Kumvetsetsa Khoti Lalikulu ndi Ufulu Wanu ndi Lamulo Lokakamiza

Unansi pakati pa makhoti a boma ndi kusungidwa kwa lamulo uli maziko kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense mu United States. Makhoti a Federal amagwira ntchito monga osungitsa, kutsimikizira kuti mabungwe osungitsa lamulo a boma . Kuchokera ku madipatimenti apolisi akwawo ndi ku mabungwe a boma monga FBI ndi DEA . Pamene lamulo likhazikitsa malamulo, makhoti a boma amapereka malo kaamba ka mlandu ndi mankhwala. Kwa aliyense amene amagwirizana ndi apolisi kapena a bungwe, akudziŵa mmene makhoti ameneŵa amagwira ntchito ndi zimene zitetezero zingathe kutanthauza kusiyana pakati pa kuswa ufulu ndi kutha kwa chilungamo.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za kapangidwe ka makhoti a boma, ufulu umene mumakhala nawo pamene muli ndi malamulo osungitsa milandu, njira zothetsera milandu imene mungakhale nayo ngati ufuluwo waswedwa, ndiponso njira zothandiza zofunira chilungamo kudzera m’dongosolo la boma.

Ntchito ya Makhoti Aunyinji Poona Kukakamiza Lamulo

Makhoti a boma amayang’anira ulamuliro wa boma, kuphatikizapo mphamvu ya kusungitsa malamulo. Pansi pa Mfundo III ya Malamulo a United States, makhoti ameneŵa ali ndi ulamuliro pa milandu yobuka pansi pa lamulo la boma, kuphatikizapo malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi zigamulo za lamulo. Pamene anthu atsutsa kuti apolisi alamulo amaswa ufulu wawo, kaŵirikaŵiri makhoti a boma ndiwo amaima.

Chikalata cha boma chomasulira ndi kugwiritsira ntchito Malamulo a Chisanu, Chachisanu, Chachisanu, ndi Chachisanu ndi chimodzi, amene onse pamodzi amalamulira kufunafuna ndi kulanda, kudziimira, kuyenera kwa uphungu, ndi chitetezo chofanana pansi pa lamulo. Makhoti a Federal amamvanso milandu yokhudza Chikalata cha Chikole cha 1871, chodziŵika kwambiri monga [[FL:0] Kuphatika 1983 , kumene kumalola anthu kuweruza boma ndi lamulo lakumakwawa la lamulo la boma.

Mmene Makhoti Oyang’anira Amadalira Lamulo pa Mphamvu Yokakamiza

Makhoti a boma sayambitsa kufufuza kapena kuzenga mlandu okha, m’malo mwake, amapenda milandu yobweretsedwa ndi oweruza kapena oimbidwa mlandu. Pamene mabungwe osungitsa malamulo aswa malamulo okhazikitsidwa, makhoti a boma angatero:

  • Muziwatsekera umboni umene mungapeze pofufuza kapena podwala khunyu
  • Siyani milandu yokhudza kuphwanya ufulu wa oweruza kapena kuphwanya malamulo
  • Opera ndalama zimene anthu oponderezedwa kapena omangidwa mwachinyengo
  • Malamulo oletsa kusungitsa malamulo asintha malamulo kapena zochita

Chitsanzo chimodzi chochititsa chidwi cha ntchito ya makhoti a boma ndicho Marinda v. Arizona [1] (1966) (1966), mmene Khoti Lalikulu la United States linakhazikitsa lamulo lakuti apolisi adziwitse kuyenera kwawo kwa kukhala chete ndi kukhala ndi loya. Chigamulo chimenechi chinasintha njira zosungitsira lamulo m'dziko lonselo ndipo chimakhalabe maziko a lamulo lofunsira mlandu.

