Magwero ndi Tanthauzo la Kufunika ndi Kuyenera kwa Claus m’Maulamuliro Alamulo

Chithandizo cha Claus ndi Seader, chopezeka m'Chigawo 8, Chigawo 18 cha United States Constitution, ndi limodzi la malamulo achidule kwambiri a lamulo la America. Ilo limapatsa mphamvu Congress "kupanga Malamulo onse amene afunika ndi oyenerera kuchititsa maulamuliro otchulidwawo, ndi Maulamuliro ena onse oikidwa ndi Malamulo ameneŵa m'Boma la United States, kapena m'Dipatimenti iliyonse kapena m'bungwe lililonse la malamulo a dziko la America. Imatchula kaŵirikaŵiri kuti "Elastic Clause," imapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo kuti ikhazikitse malamulo omwe sakutchulidwa mwachindunji koma ngofunika kugawatsa mphamvu zake. Mfundo imeneyi yakhala yofunika kwambiri kukulitsa ulamuliro wa boma, kutsutsana kwamphamvu yosatha kutsutsana pa malire aunikira ufulu wa ufulu ndi ulamuliro pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma.

Zomwe Zinayamba: Kukonzanso Mtsogoleri Wotchuka wa Ansembe

Anthu amene anatumizidwa ku msonkhano wa Malamulo wa mu 1787 anatulukira mfundo yakuti: Kodi angakonze bwanji boma lolimba kuti lithetse mavuto osiyanasiyana komanso kuti likhalebe ndi ufulu wopondereza. Pansi pa mfundo za bungwe la Confederation, Nyumba ya Malamulo inasoŵa mphamvu zokhoma msonkho, kuyendetsa malonda, kapena kukweza asilikali. Msonkhanowu unafuna kuthetsa mavuto amenewa, koma nthumwi zambiri zinaopa kuti zipatsa mphamvu ulamuliro waukulu.

James Madison, yemwe nthaŵi zambiri amatchedwa Atate wa Malamulo, anazindikira kuti boma lopatulidwa pa mndandanda wa maulamuliro ena ake silingakhale lokonzeka kuchita zinthu zosayembekezereka. Fiterast No. [4] "FLT:1], iye anateteza mawuwo, kunena kuti chinali "chofunika kwambiri" kupeŵa "njira yoopsa kwambiri" imene ingabuke ngati Congress ikanangochita zinthu pamene ulamuliro wake utha kulembedwa. Chikalatacho chinali chokonzekera kulola Nyumba za Malamulo kusankha njira zochitirapo kanthu, malinga ndi njira zimene zija zinali "zofunika ndi zoyenera""

Kudzigwetsa okha kunali kolinganizidwa bwino kuti kupeŵeke kupambanitsa kuŵiri. Padzanja limodzi, liwu lakuti "lofunika" linasankhidwa pamawu aakulu monga "contenfient" kapena "kugwiritsa ntchito" kuletsa Nyumba za Malamulo kutchula nzeru zosatha. Kumbali ina, opangawo anakana kumanga kokhwima kumene kukafuna lamulo kukhala lofunika kwambiri; anamvetsetsa kuti kulamulira kumafuna chiweruzo chopindulitsa. Motero mfundoyo imakhala ndi maziko apakati, kulola Nyumba za malamulo kutengera njira zomveka bwino zimene zili zosintha moyenerera.

Kumasulira Koyambirira ndi Kuyambika kwa Mphamvu Zomwe Zinagwiritsiridwa Ntchito

Kutsutsana kwa Banki Yoyamba ya United States

Kuyesa koyambirira kwa mawuwo kunachitika mu 1791, pamene Alexander Hamilton analinganiza banki ya dziko. Mlembi wa Boma Thomas Jefferson anatsutsa kuti Konsolishoni sinalonjeze kukhazikitsa banki, ndi kuti Tenuth Amendment inasunga mphamvu zonse zosaikidwa ku maboma. Hamilton anatsutsa ndi lingaliro lochititsa chidwi limene linayala maziko a mphamvu za dziko. Anatsutsa kuti Chilamulo cha Claus ndi Chamalamulo cha Claus anapereka ulamuliro wa kuphatikiza banki chifukwa chakuti inali yoyenerera ndi yoyenera kunyamula mphamvu za Congress pa misonkho, kukongola ndalama. Lingaliro la Hamilton linapambana, ndi losaina lamulo la Washington. Chitsanzochi chisonyeze kuti lamulolo china chikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda lamulo lovomerezeka lamulo lalamulo.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Chipangizo chotchedwa Cornerstone

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Mcloch v. Maryland [1] adakali kumasulira kotsimikizirika kwa Mbali ndi Moyenerera Claus . Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall, polembera khoti limodzi, anakhulupirira kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo inali ndi mphamvu yokhazikitsa Bank yachiŵiri ya United States, ngakhale kuti mphamvu imeneyo sinandandanitsidwe m'Chigawo I. Marshall analingalira kuti Malamulo ndi "akonzeka kupirira kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo kenaka, kuti agwirizane ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana a nkhani za anthu.

