Chiyambi: Mapu a Msewu Wolozerapo a Malamulo a Chiŵeniŵeni

Malamulo akugwira ntchito pa maziko a malamulo olembedwa olinganizidwa kutsimikizira chilungamo, kuneneratu, ndi kumaliza. Kwa ofufuza zobwezeredwa, oimbidwa mlandu akuwonjezera kutha kwa kufotokoza, kapena eni mabizinesi kupenda kuthekera kwa kugamula mlandu wa anthu, kumvetsetsa kukhalira moyo kwa mlandu ndi chinthu chamtengo wapatali. Ulendo wochokera ku mlandu woperekedwa ku khoti kumakhala wotsatira malamulo, malamulo a bwalo lamilandu, ndi malamulo otetezedwa.

Chitsogozo chokwanira chimenechi chimatsutsa ulendo wa mlandu ku khoti. Chimaphatikizapo mbali zowopsya, zofunika zachibadwa, ndi kukambitsirana kwapadera kumene kumapanga kuganiziridwa kwamakono. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo achindunji angasiyane pakati pa makhoti a boma ndi a boma, malamulo amakhalidwe abwino amakhalabe osasintha. Kumveketsa njira zimenezi kumapatsa mphamvu anthu kupanga zosankha zodziŵidwa bwino ndi kugwira ntchito mogwira mtima ndi uphungu walamulo.

Mtsogoleri Woyambirira: Kudandaula

Chiyambi chalamulo cha mlandu ndicho kudandaula. Chikalatachi chimagwira ntchito monga maziko a mlandu, kulongosola mlandu wa Plassiff ’ kudandaula ndi kukhazikitsa maziko a bwalo lamilandu lotchedwa ’ kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa kumva mlanduwo. Chidandaulo chotulidwa bwino chimachita zambiri kuposa kungofotokoza mkangano; chimapanga kuganiziridwa konse mwa kunena mawu alamulo.

Pansi pa Federal Pals of Civil Procediture, kudandaula kuyenera kukhala ndi mawu achidule ndi omveka a mawu osonyeza kuti wochondererayo ali ndi ufulu wa kumasuka. Miyezo ya kuchonderera yamakono, yopangidwa ndi zigamulo zapadera za Khoti Lalikulu la United States, imafunikira zinenezo zenizeni zokwanira kulongosola mawu akuti " yosatsutsika pankhope pake. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kudandaulako kuyenera kupita patali ndi pazindikiro ndi mapeto, kupereka tsatanetsatane wokwanira kuwonjezera chinenezocho kuchokera ku mzera wothekera ku ku chivomerezo.

Zina mwa zinthu zimene zimayambitsa kudandaula ndi zinthu zimene anthu ambiri amadandaula nazo ndi izi:

  • Malo: Amazindikiritsa khoti, zigamulo zophatikizidwa (m’nkhani ndi woimbidwa mlandu), ndi nambala ya mlandu.
  • Juridiction ndi Venue: imakhazikitsa chifukwa chake khoti lili ndi mphamvu yakumva mlanduwo ndi chifukwa chake malowo ali oyenera.
  • Chikhalidwe cha Zowonadi: A nkhani yomveka, yolinganizidwa ya zochitika zimene zinayambitsa mkanganowo.
  • Claims kaamba ka Chipulumutso (Magawo): Nthanthi zalamulo zotsimikizirika zimene mtsogoleri wachipembedzo akuimba mlandu (m., kuswa pangano, kunyalanyaza, kuipitsa).
  • [[ML:0] Pemphero la Chithandizo (Dimoni): Pempho lachindunji la zimene khoti liyenera kuchita, monga ngati kupereka mphotho ya ndalama, kupereka lamulo, kapena kupereka chiweruzo chakuphonya.