Makhoti a Boma m’Milanduwo Yoyenerera

Nkofunika kusiyanitsa pakati pa makhoti a boma ndi a boma pamene akulingalira za kusungitsa lamulo. Makhoti a boma amaweruza milandu yambiri ya upandu ndipo angaperekenso makhoti a ufulu woswa malamulo pa malamulo a boma. Komabe, kaŵirikaŵiri amatetezera kwambiri ufulu wa boma chifukwa chakuti amagwiritsira ntchito miyezo ya boma yofanana ndipo sakhudzidwa ndi kutsenderezedwa kwa ndale zadziko. Kuwonjezerapo, makhoti a boma angamve milandu yokhudza malamulo ambiri ndipo angapereke malamulo m’dziko lonse lapansi motsutsana ndi mabungwe a boma osungitsa malamulo.

Department of Justice ya United States ingalembetse milandu ya boma kuti asinthe madipatimenti apolisi amene achita zinthu mwa njira yolakwika, monga momwe malamulo ovomerezera m’mizinda monga Ferguson, Missouri, ndi Baltimore, Maryland, angaone ngati akupereka milandu yokhudzana ndi malamulo a boma.

Ufulu Wanu wa Malamulo M’nthaŵi ya Kukakamiza

Kudziwa ufulu wanu ndi njira yoyamba yodzitetezera kwa osungitsa malamulo ochenjeredwa.

Ufulu Wongokhala Chete

Kusintha kwachisanu kumakutetezerani kukakamizidwa kudzitsutsa nokha. Izi zikutanthauza kuti muli ndi ufulu wakukhala chete pamene apolisi akumana. Simuyenera kuyankha mafunso owonjezera pa kudzidziŵikitsa kwa zinthu zina. M’maiko ambiri, muyenera kupereka dzina lanu ngati mutafunsidwa pa kuima kwa galimoto kapena paima kwa Terry, koma simufunikira kuyankha mafunso ena. Uyenera kunena kuti, "Ndikuchita kuyenera kwanga kukhala chete," kupeŵa kusalankhula motsata.

Ngati muli m’ndende, apolisi ayenera kukuŵerengerani ufulu wanu asanakaikire mlandu wa oweruza. Ngati alephera, ndemanga zilizonse zimene mumapanga zingakhale zosamveka m’khoti. Komabe, kukhala chete kokha sikungagwiritsiridwe ntchito pozenga mlandu wanu, ndipo oweruza amaletsedwa kuyankha pa chosankha chanu cha kukhala chete.

Chitetezo pa Kufufuza ndi Kufufuza Koipa

Lamulo la Owonjezera lachinayi limakutetezani kuti musakafufuze kapena kudwala matenda ochititsa khungu.

  • Kufufuza kosavomereza: Ngati mwavomereza modzifunira ku kufufuza, apolisi safunikira chilolezo.
  • Lingaliro lomveka: Ngati wapolisi aona zinthu zoletsedwa mosabisa, angazigwire popanda chilolezo.
  • Zinthu zinanso: Ngati pakufunika kuchitika ngozi, akuluakulu a boma angafufuze popanda chilolezo chilichonse.
  • Funafunani chochitika cha kumanga: Pambuyo pa kumangidwa kololedwa, apolisi angafufuze inu ndi malo apafupi kaamba ka zida kapena umboni.

Ngati wapolisi wapempha kusanthula katundu wanu, muli ndi ufulu wokana. Muyenera kunena momvekera bwino kuti, Sindivomereza kufunafuna. Ngakhale ngati mukana, wapolisiyo angafufuze, koma kukana kwanuko kulimbitsa mkangano wanu pambuyo pake kuti kufunafunako kunali koletsedwa.

Kuyenera Kokhala M’nyumba Yokongola

Pansi pa Chikalata cha Sikisi, muli ndi ufulu wopereka malangizo a lamulo pa nthawi imene munthu wachita chigawenga, kuikidwa m’ndende mlandu umenewu, pa nthawi imene munthu akufunsidwa mlandu, muyenera kupempha loya, ndipo mafunso onse ayenera kulekeka mpaka loya wanu atafika.

