Lamulo la kuopsa kwa kaŵiri limaimira mfundo ya magwero a kachitidwe kaupandu ku America, kuletsa boma kuweruza munthu m'malamulo angapo kapena chilango cha mlandu umodzimodzi. Pamene kuli kwakuti chitsimikizo cha Fi5 Amendment nchachindunji mkati mwa ulamuliro umodzi, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kumavuta kwambiri pamene maulamuliro a boma, boma, ndi olamulira a mafuko akugawana. Kumvetsetsa mmene kuopsa koŵirikiza kaŵiri kumagwirira ntchito m’malamulo osiyanasiyana ameneŵa kumafuna kusanthula mosamalitsa chiphunzitso cha uchifumu, malo apadera a makhoti a mafuko, ndi lamulo lapadera limene limalongosola malire a chitetezo chachikulu chimenechi. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupenda koyenera kwa maupandu aŵiri a boma, kupereka lamulo kwa ophunzira alamulo, oweruza, ndi aliyense woyendetsa malamulo alamulo a ku America.

Kodi Kuika Munthu Pangozi Kuŵiri N’kutani?

Buku la Malamulo la Malamulo la Malamulo a ku United States lotchedwa Victer Jeoparde Claus of the Findment likupereka kuti: “Palibe munthu amene... amene adzaikidwe paupandu umodzimodziwo kaŵiri kuti aikidwe paupandu kapena kuikidwa pa chiŵalo chimodzi. Chitetezero chimenechi chimagwira ntchito ku boma kupyola pa 1449 Demendment, kutsimikizira kuti palibe munthu amene angaikidwenso mlandu umodzi pambuyo pa mlandu womwewo, kuimbidwa mlandu, kapena kulangidwa kuwidwa kupitirira kamodzi kaamba ka upandu womwewo womwewo m’boma. Mlanduwo umateteza kutsendedwa kwa boma ndi milandu yobwerezabwerezabwereza, ndi kusunga chuma cha milandu.

Funso lalikulu limene limabuka m'nkhani zambiri zotsutsa ndi lakuti kaya “kuyesa kofananako” kumagwira ntchito ku maufumu osiyanasiyana. Pansi pa chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro , mabungwe aŵiri odziimira paokha, omwe ali ndi malamulo aupandu ndi zikondwerero zambiri, ndi thamake, aliyense angapereke mlandu wa munthu mmodziyo pa khalidwe lomwelo popanda kuswa lamulo lowiri. Lamulo limeneli, lozikidwa pa lingaliro lakuti wolamulira aliyense akukhazikitsa malamulo ake, lavomerezedwa mobwerezabwereza ndi Khoti Lapamwamba ndi kupanga dongosolo loyang'anirana ndi boma, boma, ndi mayanjano a makhoti a mafuko.

Chiphunzitso cha Uchifumu cha Pamodzi: Maboma Olamulira ndi Boma

Chiphunzitso cha uchifumu cha mbali ziŵiri chimanena kuti boma la boma ndi boma lililonse ndi maulamuliro osiyana. Chifukwa chake, kachitidwe kamodzi kangaswe lamulo la boma ndi la boma, ndipo ulamuliro uliwonse ungapereke mlandu padera. Nkhani yokhazikitsa lamulo limeneli m'nyengo yamakono ndi United States v. Lanza, U.S. 377 (1922), kumene Khoti linakhulupirira kuti kuletsa kotsatira kwa boma ndi akuluakulu a boma kaamba ka ka ka ka kachitidwechi sikumaswa lamulo lachiŵiri la Jeopy Claus Claus. Maboma aŵiriwo amapanga mphamvu zawo zosiyana kuchokera ku magwero osiyana.

Lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino limeneli linatsimikiziridwanso mu Heath v. Alabama , 474 U.S. 82 (85), kumene Khoti Lalikulu linalongosola molunjika kuti chiphunzitso cha uchifumu cha mbali ziŵiri “sichiri lamulo laluso koma ndilo lingaliro lalikulu la utsogoleri wa boma. [1] Pansi pa dongosolo limeneli, munthu amene amalanda banki yosungidwa amapanga upandu wa boma (kuba) ndi upandu wa boma (kumbuyo). Ngati boma litsutsa choyamba ndi kupeza chitsutso, boma lingaperekebe mlandu wakuba kofananako popanda kuyendetsa ngozi yoŵirikiza kaŵiri. Boma limagwira ntchito yofanana ngati boma likupita choyamba.

Ngakhale kuti chiphunzitsocho chidakali chozikikabe, chakhala chosulizidwa ndi kupotoza. Mwachitsanzo, “chiweruzo chankhanza” chingaletse kuzengedwa mlandu kwachiŵiri ngati mlandu woyamba wa wolamulira wachiŵiriyo unali chophimba. Komabe, Khoti silinagwiritsire ntchito kamodzikamodzi kusiyanitsako, ndipo chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro wa mbali ziŵiri chidakali cholamulira ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma.

Zifukwa Zogwira Ntchito za Ulamuliro wa Chigawo cha Gawo la Uchifumu

Kwa ochiritsa, zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti wogula amene wamasulidwa m’khoti la boma angayang'anizanebe ndi milandu ya boma yochokera ku zochitika zofanana. Zitsanzo zodziŵika zimaphatikizapo milandu ya ufulu wachibadwidwe kumene kuzengedwa mlandu kwa boma kumachititsa kukhululukidwa, koma akuluakulu a boma pambuyo pake abweretsa milandu ya chidani cha boma kapena malamulo a ufulu wa anthu. Mofananamo, kuzembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, milandu ya mfuti, ndi milandu yachinyengo kaŵirikaŵiri imayambitsa kufufuza kofanana ndi mabungwe onse aŵiri a boma ndi boma.

Chimodzi cha zotsatirapo zake n’chakuti boma lizigwiritsa ntchito moyenerera pozenga mlandu kuti “imanso” pamene zotsatira zake sizikukhutiritsa. Oweruza a boma angachedwe kuzengedwa mlandu koma angaloŵerere ngati mlanduwo utha mwa kukhululukidwa kapena kupatsidwa chilango chopepuka.

Makhoti a Ufuko: Mlandu Wapadera wa Ulamuliro Wopatukana

Kugwirizana pakati pa makhoti a mafuko ndi olamulira ena kumayambitsa kucholoŵana kowonjezereka. Maiko a mafuko amadziŵika monga mitundu yodalira [[FLT: 0] yokhala ndi ulamuliro wachibadwa [1] malo amene asintha mwapadera kupyolera m'lamulo la boma ndi zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba. Pazifuno za ngozi ziŵiri, nkhani yaikulu njakuti kaya makhoti a mafuko amachitiridwa monga “olamulira a boma ndi maboma, kapena kaya ali zida za boma za boma.

M'mbiri, Khoti Lalikulu linachita United States v. Wheeler , 435 U.S. 313 (188), kuti fuko ndi boma ndizo zolamulira zosiyana. M'likulu la Navajo] Walder , mwamuna wa Navajo wochonderera mlandu wa mlandu wa kuthyoleththyoth, ndipo anaimbidwa mlandu wa kugwirira chigololo chozikidwa pa khalidwe limodzimodzilo. Khoti linagamula kuti mlanduwo sunali wokhudzana chifukwa chakuti fukolo linatenga ulamuliro wake wa fuko, osati nudindo laudindo laufuko. Limene linapangidwa kuti bwalo lakwaniridwa kaamba ka zifulo.

