesi a anthu okhometsa msonkho.
Mitundu ya Malamulo: Kagulu Kampatuko Kotsatira Kam’seŵera
Pansipa pali magulu aakulu a mabungwe auyang’aniro amene ali ndi zitsanzo zophiphiritsira ndi malo awo aakulu.
Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala ndi Mphamvu
Environal Protection Agency (EPA) imakhazikitsa malire pa mpweya ndi zoipitsa za madzi, imayang'anira zinyalala zowopsa, ndi kuyeretsa malo oipitsidwa. Kuchotsa kwa Mphamvu (DOE) kumakakamiza miyezo yamphamvu ya mphamvu ya mphamvu ndi kuyendetsa magetsi m'chigawo cha magetsi kudzera mu Federal Energy Relyance Commition (FERC). M'zaka zaposachedwapa, mabungwe ameneŵa ayang'anizana ndi chitokoso cha kutembenuza maluso otulutsa monga kunyamula carbon ndi mafuta.
Kusintha kwa Zachuma ndi Zachuma
Umboni ndi KMENERANY ) [SEC [1] [FLT :1] imakhazikitsa malamulo a mafashoni kutetezera oikizira ndi kusungitsa misika yadongosolo. Consum Leavention Provice Bureau (CFPB) imayang'anira malonda a zachuma monga kukongola ndi makhadi a ngongole. Faceral Reser Reserve system [ imalamulira mabanki kutsimikizira chisungiko ndi kutetezera ngozi ya dongosolo la zinthu. Vuto la zachuma linatsogolera ku kuwonjezereka kwa ulamuliro wa matupingo ameneŵa pansi pa Dodd-FF.
Thanzi ndi Kukonzanso Koyenera
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) imatsimikizira kutetezereka kwa mankhwala, zipangizo zamankhwala, ndi zakudya zambiri. Compation Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)[FLD] imakhazikitsa miyezo ya kusungika ndi mayeso a ntchito. [FLT:] Madera a Medicare & Médicad Services (CMS) amalamulira zipata ndi kulipirira. Mlipo inayesa kuchuluka kwa makampani ameneŵa m'zipata opereka mankhwala ndi oyambukira.
Kuteteza ndi Malonda
Federal Trade Commission (FTC) machitachita a malonda osalungama kapena onyenga, kuphatikizapo kusatsa malonda onyenga, kuswa makompyuta, ndi kugwirizanitsa zinthu zachinsinsi. Consum Product Safety Commission [FLTSC] imalamulira chitetezo cha zinthu zogulitsidwa, kuyambira ku zoseŵeretsa kupita ku zipangizo zamagetsi. Mabungwe ameneŵa amachita mbali yaikulu m'zachuma cha magetsi, kupereka nkhani zonga za pulogalamu ndi za pa Intaneti.
Zoyendera ndi Kulankhulana
FULAL Aviation Administration (FAA)[FLT :1] imayang'anira kutetezeka kwa ndege; Fateral Motor Carterur Secuty Administration (FMCSA] [FLT]]] imayang'anira lole; National Highwation Safety Administration (NTHSA) [NFFT:5] imakhazikitsa miyezo ya chitetezo cha galimoto. [FLT:] Factal Commis Commis Coms (FCC) imayendetsa malamulo ndi malamulo a za kampani, kuphatikizapo matelectum, ndi matomu aumboni.
Kufunika Kogwirizana: N’chifukwa Chiyani Kusintha Zinthu N’kofunika?
Kugwirizana sikuli kokha chiyeneretso cha ulamuliro; kuli maziko a kukhazikika kwa kakhalidwe ndi kakhalidwe ka chuma. Pamene magulu atsatira malamulo, amachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala (pangakhale kuti kuwonongeka ndiko kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala, chinyengo cha zachuma, kuvulala pantchito, kapena zinthu zosatetezereka. Bungwe limalimbikitsanso kudalirana. Ogula amalonda ali othekera kwambiri kugula ku makampani amene amamamatira ku miyezo ya umoyo ndi chisungiko; osunga ndalama amakhala odalira kwambiri m'misika ndi malamulo osonyeza poyera.
