Chiyambi: Kumvetsa Mmene Mabomba Amakhalira Chilamulo

Chigwirizano cha malamulo ndicho maziko a kulamulira kwa demokrase, kusintha malingaliro a kachitidwe ka zinthu kukhala malamulo osungidwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti ulendo kuchokera ku lingaliro lopepuka kupita ku lamulo lovomerezedwa ungakhale wautali ndi wocholoŵana, kuphunzira ndalama zoyendetsera kuvumbula njira, zitokoso, ndi kulolera molakwa zimene zimaumba lamulo lapadera. Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi otengamo mbali m'boma, kupenda kufufuza nkhani zenizeni zapadziko lapansi kumapereka maphunziro othandiza m'mangira amodzi, kukhazikitsa lamulo, ndi kukonza malamulo. Nkhani yofutukulidwayi imafufuza zikalata zinayi zazikulu mu mbiri ya United States, kuchotsa mbali iliyonse ya njira zawo ndi mapulinsipulo amene adakali ofunika lerolino.

Kufufuza kulikonse kumasonyeza masitepe enieni a dongosolo la malamulo: kupanga mapulani ndi kuyambitsa, kupenda komiti, kutsutsana ndi kuvota, ndi / ngati achitidwa ndi makoma aŵiriwa ndi mapulogalamu a pulezidenti. Mwa kupenda masitepe ameneŵa potsatira mfundo za m’nkhaniyi, tikuona mmene maprogramu amagwirira ntchito m’maholo a Congress.

Lamulo Lolamulira

Asanaloŵe m’chopimira, chimathandiza kujambula njira yeniyeni ya mtengo imene ikutsatira. Pamene kuli kwakuti chipinda chirichonse chiri ndi malamulo ake, dongosolo la kachitidwe ka zinthu nlosasintha:

  • Kusintha & lamp; Sponsiship : Wopanga malamulo amalemba lamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi zoloŵetsedwa kuchokera kwa akatswiri, timagulu tauphunzitsi, kapena mabungwe a nthambi aakulu. Lamulolo limayambitsidwa mwalamulo m'Nyumba kapena m'Banga.
  • Committee Referral : [[FL:1] Oyang'anira amalozera lamulo ku makomiti amodzi kapena angapo okhala ndi ulamuliro pa nkhani yake. Makomiti asunga mayeso, kukambirana, ndi voti kaya apereke lipoti la lamulolo kuchipinda chonse.
  • [[NT.0] Kulingalira : Ngati atasimbidwa, lamulolo limapita pansi kaamba ka mkangano, kukonzanso kowonjezereka, ndi voti yomaliza. Malamulo a mkangano amasiyana pakati pa chipinda . Nyumba imagwiritsira ntchito njira ya Malamulo yolinganizidwa ya Komiti, pamene kuli kwakuti Nyumba kaŵirikaŵiri imalola makambitsirano owonjezereka ndi a Reaulbuster.
  • Kampani ya Chigawo: Muyalowo kenaka umapita ku chipinda china, kumene njirayo imabwereza. Kusiyana pakati pa Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo kumakonzedwa m'komiti ya msonkhano, pambuyo pake zipinda zonse ziŵirizo zimavotera pa matembenuzidwe omalizira ololera.
  • Presidialence Action: Lamulolo limapita kwa pulezidenti, amene angalisaine m'lamulo, kuitumiza, kapena kulilola kukhala lamulo popanda kusaina pambuyo pa masiku khumi (ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo iri m'bungwe).

Paipi imeneyi, ngakhale kuti imawoneka yolunjika bwino, imaumbidwa ndi mphamvu za ndale zadziko, chitsenderezo cha anthu, ndi unyinji wochuluka wa malamulo opikisana. Kokha kachigawo kochepa ka ndalama zoyambitsidwa kamakhala lamulo, kupangitsa nkhani zachipambano kukhala zophunzitsa kwambiri.

Kupenda Nkhani 1: Lamulo la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni la 1964

Mwinamwake lamulo lachitukuko koposa la m’banja la m’zaka za zana la 20, Chikalata cha Chisankho cha Chisankho cha 1964 choletsedwa cha tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena mtundu.