Kuli kofunika kukhala wolondola polengeza dandaulo. Kuphatikizapo mawu okwiyitsa osafunikira kapena mawu osachirikizidwa kwenikweni angatsogolere ku zidzudzulo pansi pa malamulo monga 11 a Federal Malamulo a Chigawo. Pamene kudandaulako kwalembedwa, kumasainidwa ndi loya (kapena gululo, ngati kuli kuimira) ndi kuikidwa ndi nduna za khoti, kuyambitsa mlandu. Khotilo limatulutsa mamons , chimene chili chilengezo chalamulo kwa woimbidwa mlandu.

Ntchito: Kum’tamanda Wom’tetezayo

Kupeputsa chidandaulocho kuli kokha theka la nkhondo; woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kudziŵitsidwa mwalamulo. Sitepe limeneli, lodziŵika monga kutsogolera ntchito [, ndi chiyeneretso chofunika kwambiri cha malamulo oyenera. Khoti silingapereke ulamuliro waumwini pa woimbidwa mlandu ngati laperekedwa bwino ndi kope la kudandaula ndi mamenti.

Malamulo olamulira ntchito ya kachitidwe ndi okhwima ndipo ayenera kutsatiridwa bwino. Kulephera kutumikira woimbidwa mlandu molondola kungatulukepo kuchotsedwa kwa mlanduwo kapena kuchedwa kwakukulu pamene ntchito yachotsedwanso. Njira zazikulu za utumiki zimaphatikizapo:

  • Utumiki waumwini: [[FLT :1] Kupereka zikalatazo kwa woimbidwa mlandu. Imeneyi ndi njira yodalirika ndi yokondeka.
  • Utumiki woikidwa: Kusiya zikalatazo kwa munthu wa msinkhu woyenerera ndi wanzeru pa woimbidwa mlandu ’ ndi nyumba kapena malo anthaŵi zonse okhala, ndiyeno kutumiza makope ku keyala imodzimodziyo.
  • Kuthandiza ndi Makalata: M'zigawo zina ndi pansi pa malamulo ena a boma, woimbidwa mlandu angabweze utumiki wamwambo, kulandira utumiki mwa pepala lovomerezeka kapena kuvomereza kulandira zikalata zamagetsi.
  • Chofalitsa ndi Publication: Njira yomalizira yogwiritsiridwa ntchito pamene woimbidwa mlandu sangapezedwe pambuyo pa kufunafuna kwakhama. Chikalata chadziŵitsa chimafalitsidwa m'nyuzipepala yosankhidwa.

imadziŵitsa woimbidwa mlandu wa nthaŵi yoikidwiratu kuti ayankhe (mofala masiku 21 mpaka 30 m’khoti la boma). Njira yofala ndi yopindulitsa ndiyo ya wofunsira [[FLT:]] kupempha utumiki . Ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo avomereza ntchito yalamulo, amalandira nthaŵi yaitali kuti ayankhe, ndipo woweruzayo amasunga mtengo wa kutumiza woyendetsa ntchito. Ngati woimbidwayo alephera kuyankha kudandaula koyenera, khotilo lingaloŵetse chiŵeruzo [[FLT:] chomaliza [FF:], kuwapatsa iwo, popanda kupempha thandizo.

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane pa ziyeneretso za umisiri, mungapende Ulamuliro wa Chigawo 4 [[FLT: 1] ponena za ntchito.

Kutsutsa Kwawo Kulimbana ndi Mantha: Kuyankha, Kutsutsa, ndi Zoyenda

Ngati waperekedwa, woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kuchitapo kanthu pamlingo wa nthaŵi yoikidwiratu kapena kuwopseza chigamulo chosatsimikizirika. Njira ya yankho imadalira kwambiri pa zenizeni za mlanduwo ndi zitetezero zalamulo zimene zilipo. Njira zazikulu za woimbidwa mlandu zimaphatikizapo:

