Chiyambi cha Machenjera ndi Kulinganizika m’Maulamuliro a America

Malamulo a cheke ndi kulinganiza si dala a dongosolo la United States; ndi mapangidwe adala a nyengo yokha. Opanga malamulo, osonkhezeredwa ndi akatswiri a Kupenyeka onga Montesquieu, anafunafuna kukhazikitsa boma limene likanapeŵa ulamuliro wankhanza umene anali nawo mu ulamuliro wa Britain. Iwo anamvetsetsa kuti kuika mphamvu mphamvu m'chinthu chimodzi chilichonse / "kamodzi, kopangika, kapena kolamulira kotchuka koyambirira, kungatsogolere ku nkhanza. Monga chotulukapo, iwo anapanga dongosolo limene limagaŵanitsa osati kokha pakati pa nthambi zitatu za boma komanso pakati pa maboma a dzikolo, ndipo kuwonjezera ku milingo ya kumaloko. Kufikira kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti mphamvu ikudutsa ponse paŵiri ndi moyera ndi modetsedwa, kupanga mfundo zambiri zotsutsana ndi .

Kakonzedwe kameneka kamafotokozedwa kaŵirikaŵiri monga dederalism , kugawana kwa malamulo a mphamvu pakati pa boma lapakati ndi magulu a ndale zadziko. Kusintha kwa Tenth Amendment kumasungidwa ku maboma (ndipo mwachiwonjezeko, kumadera) maulamuliro onse osagawidwa ku United States kapena kuletsedwa ku maboma. Malo ameneŵa amapanga malo oyendera ndi kulinganizika kwa miyeso. Kumvetsetsa mmene machenjezo ameneŵa amagwira ntchito kumafuna kuyang'anitsitsa pamlingo uliwonse [1] malo, boma, ndi a chigawo .

Mmene Anthu Amaderawo Amakhalira: Kulamulira Kwawo

Maboma akwawo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mathayo ndi Mphamvu za Maboma Akumaloko

Maboma a m’derali ali ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana zimene zimathandiza anthu kukhala m’dera limodzi.

  • Kutetezereka kwa polisi: Apolisi ndi madipatimenti ozimitsa moto, mautumiki a zachipatala, ndi mandende akwanuko.
  • Kuphunzitsa: Kuthamanga K-12 sukulu za onse (kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera m'mabungwe a sukulu odziimira okha).
  • Malamulo: kumanga ndi kukonza misewu, milatho, madzi, zimbudzi, ndi kutumiza anthu onse.
  • Dziko logwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi kumanga: kulamulira kupangidwa kwa katundu, malamulo a nyumba, ndi malamulo a malo okhala.
  • Mautumiki a moyo ndi a zachikhalidwe: Kujambula zipatala zaumoyo za anthu onse, mapaki, malaibulale, ndi malo apamwamba.
  • [[MFUNDO:0] Msonkho wa patali: Kuzemba msonkho wa katundu, misonkho ya malonda (kwamene kuloledwa), ndi malipiro a ntchito.

Ukulu wa maudindo ameneŵa umatanthauza kuti zosankha za kumaloko zingakhale ndi zotsatira zazikulu. Chigamulo cha bungwe la boma pa ntchito yatsopano ya nyumba chingakhudze kukhoza kwa zaka makumi ambiri; zosankha za kalasi ya maphunziro zingaumbe maphunziro a mbadwo. Chifukwa chakuti akuluakulu a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amasankhidwa kapena kusankhidwa ndi mabungwe osankhidwa, nzika zili ndi njira yeniyeni yoziŵerengera.

Kufufuza Ulamuliro wa Malowo

Ngakhale kuti maboma a m’maderawo ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, amagwira ntchito mopitirira malire oikidwa ndi maboma apamwamba.