Ngati mugwidwa, muyenera kupempha loya nthaŵi yomweyo ndiyeno osanena chilichonse kufikira loya wanu atafika. Musayese kulankhula ndi munthu wina kuti mum’tsekereze kapena kufotokoza zimene mukunena popanda kuimirana ndi boma.

Chitetezo pa Mphamvu Yopambanitsa

Chikalata cha Genetic chimaletsanso lamulo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yopambanitsa pogwira kapena pochita kafukufuku. Zimene zimapanga "uchigaŵenga" zimadalira pa mikhalidwe, kuphatikizapo ukulu wa upanduwo, kaya wonyumwiridwayo akupereka chiwopsezo cha mwamsanga, ndi kaya wonyumwiridwayo akukana kumangidwa. Makhoti amagwiritsa ntchito muyezo "kulolera kwamphamvu", kutanthauza kuti kaya mkulu wolingalira pa chochitikacho agwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zofananazo.

Ngati inuyo kapena munthu wina amene mum’dziŵa anaponderezedwa kwambiri, kulemba nkhani za nkhaniyo n’kovuta.

Kupereka Lamulo la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni m’Khoti Lalikulu

Pamene lamulo liswa zoyenera zanu, dongosolo la khoti la boma limapereka njira ya chilungamo. Chida chalamulo chofala kwambiri chochitira maofesala ndi mabungwe oŵerengera mlandu ndi mlandu wa boma pansi pa .C. . . . 1983 . lamulo limeneli limapanga chochititsa cha zochita kwa anthu amene ufulu walamulo waswedwa ndi anthu ochita zinthu mu mtundu wa lamulo.

Kodi Ndani Amene Angasunthidwe Pansi pa Chigawo cha 1983?

Mukhoza kuimbidwa mlandu wa osungitsa lamulo mmodzi ndi mmodzi, limodzinso ndi mabungwe a boma, pansi pa Chigawo 1983. Komabe, makampani ali oyenerera kokha ngati kuswa lamulo lalamulo, mwambo, kapena machitachita. Zimenezi zimadziŵika monga thayo la boma pansi pa Monell v. Dipatimenti ya Mautumiki a Social Service [19978]). Maofesala alionse amafuna kutsimikizira kuti iwo eniwo anachitapo kuswa lamulolo ndi kuti iwo satetezeredwa ndi oyenerera.

Kodi Kugwirizana Koyenera N’kutani?

Kuchinjiriza koyenerera kuli chiphunzitso chalamulo chimene chimatetezera akuluakulu a boma, kuphatikizapo kusungitsa lamulo, ku thayo la boma pokhapokha ngati iwo anaswa kuyenera kwa lamulo kotsimikizirika kapena kovomerezedwa ndi lamulo. Kaŵirikaŵiri kutetezera kumeneku kumakula ndi maofesala oyang’anizana ndi Chigawo 1983. Kuti agonjetse chitetezo choyeneretsedwa, wopereka mlandu ayenera kusonyeza zonse ziŵiri kuti kuswa lamulo kunachitika ndi kuti kuyenerako kunakhazikitsidwa bwino panthaŵi ya chochitikacho.

Maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa chitetezo cha m’khoti kuti chisamaliridwe, koma chidakali chopinga chachikulu pa ufulu wa boma wodziikira ufulu wa anthu.