Lingaliro linayala tchulidwe lamphamvu ya boma. Marshall analemba kuti mawuwo ndi "audindo a mphamvu" mmalo mwa chiletso, ndi kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ingagwiritsire ntchito njira zilizonse zosaletsedwa ndi Malamulo kukwaniritsa lamulo lovomerezeka. Iye analengeza motchuka, "Lilekeni likhale lovomerezeka, likhale loyenera, ndi njira zonse zimene zili zoyenera, zimene zagwirizana mowonekera bwino ndi mapetowo, zimene siziletsedwa, koma zili ndi kalata ndi mzimu wa Malamulo, zili ndi malamulo alamulo. Zimenezi [[FLT:]] Maulamuliro oyenerera omasulidwa kuchokera ku mpambo wa mphamvu za dziko lonse ndi kuzivomereza monga momwe zikufunikira.

M’nkhani imodzimodziyo, Bwalo lamilandu linatsutsa kuyesa kwa Maryland kukhoma msonkho ku banki ya boma, kukhazikitsa lamulo la ulamuliro wa boma pansi pa Supremacy Claus . Chigamulocho chinalimbikitsanso kuti Mtengo ndi Kuyenera Claus sindiwo gwero la mphamvu yopanda malire; njira ziyenera kukhala [" zosinthidwa mosuliza" kumapeto a lamulo ndipo siziyenera kuswa malamulo ena alamulo. Komabe chiyambukiro chonse chinali kufutukula ukulu wa ulamuliro wa bungwe la communiontion.

Khoti Lalikulu Linatsutsa Kukula kwa Claus

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) ndi Federal Commerce

Woweruza Wamkulu Marshall kachiŵirinso anatembenukira ku Malamulo Ofunika ndi Oyenera mu Gibbons v. Ogden kuti afotokoze kufikiridwa kwa Commerce Claus . Khoti linakhulupirira kuti Congress ingalamulire malonda a m'madera ambiri, kuphatikizapo kuyendetsa ndege, ndi malamulo a boma otsutsana ndi malamulo a boma. Marshall analingalira kuti mphamvu ya kulamulira malonda "pakati pa Maboma angapo" inaphatikizapo mphamvu ya kulamulira ntchito zimene imakhudza kwambiri malonda .

United States v. Comstock (200): Kugwiritsira ntchito Claus ku Lamulo la Federal Criminal

Mu United States v. Comstock, khoti linalingalira kuti ngati Congress ikakhoza kuvomereza kugamula kwa lamulo kwa akaidi a boma aupandu mwa kugonana pambuyo pa zigamulo zawo. Ambiri anatsutsa kuti kumangidwa ndi Kuyenera kwa Claus kunalola kumangidwa koteroko chifukwa kunali njira yabwino yoperekera mphamvu za Congress ku maupandu a boma ndi kulanga olakwa. Woweruza Stephen Breyer anagogomezera kuti lamulolo limapatsa Congress "brouth" kuvomereza machitidwe omwe "athyone" ku kuswa kwa mphamvu zina. Mlandulo unalimbitsa malo a bungwelo monga chiweruzo chaupandu, kuweruza kwauchiŵeruza, kuyendetsa zinthu zaumoyo.

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202): The Indictive Mandate

Kuyesa kwapamwamba koposa kwaposachedwapa kunaloŵetsamo lamulo la Affordcable Care Act . Khoti linachirikiza chilolezo cha ulamuliro wa Congress, koma lingaliro la Woweruza Wamkulu John Roberts linatsutsa kwambiri chigomeko chakuti lamulo la Claus ndi Sed Claus yekha likhoza kulungamitsa lamulolo. Roberts analemba kuti chigamulocho chimalola Nyumba za Malamulo [[FLT:]] kukwaniritsa ntchito yake yaikulu pomasulira lamulo. Nkhaniyo inagogomezeranso kutsutsana ndi mphamvu zake zazikulu pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma.