  • Kaundula wa chigawo: Nyumba za malamulo za Boma zingapereke malamulo amene amanyalanyaza malamulo a kumaloko. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ambiri achotsa malamulo a malipiro akwawo kapena njira zolamulira za lendi.
  • Miyezo ya zandalama ndi ya boma: Malo ochokera ku mlingo wapamwamba kaŵirikaŵiri amabwera ndi zingwe zomangizidwa (monga chitsanzo, kufunikiritsa kugwirizana ndi miyezo ya malo okhala kapena malamulo osasinthasintha.
  • Kubwereranso kwa judicial: Makhoti angagamule machitidwe a kumalo amene amaswa malamulo a boma, lamulo la boma, kapena Constitution ya U.S. Chitsanzo chapadera ndicho pamene lamulo la kumaloko likuswa ufulu wa kulankhula kapena kutetezera kofanana.
  • Kayendetsedwe ka zachuma: Maboma ena ali ndi mabodi olamulira kapena mabwai oyang'anira zinthu amene angaloŵerepo pamene boma lakwanuko liyang'anizana ndi kulephera kwa ndalama kapena kusasamala.

Kufufuza kumeneku kumathandiza kuti anthu amene zinthu sizikuchitika m’deralo asawononge malamulo kapena kuvulazidwa ndi anthu amene sachita chidwi ndi zinthu za m’deralo.

Chiyeso cha Boma: Mabungwe a Demokalase

Maboma ali ndi maziko amphamvu apakati m'dongosolo la boma. Ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu zosungidwa pansi pa Demendment ya Khumi, komanso ayenera kugwirizana ndi lamulo la boma pansi pa Supremacy Claus . Mbali imeneyi imachititsa mabwalo ofunika kwambiri a malamulo ndi nkhondo ya lamulo. Monga momwe Justice Louis Brandeis ananenera motchuka, " Ndi chimodzi cha zochitika zosangalatsa za dongosolo la boma kuti Boma limodzi lolimba mtima likangatero, ngati nzika zake zisankha, kutumikira monga laboratorishoni; ndi kuyesa kufufuza kwa kakhalidwe ndi zachuma popanda ngozi kutsalira ku dziko lonselo.

Ntchito za Maboma a Boma

Maboma ali ndi ulamuliro pa nkhani zambiri zapanyumba. Mphamvu zawo zenizeni zimaphatikizapo izi:

  • Lamulo: Kuvomereza upandu wa boma ndi malamulo a boma, lamulo la banja, lamulo la katundu, ndi lamulo la pangano.
  • Kuphunzitsa: Kukhazikitsa miyezo ya K-12 ya maphunziro, kuchirikiza madongosolo a maphunziro apamwamba, ndi mayunivesite apamwamba).
  • transportation :[[FLT :1] Kusunga misewu ya boma, kuyang'anira kulembetsa galimoto, ndi kuyang'anira malonda a m'dziko.
  • [[MLT:0] Mphamvu zapolisi: Kuteteza thanzi la anthu, chitetezo, ndi makhalidwe , kuphatikizapo ulamuliro wopatula anthu, kukonza malo oyenera, ndi malamulo a malo okhala.
  • [[FULT:0] Kusintha:[[FUL:1] Kupereka misonkho ya ndalama zopezedwa, misonkho ya malonda, misonkho ya makampani, ndi misonkho yotsatsira.
  • Zisankho: Kutumikira boma, boma, ndi malo akwanuko, kujambula zigawo za malamulo (zogonjera ku malamulo a ufulu wa kuvota).
  • Kulinganiza ndi bizinesi: Makampani operekera malirensi, kuyang'anira inshuwalansi, ndi kuyang'anira malaisensi a akatswiri.

Chifukwa chakuti mayiko ali ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana, makhoti, ndi zikhalidwe zandale, nkhani imodzimodziyo (mwachitsanzo, kuloledwa kwa chamba, kupatsidwa ndalama zothandizira pamaphunziro) ingakhale yosiyana kwambiri ndi boma lina.