  • Yankho: A yankho lalamulo, mfundo ndi mfundo ku Placttiff ’ zinenezo. Woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kuvomereza, kukana, kapena kunena kuti alibe chidziŵitso chokwanira chovomereza kapena kukana chinenezo chilichonse.
  • Zifukwa za Kutetezera Kotsimikizirika: zalamulo zimene woimbidwa mlandu ayenera kupata ngakhale ngati mawu otsutsawo ali oona. Zitsanzo zofala zimaphatikizapo lamulo la kulephera, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kuyerekezera ngozi. Pansi pa Lamulo 8(c), chitetezero chachikulu chiyenera kufunsidwa mwachindunji m'kuyankha, kapena kuchotsedwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Cureamerclaim: [[FLT :1] Mawu onenedwa ndi woimbidwa mlandu pa mpandu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wamalonda apereka mlandu wa wogulitsa kaamba ka kuswa pangano, wogulitsayo angabweze nyuue pa kusalandira malipiro.
  • Kuchotsa: Pempho kwa khoti kutulutsa zonse kapena mbali ya khoti popanda woimbidwa mlanduyo kukonza yankho. Zifukwa zambiri zimaphatikizapo kusoŵeka kwa ulamuliro waumwini, malo osayenera, kulephera kulongosola chinenezo ("12(b)(6)")) ndi ntchito yosakwanira.

Kupanga Njira Yofuna Kuchotsa ndi sitepe loyamba lofala. Ngati khoti lilola kunyamuka, mlanduwo ungakhale watha. Ngati ikana kuperekedwa, khoti lidzalamula woimbidwa mlanduyo kuti akonze yankho panthaŵi yoikika. Kugwirizana pakati pa mayankho ameneŵa kuli nkhondo yaikulu kwambiri poyambirira pa mlandu uliwonse.

Zopezedwa: Kukonza Mlandu

Ngati nkhaniyo ikhalabe yosasintha, imayamba chigawo chakupeza. Imeneyi ndi mbali yaikulu ya nthaŵi ndiponso yokwera mtengo ya kuimbidwa mlandu. Kutulukira kwakonzedwa kuti kuthetse kudabwa poyesedwa mwa kufuna kuti anthu onse aŵiri afotokoze mfundo zofunika ndi umboni. Kutulukira kwamakonoku kumalamulidwa ndi malamulo aakulu amene amalola anthu kupeza chidziŵitso chilichonse chosiyana ndi chachilendo chokhudza gulu la A’ mfundo kapena chitetezo, malinga ngati chikugwirizana ndi zimene zikufunika.

Zinthu zimene atulukira zikhoza kukhala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga:

  • [[FLT : 0] Kubisa Chidziŵitso Chodabwitsa (ESI): [[FLT :1] Makope, mauthenga a text, zikalata, masewero, ndi zokhala ndi manyuzikuto a zamalonda. Kuyang'anira ESI, kodziŵika monga kuvumbula , kumapereka mavuto aakulu a za masinthidwe ndi a lamulo. Magawo ali ndi ntchito yosunga ESI yoyenerera mwamsanga monga momwe inayembekezeredwa.
  • Kudziwitsa: Mafunso olembedwa amene gulu limodzi limatumiza kwa lina, limene liyenera kuyankhidwa pansi pa lumbiro. Makhoti a Federal amachepetsa kufunsa 25 mbali iriyonse.
  • Mayeso: Kufunsa kwa chipani kapena umboni pansi pa lumbiro pamaso pa mtolankhani wa khoti. Maloya amalola maloya kupenda mboni ’ kukhulupirika ndi lock muumboni. Zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kaamba ka kusavomereza ngati mboni isintha nkhani yawo pozenga mlandu.
  • [[MLT:0] Mapempho kaamba ka Kutulutsa (RFP): Mapempho achibadwa kaamba ka zikalata zakutizakuti, mafaelo amagetsi, kapena umboni wina wowoneka.
  • Mapempho kaamba ka Kuvomereza (RFS): Mapempho a kuvomereza kapena kukana nsonga zenizeni. Izi zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuchepetsa nkhani zimene ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa pozenga mlandu. Chenicheni chirichonse chavomerezedwa mosakayika kaamba ka utali wa mlanduwo.