Kuchokera Kumbuyo ndi Kusintha

Prezidenti John F. Kennedy choyamba analinganiza lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe mu June 1963, pambuyo pa ndawala ya Birmingham ndi kuwonjezereka kwa mphamvu ya gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe. Pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa Kennedy mu November 1963, Prezidenti Lyndon B. Johnson anapanga lamulo lake loyambirira. Johnson, katswiri wopanga malamulo wa zaka zake monga Settermarity Mority Guide, anagwira ntchito ndi Attney General Robert F. Kennedy ndi gulu la atsogoleri a ufulu wachibage kuti akonzere chinenero. Mle wake unayambitsidwa mwalamulo ndi Mtsogoleri wa Sentare Senator Mikesfield (D-MT).

Kupenda ndi Kukonzanso kwa Komiti

Mtengowo unapita ku Komiti ya Nyumba ya Didiary, kumene Chairman Celler anaisamalira mwaluso kupyola masiku 13 a kupatsidwa chuma. Komitiyo inawonjezera makonzedwe amphamvu a ntchito (Tit VII) ndi kulimbitsa chigawo cha anthu ogona. Kumbali ya Nyumba ya Malamulo, chikalatacho chinaperekedwa ku Komiti ya Didiary koma pambuyo pake chinapititsidwa ndi njira ya procedtura . Johnson ndi Mansfield anasamuka kuti aiiiiiike mwachindunji pa kalendala ya kalelo ya malamulo a boma ankhanza. Njira imeneyi inasonyeza kufunitsitsa kukhazikitsa malamulo a proccopulacy pamene kuli kofunika kupititsa patsogolo chikalata.

Kutsutsana kwa Anthu Ooneka Bwino ndi Kudya Nsalu

Mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, lamulolo linali ndi malingana ndi masiku 75 ndi Senator Richard Russell (D-GA) ndi gulu la Democrates kummwera. Panthaŵiyo, mwana wa banja la Genoby anangotha ndi mavoti aŵiri atatu otetezera. Akuluakulu a Johnson ndi atsogoleri a Majerity Wip Hubert Humphrey anathandiza kwambiri kusonkhanitsa mavoti ofunika. Pa June 10, 1964, Khoti inasankha 71-29 kuti ipherere, kuswa chivomezo cha Filicbu. Imeneyi inali nthaŵi yotchuka kwambiri. Nthaŵi yoyamba yokhudza ufulu wa anthu inali itatha kulowa pa chikalatacho. Khoti lomaliza lovomereza pa malamulo linali kale pa 7327.

Kuchitira Limodzi Mapangano ndi Pulezidenti

Chifukwa chakuti mabaibulo a Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo anali osiyana pang'ono (mwa tsatanetsatane wa zolembedwa za ntchito), komiti ya msonkhano inakumana kwa milungu itatu kuti igwirizane. Lamulo lomaliza linavomerezedwa ndi machipinda onse aŵiri pa July 2, 1964. Madzulo amenewo, Prezidenti Johnson anasaina Chikalata cha Chifuniro cha Ufulu wa Anthu m'dziko, motchuka akumati, “Tagonjetsa. [1] Chikalatacho chinasintha kwambiri chikhalidwe cha Amereka ndi kukhala chitsanzo cha malamulo ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe.

Maphunziro a Kuyenera kwa Chiŵeniŵeni

  • Nkhani za utsogoleri: Johnson anadzipereka ndi luso la malamulo linafunika kugonjetsa zopinga za mabungwe.
  • Chitsenderezo cha Public chingaletse kutsekeka kwa mawu omveka: [[FLT :1] March ku Washington ndi dziko lonse chitsutso chinapangitsa malo amene kusachita kanthu kunali kosatheka m'ndale.
  • Mapilibuster angagonjetsedwe ndi kugwirizana kwa bipartisan: Kuvota kunafunidwa kuchokera ku mbali zonse ziŵiri, kusonyeza kuti ngakhale nkhani zogaŵanitsa kwambiri zingathetsedwe pamene chikondwerero cha dziko chiri chowonekera.

Kupenda Nkhani 2: Chikalata Chopereka Chithandizo cha Malo Oyenera Kuperekedwa (2010)

Patient Protection and Affordble Care Act (ACA), yodziŵika kwambiri monga Obamacare, inaimira kugonjetsedwa kwakukulu kwa dongosolo la zaumoyo la United States chiyambire Medicare ndi Medicaid. Kudutsa kwake ku Nyumba ya Malamulo ya 111 kunali kufufuza m’njira za malamulo, kulolera kugonja, ndi luso lochititsa mantha la kulolera molakwa.