Mmene Maboma Amayendera ndi Kupimidwa

Kufufuza kwa boma: Maboma onse ali ndi kakonzedwe ka maufumu atatu ofanana ndi boma la boma: mkulu (mutsogoleri), kampando wa malamulo wa mayayamula kapena wauncameral, ndi kazembe wa boma. Olamulira angakhoze kuchotsa ngongole, malamulo a malamulo a boma omwe amaswa malamulo a boma. Maboma ambiri alinso ndi ziwiya za demokrase monga zotsogolera ndi zosonkhanitsira ndi zolozera, kulola omvera lamulolo kuchotsa lamulolo.

Kufufuza kwa kanema pa magawo: Boma la boma lingachepetse kachitidwe ka boma m’njira zingapo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kupatula Claus: Lamulo lililonse la boma limene limatsutsana ndi lamulo lovomerezeka la boma kapena Konsichushoni nlopanda ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, maboma sangapereke malamulo amene amalepheretsa malonda a mayiko (Dorment Commerce Claus) kapena amene amaswa zoyenera za anthu.
  • Ndalama ndi malamulo: Boma la boma limagwiritsira ntchito zisonkhezero zandalama kusonkhezera boma kugonjera ku zonulirapo za mtundu, zonga ngati ndalama za m’khwalala zogwirizanitsidwa ndi nyengo yochepera ya kumwa.
  • Kukonzanso: Malamulo monga Demetriement ya 14 adagwiritsiridwa ntchito kusungitsa chitetezo chofanana ndi njira yoyenerera yochitira ndi maboma.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kubwereranso kwa judicial: Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. lingagwetse malamulo a boma kapena zigamulo za khoti zimene zimaswa lamulo la boma. Milandu ya panja monga Brown v. Komiti ya Maphunziro (11954]) ndi Obergecroll v. Hodges [1] (2015)

State settus kupima boma la boma: Maboma alinso ndi zida zopitirizira kubwerera. Iwo angatokosa malamulo a boma m’khoti, kusudzula boma, kukana kugwirizana (m’jere, "malamulo" a kusamutsira), ndi kuitana msonkhano walamulo pansi pa Mfundo V. Malamulo a boma angakakamizenso Konsishoni kupyolera mwa ma U.S.

Chiyeso cha Maboma: Ulamuliro Woposa Malire

Boma la boma limasangalala ndi ulamuliro m'madera operekedwa ndi Konsichushoni, koma si mphamvu zonse. Opanga mafomuwo mwadala anaipanga kukhala boma la mphamvu zopereŵera, zoŵerengedwa. Chilichonse chimene sichikuperekedwa mwachindunji ku boma chimasungidwa ndi maboma kapena anthu. Mkati mwa mbulunga ya boma, mphamvu imagawidwanso mowonjezereka pakati pa malamulo, akuluakulu a boma, akuluakulu a boma, ndi nthambi zachiweruzo, iliyonse ndi mayeso ake pa ina.

Mphamvu Zodalira Boma la Federal

Malamulo amaika boma pa nkhani zimene zimafuna kuti dziko likhale lofanana kapena zimene sizingasinthe malire a boma.

  • Uchinjirizo wa mtundu: Kusunga magulu ankhondo, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kuyendetsa malamulo achilendo.
  • Malonda a m'dziko lonse: Amasintha malamulo pakati pa maboma ndi mitundu ina (Commerce Claus).
  • Lamulo la zachuma: Kugulitsa ndalama, kuwongolera kulephera kwa ndalama, ndi kuika apolisi.
  • Dokoso la Postal: Kujambula Utumiki wa Postal .
  • Kusuntha ndi kujambula: Kukhazikitsa malamulo oloŵera ndi kukhala nzika.
  • Chuma cha chinsinsi: Kupereka zopanga ndi zopeka.
  • [[MLT:0] Malamulo a m'malamulo ndi ufulu wa anthu: kukakamiza chitetezo cha malamulo (m'b., kuvota, njira yoyenerera).
  • Ufulu ndi nkhani zachilendo: mphamvu yokwanira yoloŵa m'mapangano a mitundu yonse.