Njira Zopezera Chopanga Nkhani m’Chigawo cha 1983

  1. Chikalata chophwanya: Sungani umboni wonse, kuphatikizapo mavidiyo, zithunzi, olalikira, ndi malipoti a apolisi. Sungani magazini a zochitika mwamsanga monga momwe mungathere pambuyo pa chochitikacho.
  2. Kuzindikiritsa oimbidwa mlandu: Kusankha kuti ndi maofesala ndi mabungwe ati amene anaphatikizidwa. Gwiritsirani ntchito malipoti a polisi, kamera ya m'mitu ya anthu, ndi zolembedwa za anthu onse kupempha kudziŵikitsa nduna imodzi.
  3. Khonsa loimira boma: Kuvomereza zoyenera za nzika n’kovuta ndipo kufunikira chidziŵitso cha khoti la boma. Maloya ambiri amapereka mayeso aulere ndipo angagwire ntchito pa maziko a ndalama zoyendetsera.
  4. File dandaulo: Loya wanu adzalemba chidandaulo cholongosola kuswa malamulo ndi kuikonza m'khoti la boma loyenerera. Chidandaulocho chiyenera kutchula mfundo yotsimikizirika yopezera mpumulo.
  5. Kutumikira oimbidwa mlandu: [[FLT :1] Oimbidwa mlandu ayenera kuperekedwa mwalamulo ndi dandaulo ndi madansi.
  6. Kachitidwe ka kubisa ndi kayendedwe: Mbali zonse ziŵirizo zimasinthana umboni ndipo zingapereke umboni wa kutsata mafashoni, kuphatikizapo kutsata mwamwambo kuti mupereke chiweruzo chachidule. Loya wanu adzatsutsana ndi chitetezo choyeneretsedwa ngati chadzutsidwa.
  7. Yachikale kapena malo: Milandu yambiri imakhala isanaikidwe mlandu. Ngati palibe kugaŵidwa, mlanduwo umapitiriza kuzenga mlandu, kumene oweruza adzagamula mlandu ndi kubwezera.

Zowononga Zopezeka m’Milandu ya Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni ya Federal

Ngati mwapambana m’kuzenga mlandu m’Chigawo 1983, mungachire:

  • [[Nkhani:0] Zowononga: za kuvulala kwakuthupi, kupsinjika maganizo, malipiro otayika, ndi zowonongedwa za mankhwala.
  • Zowonongeka zopinga: [[FLT :1] A mpambo pamene khalidwe la woimbidwa mlandu linali losasamala kapena lanjiru, lolinganizidwira kulanga ndi kuletsa makhalidwe oipa amtsogolo.
  • Malipoti a Attorney: Pansi pa 42 U.S.C. ■ 1988, ofufuza ambiri angapeze ndalama zoyenerera zoperekera maloya, zimene zimatheketsa kulondola milandu ngakhale pamene ziwombolo ziri zochepera.
  • Pempho la Kusasintha: Lamulo la khoti lofuna bungwe losungitsa lamulo kusintha malamulo, kulangiza, kapena kuchitapo kanthu kena.

Malinga ndi lipoti lolembedwa ndi National Criminal Justice Reference Service , kuzenga mlandu kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe kudakali njira yaikulu ya mlandu wa apolisi mu United States, ngakhale kuti mavuto onga ngati chitetezo choyeneretsedwa ndi katundu wowonekera bwino akupitirizabe.

Mitundu Yofala ya Kuphwanya Ufulu Wololedwa

Kuzindikira mitundu yofala kwambiri ya kuswa malamulo kungakuthandizeni kuzindikira pamene ufulu wanu waswedwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti mlandu uliwonse uli wotsimikizirika, magulu otsatirawa amawonekera kaŵirikaŵiri m’makhoti a boma.

Kufufuza ndi Kufufuza Koipa

Kufufuza kosemphana ndi lamulo kumachitika pamene lamulo losungitsa lamulo lifufuza munthu wanu, nyumba, galimoto, kapena katundu popanda chilolezo chotsimikizirika, chothekera, kapena chosiyana ndi chiyeneretso. Ngati umboni wapezeka mwa kufufuza kosakhala kwa lamulo, ungaletsedwe pansi pa lamulo la [ lalamulo , kutanthauza kuti sungathe kugwiritsiridwa ntchito motsutsana ndi inu m’khoti. Komabe, lamulo lopatula limagwira ntchito kokha m'mabwalo aupandu, osati m'makhoti a anthu.

