Chiyambi

Electoral chigawo si ntchito yauyang'aniro yokha; ndi njira yamaziko imene imasankha mmene chifuno cha anthu chimatembenuzidwira ku mphamvu yalamulo. Miyezo yolembedwa pa mapu ingathe kugamulapo kuti ndi chipani cha ndale zadziko chiti chimene chimakhala ndi unyinji, kuti madera amene awonjezera mawu awo kapena kuletsa, ndi kaya ngati masankho ali opikisana kapena oikidwiratu. Kumvetsetsa masinthidwe a magawo osankhidwiratu kuli kofunika kwa aliyense woderalo ndi thanzi la democracy. Nkhaniyi imafufuza malamulo, njira, ndi mikangano yozungulira kujambula mipando yotchuka, ikuyang'ana momvekera bwino mmene kapangidwe kachitidwe kameneka kaliridwe ka ndale ndi kusintha kumene kukuchitidwa kulimbitsa kuŵerengera kwa democracy.

Kodi Chigawo Chokongola Nchiyani?

Electoral divisions (kaŵirikaŵiri otchedwa redifining , pamene mizera ibwerekedwa) ndi chizoloŵezi cha kugawa malo monga boma, dera, kapena mzinda , limodzi lomwe limasankha mmodzi kapena ambiri oimira bungwe lalamulo. Chiphunzitso chofala kwambiri ndicho kugawa chigawo chimodzi, kumene chigawo chilichonse chimasankha woimira mmodzi, monga momwe zilili kwa U.S. Nyumba ya Oimira ndi nyumba zambiri za boma. Chiphunzitso cha maziko cha kuyeretsa ndi “munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi yokhazikitsidwa ndi U. S. Courtum imafuna kulinganiza kope. Khoti yofanana ndi [FL:] . . Carber v[F1] [196] [12]

Kupyola kulingana kwa anthu, zigawo ziyeneranso kumamatira ku malamulo okhudza kukondera kwa mafuko ndi mafuko pansi pa Chikalata cha Voting Rights Act cha 1965. Magawo amene amachepetsa mphamvu ya kuvota ya magulu ang'onoang'ono . Mwakuwagwetsa m'zigawo zambiri kapena kuwalonga m'chigawo chimodzi. Njira ya kugawira imachitika zaka khumi zilizonse pambuyo pa kuŵerengera kwa dziko, pamene anthu amasintha ncholinga cha kujambulanso mizera kuti ikhale yolingana. Pamene ntchito yaluso ya kujambula mapu ingaoneke ngati aswane, zotsatira zake zingafikire mbali iliyonse ya ulamuliro, kuyambira kuperekedwa kwa lamulo ku ku kulanditsa ndalama za boma.

Kufunika kwa Malo Ochitira Zinthu Mwanzeru

Kulinganiza bwino sikwabwino chabe; kuli chiyeneretso chogwira ntchito ya demokrase. pamene zigawo zikokedwa bwino, zimachirikiza zotulukapo zowopsa zingapo:

  • Kumasulira: [1] Magawo a Fair amatsimikizira kuti zigawo zosiyanasiyana(mafuko, mafuko, chuma, ndi malo) zimatha kusankha oimira amene amasonyeza zikondwerero zawo ndi nkhaŵa zawo. Pamene mizera ilemekeza zigawo zachilengedwe za chikondwerero, kupanga malamulo kumamvedwa kwambiri.
  • Umboni: [[FLT :1] m'zigawo za mpikisano, akuluakulu osankhidwa amadziŵa kuti ayenera kuyankha voti yochuluka. Zimenezi zimawachititsa kulolera molakwa, kulankhulana, ndi kupereka zotulukapo. Mosiyana ndi, zigawo zotetezeka , awo amene amakopeka kwambiri ndi gulu limodzi . angatsogolere ku ku kutsalira makampani chifukwa chakuti kusankhidwa kwatsimikiziridwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kukondera: Faith fair district imachirikiza kupezeka koyenera kwa ulamuliro wandale zadziko, kuletsa magulu ambiri kuchotsapo zing'onozing'ono mwadongosolo ku chisonkhezero. Izi nzofunika kwambiri makamaka kwa anthu ogaŵanikana m'mbiri amene ayang'anizana ndi zaka makumi ambiri kutsutsana mwa machitachita a chigawo.
  • Kukhulupirika kwa : [[FLT :1] ] Pamene njirayo ionekera bwino ndi yozikidwa pa mfundo zachindunji, kudalira kwa anthu onse m'masankho kumabuka. Nzika zimakhala zothekera kutengamo mbali pamene zikhulupirira kuti voti yawo ikhoza kuyambukira motsimikizirika chotulukapo.