Boma laboma lakhalanso ndi mphamvu pansi pa Chifuniro ndi Chiyeneretso cha Claus, chimene chimailola kukhazikitsa malamulo omwe ali "oyenerera ndi oyenera" kaamba ka kukwaniritsa mphamvu zake zotchulidwa. Chiganizo chimenechi chakhala maziko a lamulo la boma lotakata, kuyambira pa Social Security kufikira ku malamulo a malo okhala.

Kufufuza kwa Mkati: Dongosolo la Tripate

Pamlingo wa boma, machenjezo ndi zipilala zimawonekera kwambiri pakati pa nthambi zitatuzo:

  • Kufufuza kwa nduna: Congress ingachotsepo gulu la pulezidenti laveto, kutsimikizira kapena kukana mapangano a mabwana, mapangano a raconsance, kusatsa ndi kuchotsa pulezidenti, kulamulira bajeti, ndi kuchititsa kufufuza.
  • Kufufuza kochitidwa pa Nyumba ya Malamulo: Pulezidenti angapereke malamulo, kuitanira magawo apadera a Congress, ndi kutulutsa malamulo a akuluakulu otsogolera mmene malamulo amatsatidwira. Pulezidentiyo amatumikiranso monga mkulu wa malamulo ndipo angapange malamulo akunja.
  • [[FULT:0] Kufufuza kwa judicial pa zonse ziŵiri: Khoti Lalikulu ndi makhoti aung’ono a boma angalengeze machitidwe a Congress kapena machitidwe a akuluakulu osagwirizana ndi boma (kupenda kwa boma). Oweruza a Federal amaikidwa kaamba ka moyo, kuwatetezera ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko.
  • Kufufuza kwa Konparation pa khoti: Msonkhano ungasinthe chiŵerengero cha oweruza, kusintha ulamuliro wa makhoti a boma (ndi zolephera), ndi oweruza otsutsa chisembwere. Nyumba ya malamulo imakhazikitsa mapangano achiweruzo.
  • Kufufuza kwachiweruzo: pulezidenti amaweruza ndipo angakhululukire milandu ya boma, kuyambukira ziyambukiro zachiweruzo mwanjira ina.

Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale ngati pulezidenti ndi Congress agwirizana pa lamulo, makhoti angaliikirebe ngati aswa Lamulo.

Mafufuzidwe Akunja pa Mphamvu Yadziko: Maboma ndi Anthu

Boma la boma limapimidwanso ndi maboma a boma ndi osankhidwa. United States angatokosa malamulo a boma m'khoti (m’chitsanzo, Affordal Care Act), kukana kusungitsa malamulo ena a boma (kuona chiphunzitso chotsutsana ndi lamulo pansi pa Printz v. United States ), ndi kubwerera kumbuyo kupyola kutembenuza kwa boma. Anthu, kupyolera mwa masankhoti, angasinthe kupangidwa kwa Congress and Geographic, ndipo angasinthe Konsition (ngakhale kovuta dala).

Ndiponso, bungwe la Tenu Amendment ndi kapangidwe ka Nyumba ya Malamulo (boma lililonse limalandira oimira aŵiri mosasamala kanthu za anthu) zimatsimikizira kuti maboma ali ndi mphamvu yeniyeni m’kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma.

Kugwirizana ndi Kusagwirizana: Kugwirizana ndi Kulimbana

Unansi pakati pa milingo ya boma ngwamphamvu. Nthaŵi zina amagwira ntchito pamodzi m'zimene zimatchedwa universityism , kumene maboma a boma ndi maboma amagaŵana mathayo ndi ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, misewu ya chigawo inamangidwa mwa kupereka kwa boma loperekedwa ndi maboma, ndipo Medicaid imachirikizidwa mogwirizana. Nthaŵi zina, nkhondo imabuka, kutsogolera ku nkhondo zalamulo kapena "Universityism," kumene maboma amakana malangizo a boma.