Kumangidwa Monama ndi Kuimbidwa Chilango Mwankhanza

Kugwidwa konyenga kumachitika pamene apolisi akusungani popanda chifukwa. Ngati mugwidwa ndipo pambuyo pake mlanduwo umachotsedwa kapena kumasulidwa, mungakhale ndi mlandu wa kumangidwa konyenga kapena kumangidwa mwauchiweruzi. Funso lalikulu nlakuti kaya wapolisiyo anali ndi chochititsa chake panthaŵi ya kumangidwa. Ngati sitero, kumangidwako kuli koletsedwa.

Mphamvu Zopambanitsa

Kukakamiza kopambanitsa kumabuka pamene apolisi agwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zambiri kuposa zimene zili zofunika pa mikhalidwe. Milandu yapamwamba, yonga kuphedwa kwa George Floyd ndi kuwombera kwa Breonna Taylor, yakopa anthu kuilingalira nkhaniyi. Makhoti a Federal amapenda mphamvu zopambanitsa pansi pa muyezo wa Fourth Amendment's "kulolera kwabwino". Zigawo zimaphatikizapo ukulu wa upandu, kaya wolingaliridwayo adapereka chiwopsezo, ndi kaya wokayikiridwayo anali kutsutsa mwamphamvu.

Dipatimenti ya Zachilungamo ya ku United States imasunga webusaiti ya Chidziŵitso cha Ufulu Wosatha [[FLT: 0] yomwe imapereka chidziŵitso chonena za machitidwe a boma oletsa kusamvera kwa apolisi, kuphatikizapo kufufuza kwa njira zochitira zinthu ndi kuvomereza.

Kuletsa Upandu

Chikalata cha 14 Demendment chimapereka chitetezero chofanana pansi pa lamulo. Kusungitsa malamulo sikungaleke, kufunafuna, kumanga, kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, chisembwere, kapena mikhalidwe ina yotetezeredwa. Kusankhana ndi uponderezero waufuko kuli kosagwirizana ndi lamulo. Ngati mukhulupirira kuti munachitidwa chifukwa cha kudziŵika kwanu, mungakhale ndi chinenezo pansi pa Chigawo 1983 kapena pansi pa malamulo a boma otsutsa ufulu wa dziko.

, ACLU's Known Your Rights arth syndroges imapereka chidziŵitso chothandiza kwa anthu amene amakhulupirira kuti aikidwa m'bungwe laupotuko, kuphatikizapo mmene angalembedwere madandaulo ndi mabungwe a DOJ ndi oyang’anira a kumaloko.

Mmene Mungakonzekerere Mlandu wa Khoti Lalikulu la Federal

Kuti muchite zinthu zoyenerera ufulu wa anthu wa boma, muyenera kukonzekera bwino kwambiri.

Musafulumire Kusunga Umboni

Ngati mwangovulala, funani chithandizo cha mankhwala ndi kulemba makalata a apolisi, sungani mapepala onse a khoti, ndi makalata osungitsa malamulo.

Pezani Chida Chochititsa Chidwi Kwambiri

Mabungwe a Bar, mabungwe othandizira anthu, ndi magulu monga a National Lawyers Guild angapereke malumbiro. Maloya ambiri a ufulu wachibadwidwe amapereka kukambitsirana kwaufulu kwaufulu.

Zimene Mumanena Pankhani ya Kupereŵera

Chigawo 1983 chimanena kuti lamulo la kuletsa kuvulala kwa munthu mwini likunena m’boma kumene kuswa lamuloko kunachitikira. M'mayiko ambiri, imeneyi ndi zaka chimodzi kapena zitatu. Komabe, malamulo ena a nthaŵi yabwino amagwira ntchito, monga ngati kuletsa mankhwala a zauyang’aniro m'nkhani zina zokhudza akaidi. Musayembekezere kuchitapo kanthu.

Dziŵani Mavuto Amene Amakumana Nawo

Milandu ya ufulu wachibadwidwe ya makampani ndi yovuta. Kutetezeredwa koyenerera, miyezo yoonekera bwino, ndi chuma cha oimbidwa mlandu a boma zonse zimene zilipo. Komabe, milandu yachipambano ingachititse kuŵerengera kwatanthauzo, kusintha malamulo, ndi kulipiridwa kwa ophedwa. Kulimbikira ndi kuimira kwamphamvu kwa lamulo nkofunika.