Mitengo ya zigawo zosalungama njapamwamba. Kufufuza kuchokera ku [FLT: 0] Brennan Center ya Chilungamo [1] kumasonyeza kuti kugawana kopambanitsa kungatseke m'malamulo aakulu amene sasonyeza voti yotchuka, kuchotsa lamulo la lamulo la ambiri.

Njira Zopitira ku Madera

Palibe njira imodzi yokha “wolondola . M’malo mwake, opanga mapu amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana, imodzi ndi imodzi yokha. Njira zofala kwambiri ndi izi:

Kupenda Chigawo cha Geographic

Njira imeneyi imagwiritsira ntchito zinthu zachibadwa kapena zopangidwa ndi munthu . Mitsinje, mizera ya mapiri, misewu, kapena mizera yachigawo . Ubwino ngwapafupi: Mizere yotero njosavuta kuizindikira ndi kuyendera pamodzi ndi zigawo zimene zimagwirizana ndi chigawo. Komabe, malire a dziko angatulutsenso kusamva bwino ngati atulutsa zigawo zimene zili ndi anthu osiyanasiyana, zimene zimaswa muyezo wa munthu mmodzi yekha. Ndiponso, kugwiritsira ntchito mbali za malowo sikumaletsa gerrymering; wojambula zinthu za m’kavalo angasankhebe mbali zimene zingatsatire kuti agwirizane ndi chipani.

Kuyendera Madera Okhala ndi Anthu

Kudziŵikanso kuti ndi chigawo cholingana ndi anthu, njira imeneyi imaika patsogolo chigawo chilichonse pafupi ndi anthu amtundu umodzi monga momwe kungathekere. Chifunikiridwe chalamulo ku chigawo cha boma ndi zigawo zambiri za boma zogawa malamulo. pulogalamu ya mu maofesi a Census Bureau imapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi moyo wosiyana ndi wosakwana 1 peresenti. Chinsi cha chigawochi nchakuti kumamatira kwambiri ku kufanana kwa anthu kukhoza kugaŵanitsa madera achilengedwe. Zonga madera a m'chigawo, madera a sukulu, kapena madera a mbiri yakale .

Kuika Malo Okongola a M’chigawo cha Gawo (Gulu la Galeliya)

Pamene opanga mapu apanga mamepu mwadala malire kuti apatse chipani chimodzi phindu, iwo amaloŵa m'kuthandiza anthu ogaŵanitsa. Izi zingachitidwe mwa kulonga (kuphatikiza ovota otsutsa m'madera angapo kumene amapambana mokulira) kapena kuswa (kufalitsa ovota otsutsa m’madera ambiri kotero kuti sapanga unyinji). Pamene kuli kwakuti mapulani alionse achigawo ali ndi chiyambukiro chochititsa kusokonezeka, cholinga chachikulu choyambitsa mfundo za malamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba linalamulira Richo v. Chifuno cha Chidziŵitso cha Chisangulutso cha Chisawawanyansi cha [1] (2017:9) chimene gerrymermanning sichiri chongofunikira m’makhoti, koma bwalo lamilandu ndi lodziimira ufulu lalanda nkhondo.

Njira ya Chigawo Yamwambo

Kuwonjezera pa kulingana kwa anthu, maboma ambiri amakhazikitsa njira zina zochirikiza chilungamo: Kugwirizana kwa malo, osati modabwitsa), kuvomerezana (mbali zonse za chigawo kuyenera kugwirizana), ndi kulemekeza anthu okondwerera (magulu okhala ndi mgwirizano wa chitaganya, chuma, kapena chikhalidwe). Malamulo ameneŵa angaletse opanga mapu ndi kuchepetsa nkhanza zoipitsitsa za kugwiritsa ntchito mamepu.

Mmene Madera Ayenera Kuyendera

Kusintha kwa nyengo kumayamba pambuyo pa kuŵerenga kwa zaka zapambuyo pake.