Zitsanzo za Kugwirizana kwa Boma

  • [[FLT :0] Maprogramu opereka ndalama zothandizira: monga Theort I Lawnsing I ndi Community Development Block Grants amapereka zipangizo ku maboma ndi madera okhala ndi mikhalidwe.
  • Kuyankha : FEMA imagwirizana ndi mabungwe oyang'anira zangozi za boma ndi othandizira oyamba akomweko pa mphepo zamkuntho, moto wolusa, ndi miliri.
  • Mayanjano a thanzi: CDC imagwira ntchito ndi madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma pakuyang'anira matenda ndi mpikisano wa akatemera.
  • Mabungwe a ntchito za lamulo: Mabungwe a Federal onga DEA ndi FBI othandizana ndi boma ndi apolisi a kumaloko pa kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi upandu wachiwawa.

Mabwenzi ameneŵa nthaŵi zambiri amaloŵetsamo ntchito yosiyana: mayiko ndi madera amapeza ndalama ndi luso koma ayenera kutsatira miyezo ya boma.

Mikangano Yodziŵika ndi Zochitika za Malamulo

Kukangana kwa m’mbiri yosiyanasiyana ndi kwaposachedwapa kumasonyeza macheke a ntchito:

  • Kugwirizanitsa ndi kugwirizanitsa: m'zaka za zana la 19, maboma anayesa kuchotsa malamulo a boma, kuchititsa Nthenda ya Kusungitsa ya mu 1832. Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni inatsimikiza kotheratu kuti lamulo la boma silingaleke kapena kuchotsa lamulo la boma popanda kutha.
  • Clivil Rights Era: [[FLT :1] Maboma a Kum’mwera anakana kugaŵana ndi malamulo a ufulu wovota, kusonkhezera kuloŵerera kwa boma kuphatikizapo Chikalata cha Chigawo cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964 ndi Chikalata cha Zoyenera za mu 1965. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza mphamvu ya boma m'milandu yonga ya ku Atlanta Motel v. United States .
  • Kuloledwa kwa lamulo: Mosasamala kanthu za chiletso cha boma pansi pa Chilamulo cha Substances Act, maboma ambiri ali ndi mankhwala kapena zosangulutsa zololedwa mwalamulo. Boma la boma lalola kwakukulukulu kuyesa kwa boma kupitiriza, koma mkanganowo sutha ndipo ungabwezeretsedwe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusungitsa kugaŵikana: "mizinda ya magetsi" ndi maboma ali ndi kugwirizana kochepa ndi maulamuliro a boma a kusamukira. Makhoti ambiri anena kuti boma la boma silingalamulire zotsala za boma kaamba ka kusungitsa (lamulo la lamulo loletsa lamulo), koma lingamane mavomerezo ena.
  • Track: Mliriwo unawona kusagwirizana pakati pa zivomerezo za boma ndi zosankha za boma pa kutsekereza, zifunsiro za manyakezi, ndi kugaŵira katemera. Khoti Lapamwamba linatsekereza malamulo a boma pamene likuchirikiza ena.
  • Zoyenera za Akazi pambuyo pa Madobs [1]: Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu 2022 [[FLT:] Malo-Dobs v. Jackson Akazi a Zaumoyo anabweza malamulo ochotsera mimba ku maboma, kutsogolera ku ntchito ya malamulo. Maboma ena akhazikitsa pafupi ndi ziletso, pamene kuli kwakuti ena awonjezera kupezeka. Boma laboma lachiŵiri lachiŵiribe lingasonkhetsebe kuperekedwa kupyolera msonkha ndi zilo zoperekedwa ndi mankhwala ogodomalitsa.

Zitsanzo zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti mapendedwe ndi kulinganizika siziri zosalekeza; zimasintha kupyolera m’kukambitsirana kwa tsatanetsatane, malamulo, ndi makambitsirano a ndale zadziko.