Claus M’malamulo Amakono: Apeza Zinthu Mwachisawawa Ndiponso Amathandiza

Mabungwe Oyang’anira Oyang’anira

Boma lamakono lauyang'anira limakhala ndi mbali yake yaikulu chifukwa cha Kufunikira ndi Kuyenera kwa Claus. Nyumba ya Mabungwe yapanga mabungwe onga Environmental Protection Agency, Securities and Exchange Commission, ndi Federal Commission kukwaniritsa mathayo ake otchulidwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulowo samatchula mabungwe ameneŵa, mawuwo amachirikiza chilengedwe chawo monga njira yosungitsira malamulo a boma pa zamalonda, misonkhoma, ndi chisungiko cha dziko. Mabungwe ameneŵa amalola Nyumba za Mabungwe kukhazikitsa ulamuliro kwa akatswiri odziŵa ntchito ndi chuma, kugwirizanitsa ndi zinthu zovuta zasayansi popanda kufunikira malamulo alamulo okhazikika.

Kusamalira Thanzi ndi Chikhalidwe cha Anthu

Programu zonga Medicare, Medicaid, ndi Social Security zimachirikizidwa ndi kugwirizana kwa mphamvu ya Congress yowononga ndalama (Chigawo 8, Classia (1) ndi Kufunika ndi Kuyenerera ndi Claus . Chiganizocho chimatheketsa Congress kukhazikitsa mikhalidwe ya ndalama za boma ndi kukhazikitsa njira za kuyendetsa zinthu zosamalira za umoyo zimene zimalamulira makampani, zimafuna chidziŵitso, ndi kukhazikitsa miyezo yabwino. Mwachitsanzo, Emergency Medical Atcity and Act (MTALA) ikufuna zipatala zimene zimavomereza Medica kuti zipereke chisamaliro chamwadzidzidzi. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo osaŵerengedwa mwachindunji, malamulo oterowo amachirikizidwa kukhala ofunika ndi otetezera mphamvu ndi kutetezera moyo wa anthu onse.

Kusintha Zachuma ndi Kusasokonezeka Kwake

Pambuyo pa mavuto a zachuma a 2008, Nyumba ya Malamulo inagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake zochulidwa pa zamalonda ndi za ndalama, kuphatikizaponso Claus Woyenerera ndi Woyenerera, kukhazikitsa bungwe la Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ndi kukhazikitsa Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation ndi Consumer Protection Act. Malamulo ameneŵa amayang'anira zipangizo za ndalama zovuta, mabanki ndi maukwati a ngongole, ndiponso amapanga chitetezo cha ogula. Makhoti ambiri achirikiza njira zimenezi, pozindikira kuti mavuto a zachuma amakono amafunikira njira zosinthasintha ndi zomveka bwino.

Nkhani za Chitetezo cha Dziko Lonse Ndiponso za Kumayiko Akunja

Chiganizochi chimalimbikitsanso mphamvu zazikulu za Congress pa nkhani zachilendo . Ngakhale kuti Konsichushoni imapatsa Moonjezeratu mphamvu zambiri za malamulo achilendo kwa Pulezidenti. Mwa malamulo onga National Security Act ya 1947, Congress adalenga Dipatimenti ya Usilikali, CIA, ndi National Security Council. War Powers Resource ya 1973, pamene inali kupikisana, imadalira pa mfundoyo pamene ikuvomereza kuti Msonkhano ukhoza kumanga ulamuliro wa boma kuti ulamulire ulamuliro wa Pulezidenti wa asilikali. [FLT: 0] Hamdi v. Rumsfeld [FLD:] (204]), Khotilo linatchula chigamu cha lamulo pamene linavomereza kuti boma likhoza kumanga adani, monga chochititsa nkhondo.

Kutsutsana pa Malire a Mphamvu ya Magulu

Kusintha kwa Ntchito Yomanga

Chiyambire kupezedwa, malingaliro aŵiri opikisana aumba kumasulira kwa Msungiko ndi Kuyenera kwa Claus. Omanga akhama, kutsatira Jefferson, akutsutsa kuti chiganizocho chiyenera kuikidwa ku njira zimene zili zosatsutsika [1] kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yotchulidwa. Pansi pa kuŵerengaku, Congress sangasiyanitse kusiyapo ngati kugwirizana ndi mphamvu yalamulo yakutiyakuti ndi yolowera ndi yokakamiza. Omanga, otsatira Hamilton ndi Marshall, akutsutsa kuti chigamulo cha Malamulo chimapereka nzeru iliyonse yosankha [[FLT:] yogwirizana ndi lamulo logwirizana ndi lamulo lovomerezeka.

Kusintha kwa Zakunja kwa Khumi ndi Kusintha kwa Mafuko

Chikalata cha M’maboma cha Search ndi Sed Claus kaŵirikaŵiri chimatsutsana ndi Tenth Amendment, imene imasunga maulamuliro onse osagawiridwa ku boma la boma. Osuliza a boma audindo autali akutsutsa kuti mawu, pamene atembenuzidwa momasuka, amachotsa malire a maulamuliro ndi kufooketsa ulamuliro wa boma. Khoti Lapamwamba nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi lagamula malamulo ameneŵa, monga mu United States v. Lopez [1955], kumene linagwetsa lamulo la Gun-Free Schools Act chifukwa chakuti kugwirizanitsa malonda ndi malonda kunali kolimba kwambiri. Momwemonso, mu [FLT:] m'dziko. United States (1997]), Khoti imene inasunga lamulo la boma losagwiritsa ntchito lamulo lolamulira lamulo lolamulira lokhudza ulamuliro la boma la bomalo linatsimikizira mlanduwo. Koma iwo amatsutsa mlanduwo.