  1. Chosungiramo: [[FLT :1] Bureau ya U.S. imatulutsa tsatanetsatane wa chiŵerengero cha anthu pa mlingo wa chitseko. Opanga mapu amasonkhanitsanso chidziŵitso ponena za mavoti, fuko, fuko, ndi malire a mudzi.
  2. [[MLT:0] Kujambula : [[FLT :1] Kugwiritsira ntchito mapulogalamu apamwamba a Geographic Information System (GIS), opanga mapu amapanga mapu a chigawo cholinganizidwa. Mbali imeneyi ndiyo imene kupotoza kwambiri kungachitike, monga momwe masinthidwe obisika a mizera angapangire chivoti.
  3. Plublic Information: Maboma ambiri amafuna kumvetsera kwapoyera kumodzi kapena kuposa kumene nzika zinganenepo pa mapu olingaliridwa. Zowona, kugawana kwapoyera kaŵirikaŵiri kumachepa, koma ochirikiza kusintha akusonkhezera kaamba ka ziŵiya zofikirika kwambiri za magetsi ndi njira zowonekera bwino.
  4. [[FLT: 0] Approct: zolinga zimavomerezedwa ndi bungwe la boma (m’mayiko ambiri) kapena ndi ntchito yaufulu (m’mayiko ambiri). Ngati nyumba yoyamwitsa ipereka mapulani, kazembe angakhale ndi mphamvu. Zolinganiza zingayang'anenso ndi mavuto alamulo asanatengedwe kapena atatengedwa.
  5. Zitokoso : kaŵirikaŵiri zimazikidwa pa mawu akuti tsankhu la fuko (pansi pa Chikalata cha ufulu wa anthu) kapena tsankho losankha (pansi pa malamulo a boma). Kujambulanso kolamulidwa ndi khoti nkofala.

Nthaŵi yake njaikulu: kaŵirikaŵiri maiko amamaliza mapu awo atsopano kumapeto kwa chaka chotsatira kuŵerengedwa kwa anthu kuti kukhale koyenera pa nthaŵi ya chisankho chotsatira.

Kupikisana: Chizoloŵezi Chokangana

Gerrymandering ndi kusintha kwa dala malire a chigawo kaamba ka phindu la munthu mwini. Mawuwo akhalapo kuyambira mu 1812, pamene Bwanamkubwa Elbridge Gerry anasaina chigawo cha boma chonga salamander; nyuzipepala inapeka portmanteau “gerrymer." Lerolino, gerrymandering atenga mafomu aŵiri aakulu:

Kupakira

Kuika maganizo pa ovota a chipani chimodzi kapena gulu la fuko m'zigawo zochepa monga momwe kungathekere. Mwachitsanzo, ngati boma lili ndi 40 peresenti ya Democraticvota ndi 60 peresenti ya ovota a Republican, opanga mapu angapangitse Democrates m'zigawo zitatu mwa khumi, kuwapatsa iwo mizinda yaikulu kwambiri m'zigawo zitatuzo pamene anthu a ku Republica akupambana zisanu ndi ziŵiri zotsala. Kuwononga kumeneku kumachititsa mavoti a democratic ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kumakhala ndi zisonyeze kuti sikumasonyeza mbali ya chivoti cha boma lonselo.

Kudumpha

Kufalitsa ovota m'madera ambiri kotero kuti sangafikire ambiri m'chigawo chimodzi. Ngati gulu laling'ono nlalikulu mokwanira kupanga unyinji wa anthu m'chigawo chimodzi kapena ziŵiri, wopanga mapu angagaŵanitse madera a gululo pakati pa madera atatu kapena anayi, kutsimikizira kuti ndi ochepa m'chigawo chilichonse. Zimenezi nzofala kwambiri makamaka m'kusankha mitundu, kumene mphamvu ya kusanthula mitundu imasungunulidwa.

Mavuto a Malamulo Oletsa Kudwala

Makhoti ayang'anira ponse paŵiri fuko ndi kugaŵana. Malamulo a fuko la anthu amapendedwa pa Chikalata cha Ufulu ndi Chitetezero cha Malo. Shaw v. Reno (1993]), Bwalo Lapamwamba linagamula kuti madera opangidwa mwachilendo opangidwa ndi mafuko ambiri m’mikhalidwe ina, angatsutsidwe. Allen v. Milligan [1] [[FLT:] (2023])) likuvomereza kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa Chigawo 2 cha Zoyenera Zochita Zofuna kupempha Zofunika za Azikwirira m’madera ena. Pargenan derman, ngakhale kuli tero, kutuluka kwa m'mipata. [Activective: [FUst]