Kutulukira sikuli kopanda malire. Makhoti amakhazikitsa malamulo okhwima otsutsa kulakwa kwa chinsinsi, kumene kumachitika pamene gulu latulukira njira zotsutsira wotsutsa kapena phukusi. Gulu limene limalephera kutulutsa chidziŵitso chokhudza mtima kapena kuwononga chidziŵitso chokhudzana nacho (kusakaza) lingayang'anizane ndi ziletso zazikulu, kuphatikizapo maliposo, malangizo olakwika kwa a khoti, kapena ngakhale kuchotsa chiweruzo . [[FLT:]]

Kuyenda Kwapasadakhale ndi Chigamulo cha Chidule

Mkati mwa nyengo ya kuzenga mlandu kusanachitike, mamembala angapange njira zosiyanasiyana zopempha khoti kulamulira pankhani zina.

Kuyenda kwapadera koyambirira kwa mayeso ndiko Malotion ya Chiŵeruzo Chachifupi . Kachitidwe kameneka kafunsa khoti kulamulira kuti kulibe mkangano weniweni wa mfundo za zinthu zakuthupi [ ndi kuti gulu loyendalo lili ndi ufulu wa kuweruza monga nkhani ya lamulo. Chiweruzo chachidule chimagamulidwa mogwirizana ndi umboni wopezedwa, osati pa umboni wamoyo. Ngati khoti lipereka chiweruzo chachidule, mlanduwo umatha popanda kuzengedwa.

Njira zina zofunika zochitira zinthu m’mabwalo amilandu isanakhale zimaphatikizapo izi:

  • Motion mu Limine: Pempho la kuchotsa umboni wakuti sungaperekedwe pozenga mlandu (m’ lekuatiso, ponena za zikhulupiriro kapena makutu). Izi kaŵirikaŵiri zimagamulidwa ndi woweruzayo asanazengedwe mlandu kapena mkati mwa mlandu.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . ngati alola, chipani chosagwirizana chingafunikire kulipirira loya.
  • Kuyenda: Kutsutsa kulephera kwa katswiri waumboni ’ umboni wozikidwa pa kudalirika ndi kufunika kwa njira zawo zophunzirira.
  • Kupempha kaamba ka Kukambitsirana: [[FT:1] Pempho la kuimitsa tsiku la kumvetsera kapena kuyesa chifukwa cha mikhalidwe yosayembekezereka, matenda, kapena kusamvana kwa ndandanda.

Kupeŵa Kuzengedwa Mlandu: Kuthetsa Vuto ndi Kuthetsa Mikangano Ina

Mosasamala kanthu za kusumika maganizo pa njira zozenga mlandu, milandu yambiri yachiŵeniŵeni yotchedwa — kaŵirikaŵiri 95% — imagamulidwa asanafikire chigamulo. Makhoti amalimbikitsa anthu kufunafuna malo ndi Alternpute Disotion (ADR)[FLD:1] kusunga chuma chachiweruzo ndi kulola ogwirizana kupanga zigamulo zawo.

Mitundu yaikulu ya ADR ndi iyi:

  • Kugwirizana: [1] Njira yosagwirizanitsa kumene mbali yachitatu (mkhalapakati) imatheketsa kukambitsirana pakati pa zigaŵenga. Nkhoswe siikakamiza chigamulo koma imathandiza anthu kupeza malo amodzi. Kulankhula kuli kosinthika kwambiri ndipo kungalamuliridwe ndi khoti.
  • Arbitation: Ndi njira yamwambo yowonjezereka pamene woyang'anira wosaloŵerera m'zandale (kapena gulu) akumva umboni ndi zigomeko kuchokera ku mbali zonse ziŵiri ndi kumasulira chigamulo chokakamiza. Kusintha kungaperekedwe ndi pangano (chigamulo cha kupulupudza chapasadakhale) kapena kugwirizana pambuyo pa mkangano. Chigamulo cha arbitrator ’ chigamulo cha nthaŵi zambiri nchomaliza ndipo chingakhale chopendedwa ndi kufupikitsa kwachiweruzo.