Zotsatirapo za kusagwirizana ndi zinthu zingakhale zoopsa. Mabungwe a za mafuta a Deeater Horizone anapangika chifukwa cha kusamvera malamulo obzalidwa m’mphepete mwa nyanja, kuchititsa mabiliyoni a madola kuwonongeka ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Mofananamo, mavuto a zachuma a 2008 anayambitsidwa ndi kufalikira kwa miyezo yowongoleredwa. Pankhani iliyonse, mabungwe oyendetsa zinthu anayang'anizana ndi chitokoso osati chifukwa cha kukhala ndi malamulo, koma chifukwa cha kulephera kuwasungitsa.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makina: Zida za Malonda
Mabungwe a boma amaonetsetsa kuti anthu asiya kuyendetsa zinthu motsatira malamulo awo, ndipo amathandiza kuti anthu asiye kuchita zinthu zina.
Kufufuza ndi Kufufuza
Kufufuza kwanthaŵi zonse kuli chiŵiya chotsogolera. Mwachitsanzo, FDA imafufuza malo opangira mankhwala a m'nyumba ndi achilendo kutsimikizira Good Manufcicting Practices (GMPs). OSHA amayang'anira makampani otchuka. Zotulukapo zake kaŵirikaŵiri zimayambitsa makonzedwe owongolera ndi kulondola maulendo.
Kulandira Mlandu wa Monetary ndi Kuphonya
Zoyenera zingakhale zachiŵeniŵeni kapena zaupandu, kuyambira pa chilango chochepa cha kuswa malamulo ndi ziletso za kunyenga kwa dongosolo. Chikalata cha SEC mobwerezabwereza chimaletsa kupeza phindu losayenerera komanso chikondwerero. EPA ikhoza kupereka chilango chauyang'anira pansi pa Cooc Air Act ndi Ceat Water Act.
Chithandizo Chosawawa ndi Malamulo Omwe Sanawalole
Malamulo ovomereza amaperekedwa kwa anthu amene akuimbidwa mlanduwo kuti avomereze zochita zawo popanda kuvomereza kuti ali ndi mlandu.
Kupempha Mlandu ndi Kupereka Mpando
Makampani amene amafuna laisensi , monga kubbanki, kuulutsa, ndi mankhwala, ndilo chiletso chachikulu. FCC ingachotse chilolezo cha wailesi cha khalidwe loipa; bungwe la zachuma la Information Reguatory Authority (FINRA) likhoza kuletsa anthu kugulitsa mankhwala.
Kuchititsa Chitonzo kwa Anthu ndi Kuwonana Kwabwino
Bungweli limalembanso “Scam Alerts”; pa webusaiti ya OSsha patchula zinthu zoopsa zimene anthu amaphwanya kwambiri.
Mavuto Oyang’anizana ndi Malamulo Ofulumira m’Zaka za Zana la 21
Ngakhale kuti mabungwe otsogolera ena ali ndi udindo waukulu, nthawi zonse amapanikizika.
Kupinga ndi Kuwononga Zinthu
Mabungwe ambiri amavutika ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito monga mafakitale amene amayang’anira, kuchepa kwa ndalama zoyendera, kuchuluka kwa makampani oyendera zinthu, kuchuluka kwa makampani osamalira ziwalo za m’nyumba, ndiponso kuchepetsa mphamvu ya malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la SEC layesetsa kuyendera limodzi ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamakono ndi malonda a zaumisiri ndi antchito.
Kuloŵerera m’Malamulo ndi Kuloŵererapo pa Zandale
Mafakitale oyendetsedwa bwino akayamba kulimbikitsa kwambiri anthu oyendetsa makampani, bungweli lingaike patsogolo ntchito za makampani kuposa chitetezo cha anthu. Zimenezi, zomwe zimadziwika kuti kuyendetsa zinthu, zingapangitse kuti anthu asamayende bwino komanso kuti atsatirire mfundo zotsatizana. Kusokoneza ndale zandale kukhoza kuchepetsa mapangano, kukhazikitsa apolisi aubwenzi, kapena kukhazikitsa mabungwe akuluakulu oyendetsa zinthu.