Kufufuza Zinthu Zambiri

Njira imene zigawo zikukokedwera ili ndi ziyambukiro zosakaza pa dongosolo la ndale zadziko:

  • Kusokonezeka kwa Malamulo: [1] Zigawo zosauka zokwezedwa zingayenderedwe bwino pakali pano magulu a anthu ochepa, midzi yocheperapo yolandira anthu, kapena anthu okhala m’mizinda. Pamene magulu ameneŵa sangasankhe ofunsira, malamulo awo akuda nkhaŵa ndi "monga ngati nyumba zokhoza kugulitsidwa, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, ndi kusinthidwa kwa chilungamo chaupandu ) n’kovuta kuimbidwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusintha kwa Chigamulo: [[FLT :1] Gerrymanice perlation percentation ya madera chifukwa chakuti oimira angofunikira kukopa maziko a gulu lawo m’chiyambi, osati kusanthula kwa onse. Zimenezi zimatsogolera ku opanga malamulo ambiri onkitsa a malingaliro amene safuna kulolera molakwa.
  • Imaletsa Mpikisano wa Electoral: M'nyengo ya masankho, osakwanira 10 peresenti ya mafuko a m’nyumba za U.S. amalingaliridwa kukhala opikisana. Pamene zigawo zimakopeka kutetezera anthu a m'magulu kapena gulu limodzi, ovota mwa oŵerengeka satha kusankhapo kwenikweni, kubwezera kochititsa chisoni ndi kutomerana kwa boma.
  • Out Out Houts: Chifukwa chakuti kugawira boma kumasankha kuti ndi liti kumene kumachititsa nyumba zoikidwiratu, kumasintha lamulo losadziŵika pa nkhani za ufulu wovota ndi kukhazikitsa malo okhala. Mwachitsanzo, 2020 ya kupenda malo, imathandiza a Republica kusungitsa nyumba zambiri zopapatiza mu 2022 mosasamala kanthu za Democrates kupambana mavoti ambiri a m'mipikisano yapanyumba.

Kufufuza Nkhani za M’chigawo

California: Chitsanzo cha bungwe loona za anthu ogwira ntchito ku yunivesite

California adayang'anizana ndi zaka za kugawa ndi kutsegulirana kwa ovota , Pologalamu 11 mu 2008 ndi Programme 20 mu 2010, kuyambitsa bungwe la California Citizens Redilifeariging Commission . Bungwe limeneli la zigawo 14, lopangidwa ndi Democrates zisanu, Alpanya , ndi zinayi zosasankha, amajambula malamulo ndi zigawo zovomerezedwa. Kachitidweka kali kotsegukira kuloŵetsedwa kwa anthu onse ndipo kakufuna mapu kuti agwirizane ndi malamulo okhwima: kulingana kwa anthu, kugwirizana ndi Chikalata cha Boma, kugwirizanitsa ufulu, ndi kulemekeza zikondwerero. Maphunziro asonyeza kuti mapu a California ndi mapu a maofesi a boma a , ndipo bomalonjezekanso kupikisana ndi kupikisana.

North Carolina: Nkhondo Yolimbana ndi Malo

North Carolina wakhala pakati pa milandu ya boma kwa zaka zoposa khumi. Mu 2016, khoti la boma linagonjetsa zigawo ziŵiri za mabungwe a mafuko monga magerrymander, kulamula mizera yatsopano. Mu 2018, khoti lalikulu la boma linagamula kuti lamulo la bungwe la malamulo la gerrymander liswe lamulo. Pambuyo pa nkhondo zalamulo, boma linatenga mapu atsopano a liŵiro la mafuko 2020, koma linapitiriza. Mu 2023, khoti lalikulu la boma (tsopano ndi la Republican wokulira) likana chigamulo chake poyamba, likulola kuti gerrymanner. Pambuyo pake ndi pakusonyeza kukongola kwa dziko popanda kukonzanso zigawo. [FUF:]

Wisconsin: Zotsatirapo za Mapu Oipitsitsa a Partisan

Pambuyo pa kuŵerengera kwa 2010, Wisconsin Republicas adalemba mapu a boma a malamulo amene anatulutsa phindu lokhalitsa. Mu 2012, oyembekezera kubatizidwa anapambana 48.6 peresenti ya voti ya bungwe lonselo koma anapeza mipando isanu ndi iŵiri mwa 99 . .A khoti la boma linagonjetsa mapuwo monga mamepu a chigaŵenga cha gegerryder mu 2016, koma mabwalo apamwamba anamaliza chigamulo chimenecho. Mpatso: khumi la ulamuliro umodzi wogawa wogawikana ngakhale kuti masankhoti a boma agaŵana, limodzi losintha malamulo pa ufulu wa ntchito, maphunziro, ndi kupetawa. Wisconsin amagwira ntchito monga chenjezo la Harlvern.