Kusintha ndi Ntchito ya Komiti

Pulezidenti Barack Obama anapanga pangano la zaumoyo lokonzanso ndawala yapakati. Pambuyo pa chisankho chake mu 2008, woyang'anira wake anagwira ntchito ndi mipando ya komiti yaikulu ya Max Baucus (D-MT) pa Ndalama, Woyang'anira Ted Kennedy (D-MA) pa Zaumoyo, Maphunziro, Ntchito ndi Penssion (HELP), ndi Woimira Henry Waxman (D-CA) pa Energy ndi Commercial . Khonsor (H.R. 3962) adadutsa makomiti atatu asanafikire pansi. Chikalata cha Nyumba (H.R. 35, poyambirira, chikalata cha lamulo cha nyumba chimene chinalembedwanso monga ACCOS)

Mkangano wa Floor ndi “Cornhusker Kickback”

Nyumbayi inapereka pepala lake mu November 2009, povota anthu okwana 220-22021, ndi anthu 39 a Democrates otsutsa. Lamulo la khoti la Konsati linagwirizana ndi masabata angapo mu December 2009. Kuti lipeze mavoti 60 ofunikira kuti agonjetse mwana wa mwana wa mwana, Mtsogoleri wa Majorth Harry Reid anakambirana ndi “Corshusker Kicbacken" ya Nebraska, yomwe inachotsedwa pa msonkhano womaliza. Nyumba ya malamulo inapereka chikalata cha 60 769 pa December 24, 2009.

Kugwirizana

Senator Kennedy atamwalira ndi kulowa kwake mmalo ndi Republican , Democrates anataya masinthidwe awo a anabuster . Kuti agwirizane ndi mabaibulo a Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, Nyumba inapatsirana lamulo la nyumba ya malamulo (kuyenda kumene kunafuna kuti mkono wandale wamphamvu ukhale wokha) ndipo kenako zipinda zonse ziŵirizo zinagwiritsa ntchito bajeti yoyanjanitsa kukonzanso (Chikalata cha za Umoyo ndi za Maphunziro Chikalata cha Reformation (Chilamulo cha Zaumoyo ndi Chogwirizana cha 2010). Kusintha kumeneku kunalola kuti anthu ambiri asinthe. Pulezidenti Obama adasaina chikalata chachikulu pa March 23, 2010, ndi chikalata chokhazikitsa chikalata chokhazikitsa chiyanjanitso .

Zimene Tikuphunzira ku Aka

  • Luso lakulinganiza nlofunika: Kugwiritsira ntchito kuyanjanitsa kunatsutsana koma kunalola lamulolo kupitirira ngakhale kuti linataya mphamvu.
  • Zikondwerero zapadera zimafuna kulolera: The “Louisiana Purchase" ndi mapangano ena a boma atsatanetsatane anagogomezera mtundu wa malamulo oyendetsedwa.
  • Mapepala okongola amakopa chitsutso chachikulu: Kucholoŵana kwa ACA kunapangitsa kuti chikhale choyesayesa cha kukonzanso chimene chikupitiriza zaka pambuyo pake, kugogomezera kufunika kwa kulankhulana kowonekera bwino ndi kugwirizana kwachikhalire.

Kupenda Nkhani 3: Aamereka Odwala Chilema (1990)

A America Odwala Culbeator Act (ADA) anali opambana pa ufulu wa anthu olumala, kuletsa tsankho pantchito, m’nyumba zogona, m’zoyendera, ndi m’zolankhulana za patelefoni.

Kuchokera ndi Kusintha

ADA inakula chifukwa cha zoyesayesa zoyambirira, kuphatikizapo Fair Howard Act ya 1988 ndi Maphunziro a All Handicad Children Act . Woyang'anira Tom Harkin (D-IA) ndi Woimira Tony Coelho (D-CA), onse aŵiriwo ndi kugwirizana ndi nkhani zopunduka, anagwira ntchito ndi bungwe la National Council on Disability ndi mabungwe onga ADAPT kulemba chikalatacho. Chinenerochi chinakonzedwa mosamala kuti chitetezere ndi miyezo yabwino ya malo okhala.

Ntchito ya Komiti ndi Chichirikizo cha Bipartisan

Chikalatacho chinaperekedwa ku makomiti ambiri, kuphatikizapo Senator Orrin Hatch (R-UT) ndi woimira Newt Gingrich (R-GA) anakhala ochirikiza oyambirira, kusonyeza kuthekera kwa ma bipartisan.