Kuthetsa mlandu kukhoza kuchitika nthaŵi iliyonse, kuzengedwa mlandu kusanaperekedwe chigamulo koma asanapereke chigamulo. Njira yothandiza kukonza zinthu imaphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito chitsenderezo cha kupeza zinthu ndi kuyesa kuti pakhale malo abwino okambitsirana kuti athetsedwe.

Kuzenga mlandu: Kupereka Mlandu

Ngati mlanduwo sunathetsedwe mwa kuuchita, umapitiriza kuzenga mlandu.

Mbali zotsatizana za mlandu wa oweruza m’boma zimaphatikizapo izi:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kusankha (Voir Dire): [1] Njira yofunsa oyembekezera kukhala oweruza kutsimikizira kuti iwo ali opanda tsankho ndipo angapereke chigamulo cholungama. Ma a atcheroney kwa mbali zonse ziŵiri angatsutse jutors "kupangira" kapena kugwiritsira ntchito ziŵerengero zochepera za "kuthetsa mavuto" kuchotsa oweruza ena popanda kupereka chifukwa.
  • Mawu Otsegulira: Ndi chidule chosawonekera cha zimene gulu lirilonse likufuna kutsimikizira. Chigamulo choyamba, chotsatiridwa ndi woimbidwa mlandu. Mawu otsegulira sindiwo mikangano; ndi mapu a njira ya umboni.
  • Plaintiff ’ Case-in-Chief : Mtsogoleri wa Chipulumutso akupereka umboni wawo, kuphatikizapo umboni, zolembedwa, ndi akatswiri a lipoti. Mayendedwe a Plattiff kusanthula kolunjika kwa mboni zawo, pambuyo pake woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi mwaŵi wa [[FLT:]] kusanthula [[FLT:]].
  • Difendant ’ Case-in-Chief : Ataikidwa, woimbidwa mlandu apereka umboni wawo ndi kuitana mboni zawo, zimene ziri zokhoza kudutsa mopendedwa ndi wofufuza.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kulongosola mawu: Chipani chilichonse chimafupikitsa umboni ndi kutsimikizira mmene lamulo liyenera kugwirira ntchito. Mtsogoleri wachipembedzoyo akupereka choyamba, woimbidwa mlanduyo, ndipo wotsutsayo kaŵirikaŵiri amaloledwa kubwezera kwachidule.
  • Mitezo ya Chigawo (Chikalata kwa Jury): Woweruza amalangiza ajuli pa malamulo alamulo ogwirizana amene ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito pa nsonga. Magulu kaŵirikaŵiri amatumiza malangizo olingaliridwa kaamba ka woweruza kuti alingalire.
  • [[FLT: 0] Jurlibration ndi Verct: Oweruza akupanga dala mwamseri kuti apeze chigamulo. Mlandu wa chigamulo cha boma umakhala wokhudza umboni wosonyeza umboni (mwachidziŵikire kwambiri). Kudalira pa khoti, chigamulo chingafunikire kugwirizana.

Kufufuza kwa Amelika Bar Association (ABA) kwa mmene makhoti amagwirira ntchito kumapereka chiyambi chabwino kwambiri kwa otengamo mbali ndi kutuluka kwa mlandu.

Kuyenda Pambuyo pa Kulira ndi Njira Yokopa

Ulendo walamulo suthera pa chigamulo. Munthu amene walephera angalembe kaye zinthu zimene achita akamaliza kuzenga mlandu kapena kuchita apilo.