Kusokonezeka kwa Zipangizo ndi Kusintha
Kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga kwa mwamsanga kumaposa liŵiro la kupanga malamulo. Makampani ayenera kulamulira zinthu zatsopano ndi mautumiki (m'chitsanzo, luntha lopanga, drones, kukonza majini) popanda kusokoneza. FTC ndi FDA akuyambitsa njira zoyang'anira IA, koma ntchitoyo njovuta. Kuwonjezera apo, mabungwewo afunikira kusintha njira zawo zofufuzira zinthu kuti adziwe bwino zinthu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti.
Kudalirana kwa Mayiko ndi Kulephera
Mafakitale ambiri amagwira ntchito kudutsa malire, koma mabungwe auyang'aniro ali ndi ulamuliro wa m'nyumba. Ngwirizano ya padziko lonse . "kupyolera mwa mabodza onga bungwe la International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) kapena WHO [1] kaŵirikaŵiri imachedwa ndi kusakhala kogwirizana. Zimenezi zimapanga mipata imene oseŵera oipa angagwiritsire ntchito malamulo osagwirizana.
Kukhulupirirana kwa Anthu Onse ndi Kusintha
Mabungwe a boma amadalira kuti anthu aziwakhulupirira. M’nyengo ya kusagwirizana kwa mayiko, mabungwe ena ayamba kukayikira kuti asayansi sakukhulupirira kuti ndi othandiza kapena kuti asinthasintha. Kuthandiza anthu kukonzanso Bipartisan n’kofunika kwambiri kuti pakhale umboni wa nthawi yaitali.
Kufufuza Nkhani Zochitika: Mabungwe Atatu Otsogolera Zinthu Adzazama
Kufufuza mabungwe ena kumasonyeza mmene zinthu zimenezi zimagwirira ntchito.
Bungwe Lotetezera zachilengedwe (EPA)
EPA inapangidwa mu 1970, kugwirizanitsa ulamuliro wa boma wolamulira kuipitsa kumagwira ntchito m'gulu limodzi. Imapereka malamulo aakulu monga Ceaner Air Act, Clean Water Act, ndi Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Kachitidwe ka EPA ka kukhazikitsa malamulo kamaphatikizapo kufufuza kwakukulu kwa sayansi, kusanthula kotayitsa, ndi kugwetsa. Chitsanzo chodziŵika ndicho malamulo a geous boundation gas a deat pansi pa Court Act ya Supt land Act, kutsatira chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu [FL: 0] Massachus v. EPAFL: [2001] [200]. (zitomati]). Ngakhale kuti panali mavuto alamulo ndi andale, EPA amakhalabe mwalame wa U.S. Posachedwapa, kalelo lakhala ndi kuipitsa kwa chilungamo cha PFLT. [FFF.]
Ntchito Yosinthana Zinthu (SEC)
Kulengedwa pambuyo pa kuwonongeka kwa masheya mu 1929, SEC imakhazikitsa Security Act ya 1933 ndi Securesties Exchange ya 1934. Ntchito yake imaphatikizapo kutetezera oikizira, kukonza misika yosakondera ndi yoyendetsa bwino zinthu, ndi kuchititsa kupangidwa kwa malikulu. Kufufuza kwa SEC, kumabweretsa ntchito zosungitsa lamulo, ndi kuyang'anira mabungwe odziyang'anira okha monga FINRA. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, SEC yakhala ndi malamulo ogwirizana ndi kuulutsa zinthu za pa Intaneti, mkati mwa kugulitsa, ndi zopereka zopeka zosadziŵika. Kufikira kwa bungwelo kwa makampani kwa masamu ambiri . Kuyang'anira kwake koyambirira kuchititsa mkangano waukulu. EDGAR imapereka kulowa kwapo kwapo ndi ku makampani ([FFG0].[31]
Gulu Loyang’anira Zakudya ndi Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo (FDA)
FDA imatsimikizira kutetezeka ndi kugwira ntchito kwa mankhwala, bilogics, ziwiya za mankhwala, ndi chakudya chochuluka. Njira zake zovomereza zili zina zovuta kwambiri padziko lapansi. Bungwelo limayang'aniranso kutetezeka kwa pambuyo pa mapepala kudzera m'madongosolo oopsa opereka lipoti. Njira zovomerezeka za FDA, monga Degreptus progialgics , zafulumizitsa kupeza njira zochiritsira moyo. Mliri wa CHOVID ndi mliri woyenerera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi mankhwala ochiritsira matenda mopendedwa kwambiri. Zivuto zopitsira zimaphatikizapo kutsogolera njira zaumoyo, zopioperation , ndi opioidstion ([FLD: 0]) ku OFFFF.