Kuimba ndi Kusaina

Nyumba ya Malamulo inapereka ADA pa September 7, 1989, ndi voti ya 76-8. Nyumbayo inatsatira pa May 22, 1990, ndi voti ya 403-20. Komiti ya msonkhano inathetsa kusiyana kwakung’ono, ndipo lamulo lomaliza linapitirira zipinda zonse ziŵiri ndi zazikulu zazikulu. Pulezidenti George H. W. Bush anasaina ADA m'lamulo pa July 26, 1990, pa Lawn of White House, yozingidwa ndi ochirikiza. M’mawu ake, iye analengeza kuti, “Lolani khoma lochititsa manyazi la kuchotsedwa ligwere pomalizira pake.

Zimene Tikuphunzira kwa ADA

  • Nthano zaumwini zimasintha mavoti: A Testimoni ochokera kwa anthu olumala anakulitsa chifundo ndi kuchepetsa chitsutso.
  • Bipartariship njotheka: ADA inachirikizidwa ndi opanga malamulo onse aŵiri omasuka ndi osasintha amene anaiwona kukhala nkhani ya chilungamo chachikulu.
  • Magulu a gulu la kuchuluka kwa ufulu woyenerera kuphunzitsidwa ndi kuteteza chuma agwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri kuphunzitsa opanga malamulo ndi anthu onse.

Phunziro Lachinayi: Kusintha kwa Lamulo la Mpweya Woyera la 1990

Malamulo a malo okhala kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsidwa kwambiri ndi maindasitale, koma mamembala a 1990 Clean Air Act amasonyeza mmene kugwirizana kwa sayansi, utsogoleri wa pulezidenti, ndi zisonkhezero zachuma zingagonjetsere kutsutsa koteroko.

Kuyesayesa Kogwirizana ndi Zinthu Zake ndi Zogwirizana

Ceac Air Act yoyamba inaperekedwa mu 1970 ndi kukonzedwanso mu 1977. Pofika 1980, mvula ya asidi inakhala nkhani yaikulu ya malo okhala ndi ndale zadziko, makamaka ku Northern East ndi Canada. Pulezidenti George H. Bush, mosasamala kanthu za zikhoterero za gulu lake za ntchito ya prophraques, adapanga mpweya woyera kukhala chinthu choyamba m'mkupiti wake wa 1988. Iye analinganiza lamulo latsatanetsatane mu 1989 lolembedwa ndi EPA Precime William Reilly ndi mfungulo yaikulu ya Nyumba ya White.

Komiti ndi Kukonza Zinthu

Chikalata cha ku Nyumba (H.R. 3030) chinakonzedwa ndi Oimira John Dingell (D-MI) ndi Henry Waxman, amene anali ndi mlandu wautali wolimbana ndi miyezo ya kutulutsa galimoto. Khoti la Masterity (S. 1630) linatsogozedwa ndi Mtsogoleri George Mitchell (D-ME). Kusintha kwakukulu kunali kugwiritsira ntchito kwa ziŵiya zozikidwa pa msika, monga ngati kutsegulidwa kwa sulfur dioxide. Kapuleyi . Kavalo . .Nkhasipala ndi 09 ndi 030de ikuyandikira, yochirikiridwa ndi akatswiri a zachuma ndi magulu a mafakitale, inathandiza kupambana Republican. Khoti inapereka chikalatacho 8911 pa April 3, 1990. Nyumba inapereka zinenero zake 401.

Komiti ya Msonkhano ndi Kupita Komalizira

Komiti ya msonkhano inatenga miyezi kugwirizanitsa kusiyana, makamaka miyezo ya kutulutsa galimoto ndi ndandanda ya kusungitsa. Kukula kunadza pamene mkulu wa antchito a Bush, John Sununu, anagwirizana ku programu yamphamvu ya galimoto. Lamulo lomaliza linavomerezedwa ndi mavoti a mawu m’zipinda zonse ziŵiri pa October 27, 1990. Pulezidenti Bush anasaina ilo pa November 15, 1990.