Mtsogolo mwa Chigawo

Zaka khumi zikubwerazo za kukonza chigawo zidzasonkhezeredwa ndi luso la zopangapanga, kusintha kwa malamulo, ndi zoyesayesa za kusintha:

  • Kusintha kwa masamu: Kupita patsogolo m'zolemba ndi mamakina kumatheketsa opanga mapu kuyerekezera ma mapu mamiliyoni a mapu ndi kudziyesa okha kaamba ka kukondera, kukondera, ndi kugwirizanitsa. Pamene kuli kwakuti ma algalamu angatulutse mapu oyeneretsa, angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kupanga gerrymer ndi kulondola kosayerekezereka. Ena amavomereza kuti “neutral". Makiramu amene amalinganiza kaamba ka kusaloŵerera kwa uchetechete. Monga njira yachidule yopatukapo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Makhonsati Odziimira Ofuna Kusintha Okha: Monga 2023], pafupifupi maboma 15 amagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wina wa ntchito yodziimira kapena yopanda andale kujambula zigawo. Makomiti ameneŵa angatulutse mapu m’manja mwa opanga malamulo odzifunira okha. Komabe, mphamvu zawo zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi mmene mamembala amasankhidwira ndi ukulu wa mphamvu zimene ali nazo. Zors m'maboma monga Ohio ndi Michigan anapatsira njira zopangira maalamu pambuyo pa kulakwa kwa oimba mlandu.
  • Zitokoso za Malamulo za Authority : Ndi makhoti a boma otsekerezedwa kwambiri ndi zinenezo za makhoti, makhoti a boma akhala bwalo lalikulu la kusintha. Campaign Legin Lifert Center yatsogolera milandu yambiri ya boma. Activo akusonkhezeranso masinthidwe a boma amene amaletsa gerrymanning kapena afuna maom'azaunyi.
  • Mafuko a Malo Opanga Malo Osiyanasiyana ndi Militi-Member: Osintha zinthu ena amatsutsa kuti kutaya madera amodzi kungathetse mavuto ambiri a chigawo. Magawo ambiri okhala ndi kuvota kokhala ndi malo apadera (monga kugwiritsiridwa ntchito m'masankho ena akwawo) kukalola kuimira, kuchepetsa chisonkhezero cha ku gerrymander. Komabe, kusintha koteroko kukafuna masinthidwe aakulu a malamulo kapena a malamulo.

Pamene nzika zambiri zikumvetsetsa okonza mapuwo, zingafunikire kuwonana kokulirapo, mosakondera, ndi kuŵerengera mlandu.

Kumaliza

Electoral chigawo cha Electoral si kuyesayesa kwa luso chabe; ndilo likulu la boma loimira. Miyezo yopangidwa zaka khumi iliyonse imatsimikizira kuti ndi mawu ani amene amamvedwa, ati malamulo, ndi kaya ngati masankho akupikisana kapena kuikidwiratu. Kuchokera ku chikalata chimodzi cha munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi ku kukhazikitsa lamulo lowononga la kuyendetsa, magawo ali ndi matanthauzo aakulu a democracy. Monga momwe luso la zopangapanga ndi malamulo limasinthira, kutsendereza chigawo choyera kupitirizabe. Nzika, aphunzitsi, ndi ochirikiza zonse zili ndi mbali yakuseŵera m'kutsimikizira kuti kuzungulira kotsatira kwa redi kuŵerengera masamu 202020 akuyambira ndi kuŵerengera kwa democracy, kuŵerengera ndi kuimira. Mwakukhazikitsa dongosolo la ndalensi, ndi kuchirikiza njira ya ndalensi, ndi kuchirikiza njira yodziŵikitsa. Mwakuthandiza, tikhoza kutsimikizira njira zonse, kutsimikizira njira ya ndale.