Mbali ya Oimba m’Kusunga Kulinganizika

Makhoti onse amathandiza kwambiri kukhazikitsa malire pakati pa maboma. Khoti Lalikulu la United States ndilo lomaliza kuyambitsa mikangano ya boma. Ziphunzitso za malamulo a malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi Khotili zimaphatikizapo izi:

  • Kulandidwa: lamulo la Federal limachotsa lamulo la boma pamene Congress afuna kukhala ndi gawo kapena pamene lamulo la boma likutsutsana mwachindunji ndi lamulo la boma.
  • Dorment Commerce Claus: Maboma sangachitire tsankho malonda a m'mayiko kapena kuponderezana mopambanitsa, ngakhale pamene Congress sanachitepo kanthu.
  • Kulamulira: Boma la boma silingalamulire malumbiro a boma kapena akuluakulu akuluakulu a boma kukhazikitsa maprogramu a kayendetsedwe ka boma.
  • Kutetezeredwa kwa Ulamuliro: Madziko mwachisawawa sangaikidwe mlandu popanda chilolezo chawo, ngakhale kuti boma la boma lingagwirizanitse chitetezo chimenecho pansi pa Demetrition ya 14.
  • Chiphunzitso cha kachitidwe cha m'dziko: Malamulo amatetezera anthu ku zochita za boma, osati zaumwini, koma "zochita za boma" zimaphatikizapo machitidwe a maboma a kumaloko oyendetsa pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma.

Ziphunzitso zimenezi zimayengedwa nthaŵi zonse m’nkhani zatsopano, zikumatsimikizira kuti njira za ulamuliro zikhalabe zomvekera bwino ngakhale pamene anthu akusintha.

Mavuto Obwerapo Adzawathetsa

Dongosolo la macheke ndi kulinganiza likuyang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo zatsopano m'zaka za zana la 21. Openyerera ena akuda nkhaŵa ndi kufutukuka kwa ulamuliro wa boma kupyolera m'matanthauzo otakata a Commerce Claus ndi Kugula Claus . Ena akuwopa kuti maboma akutsata kufunafuna madera amwambo, monga ngati lamulo la kusamukira kapena lachilendo. Panthaŵiyo, maboma a kumaloko nthaŵi zina amabwezera kumbuyo kupululidwa kwa boma, kutsutsana kaamba ka "boma" ndi ulamuliro wa kumaloko.

Zipangizo zamakono zimavutanso: kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachinsinsi pa Intaneti, kuchepetsa mphamvu za makompyuta, ndiponso kuchepetsa malamulo a boma, ndipo palibe kugwirizana kulikonse kumene kuyenera kuchitika.

Kwa nzika, kuzindikira mphamvu zimenezi nkofunika. Kufufuza ndi kulinganiza pakati pa maboma a kumaloko, boma, ndi boma sikuli chabe malingaliro alamulo osakhala achibadwa; iwo amaumba zonse kuyambira pa mtundu wa misewu kufikira ku kupezeka kwa thanzi. Chipangano cha Covic [1] Kulankhulana ndi akuluakulu a boma, kutumikira pa mabungwe akwawo, ndi kutengamo mbali m’kuyankha kwapoyera kwa boma.

Kumaliza: Dongosolo Poyenda Mofulumira

Dongosolo la ku America la macheke ndi kulinganiza kuzungulira mlingo wa kumalo, boma, ndi boma ndi chipambano chodabwitsa m'kudzilamulira. Ilo limagaŵira mphamvu zambiri, limapatsa njira zambiri zochitiramo mbali, ndi kuyambitsa kusagwirizana kumene kumalepheretsa chikondwerero chilichonse kuyang'anira. Komabe ndi njiranso imene imafuna kukhala maso nthaŵi zonse. Chifukwa chakuti mphamvu zimagawana, kulimbana nkovuta. Koma kugwirizanitsa kumeneku kuli mphamvu: kumateteza ufulu mwa kuchititsa boma lililonse, boma, kapena boma, kapena chigwirizano popanda chivomerezo, kapena kuyankha mlandu.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa maganizi a boma ndi maunansi a boma, fufuzani zinthu kuchokera ku Constitution Anchonition (Konfor.gov), Magazini otsatizana [[FLT:]] yothandiza Amereka onse kumvetsetsa za malo a dziko, ndi njira yokhalitsa ya kulamulira yoposa m'dziko.