Kusintha kwa 1990 kunatsogolera ku kutsika kwakukulu kwa sulfur dioxide (omwe akuposedwa pasadakhale) ndi kutumikira monga chitsanzo cha makambitsirano a pambuyo pake a zanyengo. Kuwonjezera, onani kusanthula kwa [[FLT: 0] EPA kwa masinthidwe a 1990 [1].

Maphunziro Kuku Kusintha kwa Lamulo la Mpweya Woyera

  • Kachitidwe ka zizindikiro kangapeze chivomerezo cha bipartisan: zilolezo zokhoza kutsegulidwa kumasula osunga mwambo pokwaniritsa zonulirapo za malo okhala.
  • kudzipereka kwa kampani kumachititsa mphamvu: Kuloŵerera kwa Aduki kunapatsa chikuto cha ndale zadziko.
  • Umboni wotsimikizirika uyenera kuperekedwa bwino: [[FL:1] Scid specid specid inalembedwa bwino ndi kufufuza, kupangitsa kukana kukhala kosatheka.

Kuphunzira Zochokera ku Mabiri Achipambano

Pamene mtengo uliwonse unali ndi mikhalidwe yosiyana, pamabuka mitsuko yambiri yofala.

Kumanga Malo Okhala ndi Malo Osungiramo Nyama

Chikalata chilichonse chopambana m'nkhani imeneyi chinachirikizidwa ndi onse aŵiri ndi magulu osiyanasiyana achifunitso. Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe chinafuna anthu omasuka ndi a Democrates a kummwera. ADA anakopa anthu osunga mwambo amene analemekeza ulemu wa munthu. Zikalata za Ceather Air Arente zinapambana ndi malonda mwa kusinthasintha. Kumanga chigawo chachikulu / osati kungotetezera anthu ambiri opatukapo.

Ntchito ya Ubwenzi wa Anthu Onse

Mabungwe a boma anathandiza kwambiri kuti bungweli lizipereka malamulo ovomerezeka kwa anthu amene afuna kuti apeze ufulu woyenerera ndiponso amene amatsatira malamulo.

Ulemu ndi Utsogoleri

Malamulo a bajeti a ACA onse aŵiri a kuyanjanitsa ndi Chikalata cha Chisungiko cha Chisungiko cha Bungwe la Akuluakulu la Judicary akusonyeza kuti kulinganiza kwachibadwa sikuli kwauve(icho nkofunika. Atsogoleri amene amamvetsetsa malamulo(ndipo kuti awakhomerere) n’kofunika kwambiri. Komiti ya msonkhano, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri imatsekedwa ku mabwalo a nyumba, ndi kumene kulolera molakwa kolimba kumapeka.

Kusintha ndi Kukonzanso Zinthu

Palibe lamulo limene limatuluka m'komiti losasintha. Kusintha malamulo kungalimbitse lamulo (monga ngati la mutu VII mu Chikalata cha Chifuniro cha Chibadwidwe) kapena mavoti ofunika kwambiri (monga ngati ndi zigamulo mu ACA). Kufunitsitsa kukambitsirana ndi kulandira mabaibulo opanda ungwiro kuli chizindikiro cha kukonza malamulo chipambano. Kuyang'ana mwatsatanetsatane mmene makomiti amapangira ngongole, chezerani Conforn.gov comment a kayendetsedwe ka

Kumaliza: Kukweranso Kwamilandu kwa Malamulo

Kuphunzira mmene ndalama za ngongole zimakhalira lamulo si kungophunzira chabe. Maphunziro a pa Affordble Care Act, Civil Rights Act, America ndi Lamulo la Kupunduka kwa Malamulo, ndi Sec Air Act akupereka mapulani othandiza kwa ochirikiza, opanga malamulo, ndi nzika zoikizira. Nkhani iliyonse imasonyeza kuti malamulo angayende bwino ngakhale pamavuto aakulu.

Aphunzitsi angagwiritsire ntchito zitsanzo zimenezi kusonyeza kuti boma siliri makina osasinthika koma dongosolo lamoyo lovomereza kutengamo mbali kochitidwa ndi chidziŵitso. Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa njira ya malamulo ndi ngongole za mbiri yakale, National Archives Center for Legislative Archives limapereka magwero aakulu, ndi njira ya malamulo ya Sanete tsamba imapereka sitepiti [bygnchonep. Mwakumvetsetsa nkhani zimenezi, timadzikonzekeretsera ife eni kuti tidzipereke mogwira ntchito mogwira mtima kwambiri m'dongosolo la democrasethi.