Kufunika kwa Kuŵerengera ndi Kusintha

Makhoti a boma amachita zambiri kuposa kungothetsa mikangano ya munthu ndi mnzake; amasonkhezeranso kusintha kwa dongosolo. Pamene khoti lilamula kuti malamulo akutiakuti asungidwe ali osemphana ndi malamulo, zigamulozo zimakhazikitsa zitsanzo zimene zimayambukira magulu a boma m’dziko lonse. Malamulo ovomereza operekedwa m’khoti achititsa kusintha kwakukulu m’madipatimenti a apolisi, kuphatikizapo kuphunzitsa kowongoleredwa bwino, uyang’aniro wabwinopo, ndi malamulo atsopano ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ndi kuvulaza fuko.

Mabungwe a chitaganya, magulu a ufulu wa anthu, ndi opatula onse achita mbali m'kukalimira kaamba ka kuŵerengera kokulira. Brennan Center ya Chilungamo [1] adafalitsa kufufuza pa mbali ya makhoti a boma m'kusintha kwa apolisi, kugogomezera ponse paŵiri chipambano ndi zitokoso zopitirizabe.

Malamulo amachepetsa mphamvu zoteteza thupi, amafuna makamera a thupi, ndiponso amayesa dala kupha apolisi popanda kuuzidwa zochita, ndipo onsewo amathandiza kulimbitsa njira yofufuzira ndi kuchepetsa ufulu wawo.

Njira Zothandiza Zotetezera Ufulu Wanu Lerolino

Kukonzekera kungakuthandizeni kwambiri ngati mutakumana ndi anthu oonetsetsa kuti malamulo akutsatiridwa.

  • Dziŵani zoyenera zanu: Kuzoloŵerani ndi Lachinayi, Lachisanu, Lachisanu, ndi Lachinayi, ndi la 14, Lamphutsi. Chitani izi pamene mukana kufunafuna ndi pamene muyenera kutsatira malamulo alamulo.
  • Khalani wodekha ndi waulemu: Mukhoza kukhazikitsa zoyenera zanu popanda kutsutsana. Kudekha kumachepetsa upandu wa kupsa mtima.
  • Asonyeza kukumanako: Ngati kuli koyenera kutero, gwiritsirani ntchito telefoni yanu kujambula kugwirizana ndi osungitsa lamulo. Makhoti ambiri amavomereza vidiyo yopezekapo monga umboni.
  • Mukaimirira kapena kufunsidwa, funsani dzina la wapolisi, nambala ya beji, ndi bungwe. Ngati mumangidwa, lembani zonse zimene mumakumbukira mukangomasulidwa.
  • File dandaulo: Mukhoza kuikirira chidandaulo ndi kugaŵikana kwa nkhani za boma, bungwe la anthu wamba, kapena Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo ya U.S.

Kumaliza

Makhoti a boma ndi ofunika kwambiri poteteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha poyang’anizana ndi malamulo. Amapanga chilolezo cha mlandu, amaonetsetsa kuti malamulo alamulo asungidwa, ndiponso amathandizira kutsimikizira kuti mphamvu ya kusungitsa malamulo idakali pansi pa lamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulowo ali ovuta ndi ovuta monga ngati chitetezo cha m’thupi chilipo, dongosolo la khoti limapereka mankhwala othandiza kwa awo amene aswa zoyenera.

Kaya mukufuna kuti wapolisi mmodzi adziimbe mlandu kapena kuti asinthe dongosolo la zinthu, makhoti a boma ndi othandiza kwambiri. Mwa kumvetsa mmene akugwira ntchito ndi chitetezo chimene amapereka, mungadzitetezere bwino kwambiri ndi kuthandizira dongosolo losungitsa malamulo lolungama ndi loŵerengera mlandu.