Chiyeneretso cha “Kulemba ”: Sichachinthu Chachikulu

Chigawo chopendedwa kaŵirikaŵiri cha mawuwo ndicho "yenere". Mu NFIB v. Sebelius . . . . Woweruza Wamkulu Roberts anagogomezera kuti "yenere" amakakamiza lamulo lodziimira paokha kuposa "yabwino". Lamulo lingakhale lofunika kuti likwaniritse cholinga cha lamulo koma likhale losayenera chifukwa limaswa kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro kapena kuswa ulamuliro wa boma. Mwachitsanzo, kupereka lamulo lachindunji pa malamulo a boma kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma kukakhala kosayenera, ngakhale ngati kunali kofunika kukwaniritsa chonulirapo cha lamulo lolamulira. "ku kuyenerera" kuwonjezera chiyeneretso cha malamulo olemekeza.

Tanthauzo Lake: Chifukwa Chake Claus Ali Wofunika Masiku Ano

Chinsinsi cha Claus ndi Seant chidakali maziko a ulamuliro wa America. Popanda zimenezi, Nyumba za Ufumu sizingagwirizane ndi kuvuta kwa chuma cha 21 chapakati, kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga, kapena kusokoneza dziko. Kuyambira pa Decheal Air Act ku Afford Care Care Act ku ChiPS ndi Science Act .

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, mawuwo akupitirizabe kuyambitsa mkangano waukulu wa lamulo ndi wandale. Nkhani za malamulo a akuluakulu a boma, boma la olamulira, ndi ukulu woyenera wa mphamvu za boma kaŵirikaŵiri zimabwerera ku tanthauzo la "ofunika ndi oyenera" akatswiri ndi oweruza akupitirizabe kufufuza kumvetsetsa koyambirira kwa mawuwo, ndi kutsutsana kwina kwa kutsenderezedwa kwa kulembedwa kwa njira za kupezedwa kwa machitidwe a boma ndi zina zochirikiza njira yalamulo imene imalola Nyumba za Malamulo kusinthira ku malongosoledwe atsopano.

Kwa ophunzira a boma la America, kuzindikira Moyenerera ndi Moyenerera Claus nkofunika pozindikira mmene Malamulo asinthidwira kuchokera ku malumbiro achidule kukhala maziko a boma ladziko lopita patsogolo. Ilo limasonyeza nzeru ya olemba maulakemale m'kuphatikiza mphamvu zoŵerengedwa ndi mawu osinthika opatsa chilolezo .

" Chiganizocho si kupenda kopanda kanthu kaamba ka Congress, koma chiri chiŵiya chovuta kutsimikizira kuti Konsichushoni ikali chiŵiya chogwira ntchito cha kulamulira. . — Justice Anthony Kennedy (kupezeka mu [[FLT: 1]] Comstock )

Kuŵerenga Kowonjezereka

  • . . Cornell Information Institute: Kuli kofunika ndi Kuyenera Claus Securee . — Chilozero chalamulo cha mbiri ya train ndi lamulo la mlandu.
  • Thromber ya Dziko: Umboni Wathunthu wa Constitution ya U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015 - Kusavomereza Chigamulo pa Federalism [1] , chitsanzo chamakono cha mmene "kuyenera" ndi chigwirizano cha boma chimayambira m'milandu ya Khoti Lapamwamba.
  • Utumiki wa Kufufuza kwa Pangano: Nkofunika ndi Moyenerera Claus Doctrine [1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kumaliza: Kulolera ndi Kuumirira

Chikalata cha Malamulo cha Malamulo cha Malamulo chimene chikusonyeza kuti boma liyenera kukhala loyenera ndi loyenera kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo. Mbiri yake imasonyeza kuti mawuwo agwiritsidwa ntchito kumanga boma lamphamvu lokhoza kusamalira mavuto a dzikolo. Komanso kuti malire ake akutsutsidwa ndi kuchitika. Pamene Congress akupitirizabe kuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano, Ellaclause adzakhalabe maziko a mfundo yaikulu ya malamulo. Nkhani yaikulu siikusonyeza ngati Nyumba za Malamulo zili ndi mphamvu, koma kuti mphamvuzo zimawateteza motani.