Mtsogolo mwa Maulamuliro: Kusintha Zinthu M’dziko
Kuti zigawenga zikhalebe zogwira mtima, ziyenera kusanduka kuchokera ku mbali zosiyanasiyana zofunika.
Choyamba, malamulo a zamalonda ayamba kufala kwambiri. Makampani akuika ndalama m'maluso opanga ndi makompyuta kuphunzira kuona njira za kusagwirizana, kuyambira pa malonda achinyengo a zachuma mpaka kuipitsa kosakhala kwa lamulo. Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa SEC ntchito za makompyuta poyang’anira msika ndiko chitsanzo chotchuka.
Chachiŵiri, mabokisi a mchenga autali [1] ndi kupanga malamulo mwaluso kudzalola kuyesa. FTC yayambitsa njira zofufuzira madera ozungulira mofulumira monga kuonekera kwa pulogalamu popanda kukhazikitsa malamulo aakulu, osasintha.
Chachitatu, kugwirizana ndi kugwirizana kwa padziko lonse . Kusintha kwa nyengo, kusokonezeka kwa kayendedwe, ndi kufalikira kwa miliri kumafunikira kugwirizana kwa magulu onse a m’dziko (EPA, DOE, DHS) ndi anzawo achilendo. Komiti ya zachuma ndi Babyloning Superfection imasonyeza kale mmene miyezo ya dziko lonse ingagwirizaniranitsidwire.
Chomalizira, kutengamo mbali kwapoyera ndi kuonekera [[FLT :1] kudzawonjezeredwa ku madigitation . Ot Internet kupanga malamulo, njira zotsegulira chidziŵitso, ndi ziŵiya zosungitsira mapangano zingachepetse kuwona kwa mabungwe monga mabizinesi akutali. Kupanga chidaliro cha anthu kudzadalira pa kuŵerengera ndi kulabadira.
Kumaliza: Kufunika Kopirira kwa Kusintha
Mabungwe oyang’anira a boma ndi oyang’anira makampani ongoyang’anira makampani; ndi mabungwe ofunika kwambiri amene amatembenuza malamulo kukhala enieni tsiku ndi tsiku. Mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo, kuyang’anira khalidwe, ndi kukhazikitsa zotsatira zake, amateteza thanzi la anthu, chitetezo, ndi kudalirika kwa zachuma. Komabe amagwira ntchito mokhazikika chifukwa cha kutsenderezeka kwa zinthu zamakono, kusintha kwa maluso a zamakono, ndi kusintha kwa ndale zadziko. Kumvetsetsa maluso awo ndi mavuto awo si ntchito ya maphunziro chabe ya maphunziro. Kusintha kwa makampani, kuchirikiza malamulo, kukonzanso malamulo, kapena kungodalira ukonde wa anthu. Pamene anthu akuyang'anizana ndi machenjera atsopano, kukonza ma gene, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, ntchito za osunga kugonjera kumeneku sikudzakula kwambiri. Njira yothandiza kwambiri ya kuyendetsa zinthu ya anthu achikulire ndiyo njira yodziŵika bwino, ikhoza kutchuka.
Kuti muŵerenge zambiri ponena za kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kuŵerengera mlandu, fufuzani pulogalamu yopanga malamulo (Malamulo.gov) [1] kapena [[FLT:] Conference ya United States .