Komabe, kusintha kotsatirapo kwasokoneza kachitidwe ka malamulo ameneŵa. Lamulo lachikhalidwe ndi lamulo la 2010 ndi [[FLT] chiwawa cha Akazi Kulimbana ndi Azimayi:2] Chiwawa cha kugamula mlandu wa 2013 chinakulitsa ulamuliro wa mafuko pa ziwalo zosakhala za mafuko m’mikhalidwe ina, makamaka zachiwawa ndi zachiwawa m'mafuko kumaiko ena. Malamulo ameneŵa adzutsa mafunso akuti kaya milandu ya mafuko a anthu osakhala ziŵalo za banja kapena zigamulo ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga zigamulo za boma kapena za mafuko. [[FLT:] Mu [FLT:] United States. Brott v [FLD:5], 579. U.U.U.U.20666, Khoti lalikulu la mafuko linalingalira ngati likanagwiritsa ntchito chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chigawa cha chika. Zi

Chiyambukiro cha [[FLT: 0] United States v. Lara[[FLT: 1]

Imodzi ya nkhani zofunika kwambiri zokhudza ulamuliro wa fuko ndi ngozi ziŵiri ndi United States v. Lara, 541 U.S. 193 (2004). Lara [[FLT:]], woimbidwa mlandu anali chiŵalo cha Deke Sioux ndi U.S. nzika. Anaimbidwa mlandu ndi fuko kaamba ka kuukira nduna ya boma ndipo pambuyo pake ndi boma kaamba ka khalidwe lomwelo. Khoti Lapamwamba linakhulupirira kuti mlanduwo sunaletsedwe ndi ngozi yowiritsa kaŵiri chifukwa chakuti boma ndi maboma a mafuko anali opatulidwa. Khoti linagogomezera kuti bungwelo lingafotokoze bwino ukulu wa fuko kudzera mwalamulo, ndi lopanda ulamuliro wa fuko.

Chigamulo [Chiweruzo] [[FLT: 1] chimasonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu: pamene kuli kwakuti maboma a boma ndi maboma ali osiyana, malo a makhoti a mafuko angasiyane malinga ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo ali chiŵalo cha fuko ndi maulamuliro a boma omwe akuseŵera. Kwa oimbidwa mlanduwo, mabwalo a boma akakhala opatulidwa akukhala opatulidwa pa zifuno zachiweniweni zowonjezereka, amatumiza zitetezero zoŵiri. Monga tsopano, lingaliro lofala ndi lakuti makhoti a mafuko akukhalabe opatulidwa pa zifuno ziŵiri, koma lamulo silikuikizidwa kotheratu.

Milandu Yodziŵika ndi Milandu Yalamulo

Kupyola Lanza , [[FLT :2] Heath [FLT , ndi Lara [1] [, milandu ina ingapo imaumba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa maupandu oŵirikiza kumbali zina. Kumvetsetsa zitsanzo zimenezi kumapereka chithunzi chokhupuka cha malo ovomerezeka.

Ggush v. United States (209)

Mu Grigg v. United States, 587 U.S._ (2029), Khoti Lalikulu linatsimikiziranso chiphunzitso cha uchifumu cha mbali ziŵiri m’nkhani imene woimbidwa mlandu wa kulakwa kwa mbanje m’khoti la boma anali ataimbidwa mlandu ndi boma la Alabama kaamba ka khalidwe limodzimodzilo. Khotilo linakana kuti chiphunzitsocho chiyenera kuikidwa paupandu, kuchititsa kuti lemba la Jeopardy Claus ndi tanthauzo lake loyamba lilole maulamuliro apadera kuweruza kachitidwe kosiyanako. Chilungamo Alito, cholembera cha 7-2, chinagogomezera kuti “kutetezera anthu kuikidwa m’maupandu a ‘ kuikidwa kaŵiri, ndi mawu omwe nthaŵi zonse amatanthauza kulakwa kwa munthu mmodzi pansi pa lamulo losiyana. [FF]

Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle (2016)

Kusiyana kwakukulu kumaphatikizapo maulamuliro a dziko. Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle , 579 U.S. 59. 59 , Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza kuti Puerto Rico ndi boma si maulamuliro osiyana pa zolinga zangozi ziwiri chifukwa chakuti ulamuliro wa Puerto Rico wachokera ku gwero limodzi la boma . U.S. Constitution ndi Congress (rather) kuposa ku gwero la ulamuliro wa munthu. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti chiphunzitso cha uchifumu cha mbali ziŵirizi sichidalira pa kaya chiŵalo cha munthu chakupeza mphamvu yake kuchokera ku bungwe lodziimira, losakhala la boma. Kufufuza kwa makhoti a mafuko kuli kosiyana chifukwa chakuti mitundu yapadera ya ulamuliro wa ulamuliro wa ulamuliro.