Mapindu a Post-Trial amaikidwa ndi woweruza woweruza wofanana yemwe anayang'anira mlandu. Zotsatira zake zofala za pambuyo pa milandu zimaphatikizapo:

  • Chigamulo kaamba ka Chiweruzo monga Nkhani ya Chilamulo (Kukonzedwanso): Chitsimikiziro chakuti chiŵalo chinacho chinali ndi umboni wosakwanira wofikira thayo lawo lalamulo, chikumanena kuti palibe juli yolingalirika imene ikanawapezera.
  • Kupempha kaamba ka mlandu Watsopano: Mapempho akuti mlanduwo uikidwenso chifukwa cha zolakwa za lamulo, kusamvera kwa paphwando kapena juli, kapena chigamulo chopambanitsa kapena chosakwanira.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ngati alephera kutsata pambuyo pa mayeso, chipanicho chingaike appeal ku khoti lapamwamba. Nkofunika kumvetsetsa kuti apilo ndilo osati kuzenga kwachiŵiri. Khoti la appellate silimva umboni watsopano kapena umboni. Mmalomwake, limapenda mbiri yochokera ku khoti lozenga mlandu kuti litsimikizire ngati zolakwa za lamulo zinachitidwa zimene zinayambukira chotulukapo.

Kuchondererako kumaphatikizapo mfundo zazikulu zingapo:

  • Notice of Appeal: Ndiye nthaŵi yosatha yolemba chilengezo cha apilo (monga masiku 30 kuchokera ku chiweruzo chomaliza m’khoti la boma).
  • Mabungwe: Zigamulo zimapereka zigomeko zolembedwa mwatsatanetsatane zofotokoza chifukwa chake khoti lozenga mlandu linali lolondola kapena lolakwika.
  • Mkhalidwe wa Kupenda: [[FLT :1] Zimenezi zimatsimikizira ukulu wa kuchedwetsa kumene khoti lopereka chilango limapereka ku khoti lamilandu’s zigamulo.
    • [[FLT :] . DE Novo : Mafunso a lamulo amabwezedwa, popanda kubwezera khoti lozenga mlandu.
    • Momvekera bwino Molakwika: Kupeza zenizeni kumapendedwa ndi kunyozedwa kwakukulu; zidzagwetsedwa kokha ngati ziri zotsutsana ndi kulemera kowonekera kwa umboni.
    • Kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru: Malamulo osonyeza ndi ooneka bwino amapendedwa ndi kuchedwetsa kwakukulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mlandu wa Appelte Procediture [1] Mwayi wakuti maloya aonekere pamaso pa gulu la appellate kuyankha mafunso ndi kugogomezera mfundo zazikulu. Malamulo a APPPLTE Procediture [1] Alamulira kachitidweka mu U.S.

Khoti la appellate lingatsimikizire [[FLT: 0] mlandu waung'ono wa khoti<quo; chigamulo, kutsutsa chigamulo, kapena [[FLT]] ndi mlandu kumbuyo ku khoti la mlandu kaamba ka kutsutsana kowonjezereka ndi lingaliro lake. Pambuyo pa apilo, kusungitsa kwa chiweruzo, monga ngati malipiro a kampani kapena kulanda katundu, amayamba.

Kumaliza: Kusintha Malo Ovomerezeka ndi Malamulo

Njira yochokera ku kukhazikitsa dandaulo ku chigamulo chomaliza ndi ulendo wofuna kutsatizana. Mbali iliyonse — kufukula, kutulukira, kuzenga, ndi kuchonderera — imafunsa njira yomveka ndi kumvetsetsa malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti kusanthula kumeneku kumapereka mapu a msewu, magetsi enieni a dziko ndi amphamvu ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri osadziŵika bwino. Mfundo zenizeni za mlanduwo, ulamuliro, ndi kuimira kwa lamulo zonse zimachita mbali yaikulu m’chipambano. Kwa aliyense wophatikizidwa m'kutsutsana kwa lamulo, kuyang'anira nkhani yogwira ntchito ndi malangizo a loyenerera a lomangira malo ocholoŵa m'malo ameneŵa ndi kukwaniritsa zotulukapo zoyenera.