Zovuta Zogwira Ntchito ndi Zosiyana

Kumvetsa mfundo zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kuti maloya, aloya, ndi oweruza asamalire milandu yochuluka.

  • Machiweruzo [: Maulamuliro a boma angadikire mlandu wa boma kuti uthetse mlandu usanapereke zinenezo, kugwiritsira ntchito uchifumu wa mbali ziŵiri kupeza chigamulo kapena chiweruziro chaukali.
  • Plata yokambirana [1]: Woimbidwa mlandu angakakamizidwe kuvomereza liwongo m'chigawo china kuti apeŵe kuzembedwanso m'njira ina. A Attorney ayenera kulangiza makasitomala za upandu wa kaŵiri pamene akupempha.
  • CParacal estopel : Pamene kuli kwakuti ngozi yoŵirikiza siingaletse kuweruza kwachiŵiri, chilolezo cha nkhani ya prackup ['.] (Colpal ebromable]) (m'malamulo a m'malamulo) angagwire ntchito. Ngati nkhani yapadera inagamulidwa m'mayeso oyamba (m.g., woizengedwayo sanaitse ntchitoyo), kuti apeze ntchito yogwirizana mu chigawo chachiŵiri chopitiriza pansi pa lamulo lokhazikitsidwa mu monga ngati . Slowen . , 396.[1970] Komabe, kuyang'ana mozungulira modabwitsa.
  • Zitokoso za Juristianial : M'makhoti akwawo, woimbidwa mlandu angatsutse kuti fukolo sililamulira anthu ena kapena kuti mlanduwo ndi ntchito yopatula boma, kuyambitsa ngozi ziŵiri. Zovuta zimenezi zimafuna kupenda mosamalitsa ulamuliro wa boma ndi malo a mafuko.

Palinso kuchepa kwa nthaŵi imene mlandu wachiŵiri umaletsedwa ngakhale pakati pa olamulira osiyana:

  • Tchulani mlandu : Ngati mlandu wa wolamulira woyamba unali chida wamba chachiŵiri, wachiŵiri ungaletsedwe. Kusiya kumeneku kwavomerezedwa m'dicta koma sikugwiritsiridwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri.
  • Mkhalidwe wa Government : Ngati mlandu wachiŵiri ubweretsedwa m'chikhulupiriro choipa kapena kuvutitsa woimbidwa mlandu, njira yoyenerera ingakutsutse, ngakhale kuti imeneyi siikhala kuwopsa kwa kaŵiri pa mlingo uliwonse.
  • Zipilala za anyezi zauphunzitsi [1]: Malamulo ena a boma, monga ngati lamulo la petute [1] (Kuchitidwa kwa malamulo a m'kati mwa chilungamo), amaletsa boma kuzengedwa mlandu pambuyo pa kuzenga mlandu pokhapo ngati mikhalidwe ina yafikiridwa. Malamulo a Petrate sagwirizana ndi malamulo a lamulo koma ali malangizo a DOJ ofuna chilolezo kuchokera kwa Mthandizi woyenera Attorney General At General asanayambe kuweruza milandu iŵiri.

Ntchito ya Chilamulo cha Mayiko Onse ndi Kuzenga Malamulo Achilendo

Ngakhale kuti nkhani za ngozi sizikuchitika kwambiri, zimabukanso m'nkhani za milandu yachilendo. United States kaŵirikaŵiri samavomereza zikhulupiriro zachilendo kapena kuimbidwa mlandu monga kutsekereza milandu yapanyumba pansi pa chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro wamitundu yonse, pamene maulamuliro apadziko lonse asiyana. Komabe, mapangano ena ndi mapangano owonjezera amaphatikizapo “mabiki mu indem" (ngozi zoŵirikiza) ziganizo zimene zingaletse kuzunzidwanso pambuyo pa kuyesedwa kwachilendo kwa khalidwe lomwelo. Mwachitsanzo, pangano la Kuphwanya Schengentege Agreement ndi mapangano ena a zipangano zachiŵembu amapereka zitetezero zoŵiri kumaiko ochitira zizindikiro. Ku U. , kusoŵa kwa lamulo la lamulo la lamulo kumaiko akunja kumatanthauza kuti wopatulidwa wa dzikolo sayenera kuletsa milandu ya kuswa lamulo loswa lamulolo.

Kuthetsa Vutoli: Njira Zabwino Kwambiri Zochitira Akatswiri Oona za Malamulo

Polingalira za kuopsa kwa kubwezera koŵirikiza kaŵiri, madokotala ayenera kutsatira njira zotsatirazi:

  • Chizindikiro chachiyambi : Potenga, tsimikizani ngati khalidwelo lingaswe boma, boma, ndi /ka lamulo la fuko. Kufufuza ngati milandu ina isanachitike inachitika m'maulamuliro ena.
  • Kulembedwa kwa milandu isanachitike : Kupeza makope a zigamulo, ma CD, ndi malangizo a ajuli kuchokera ku mlandu uliwonse. Mapepala ameneŵa ndi ofunika kwambiri powonjezera kuopsa kwa kaŵiri kapena kutsimikizira kuti aleketse.
  • Kugwirizanitsa ndi akatswiri : M’milandu yokhudza makhoti a fuko, funsani loya wolunjika m'lamulo la fuko kapena la chigwirizano cha Indiya kuti muone masinthidwe a malamulo.
  • Kukambitsirana kwa kuchonderera [1]: Pamene wofuna kulowa ntchito ayang'anizana ndi milandu iŵiri, lingalirani kukambitsirana chigamulo chapadziko lonse chimene chikukwaniritsa milandu yonse yothekera m'zigawo zonse. Mapangano oterowo ngosoŵa koma ngotheka pamene ozenga mlandu agwirizana.
  • Kusintha kwa malamulo kochititsa chidwi [1]: Nyumba za malamulo zikupitirizabe kuwongolera ukulu wa ulamuliro wa upandu wa mafuko. Mapepala aposachedwapa apereka kufutukulidwa kwa ulamuliro wa fuko pa anthu osakhala ziŵalo, zimene zingasinthe kupenda koŵiri. Khalani odziŵitsidwa ku magwero onga [FLT:] National Conference of State Legislatures [1] ndi Udindo wa Chilungamo cha Ziŵeruzo .

Kumaliza

Maupandu aŵiri m'makhoti a boma, boma, ndi a mafuko amasonyeza kapangidwe kocholoŵana ka ulamuliro wa Amereka. Chiphunzitso cha uchifumu chaŵiri chimalola mabwalo otsatizana ndi maulamuliro osiyana, koma kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake ku makhoti a mafuko kumapangidwa ndi malo apadera a mitundu monga odziimira, asanayambe kukhazikitsa. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likuchirikiza chiphunzitsocho, lazindikiranso kuti si maulamuliro onse opatulidwa ndi odziŵika bwino. Malo ozungulira a ulamuliro wa upandu wa fuko, osonkhezeredwa ndi lamulo la boma ndi ligalamu, amatanthauza kuti ochiritsa ayenera kukhalabe maso. Mwakumvetsetsa malamulo, zitsanzo zazikulu, ndi njira zothandiza zosonyezedwa pano, akatswiri alamulo angalunjikitse kuopsa kwa opangika ndi okhoza kuwonjezera kusiyanitsa. [Frective [10]