Malamulo a Boma Apolisi Akuluakulu Ogwirizana ndi Anthu Opunduka

Ku United States, apolisi nthaŵi zambiri amakumana ndi anthu opunduka mosiyanasiyana. Kuyambira pa kupunduka kwa makutu ndi kulephera kumva ndi kulephera kwa nzeru, ndi matenda a maganizo. Kugwirizana kumeneku kungakule mofulumira ngati apolisi alibe maphunziro, zida, kapena malangizo alamulo ofunika kuvomereza. Pamene malamulo a boma monga America okhala ndi vuto la kulema kwa anthu (ADA) ndi Department Act (DA) ndi 504 ya kuwonongeka kwa malamulo okhazikitsidwa, malamulo a boma akhala maziko a kulimbitsa ndi kukhazikitsa machita otsimikizirika. M’zaka khumi zapitazo, maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo amene amapitirira miyezo ya boma, kukambirana kwapadera, kukambirana kwa olankhulana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito magulu a anthu ovutika. Nkhaniyi ikupenda za malamulo olamulira malamulo ndi kulephera kwa anthu, mfundo zazikulu za boma, ndi zokambirana zachitukukirapo, ndiponso zothetsa mavuto.

Zitetezero za Malamulo ndi Zofunika M’boma

Malamulo a boma onena za zochita za apolisi ndi anthu olumala kwenikweni amagwera m'magulu ambiri: maphunziro, zofunikira, kugwiritsa ntchito ziletso zoyendetsera, ndi zotetezera za procedtura. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo apaderawo amasiyanasiyana mogwirizana ndi mphamvu, zinthu zomwe zimapezeka zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kuphunzitsa kupunduka kwa munthu kudziŵitsa kwa maofesala onse a lamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri kubwerezabwereza ndi kuzikidwa pa zochitika.
  • Kupereka malo ogona abwino pokumana, monga omasulira chinenero cha manja, manotsi olembedwa, kapena mabodi olankhulirana.
  • Mapulitiki amaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa kupunduka poima, kufufuza, kumanga, ndi kufunsa.
  • Zitsutso pa kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu kwa anthu odziŵika kapena olingaliridwa kukhala opunduka, makamaka pamene kuli kotheka.
  • Zolinga za kudziŵa zosoŵa za kupunduka zogwirizana ndi kukumanako, monga ngati mbendera zopunduka modzifunira pa laisensi ya dalaivala kapena kulembetsa galimoto.
  • Kusonkhanitsa ndi kupereka zofunika kuti muone kugwirizana kwa anthu opunduka ndi mmene amachitira nkhaŵa.

Komabe, kuonetsetsa kuti anthu akutsatira malamulo a boma n’kosiyana, ndipo mayiko ambiri alibe njira zodziyankhira.

Kuvomereza Lamulo la Maboma

ADA ikufuna kuti mabungwe a boma ndi osungitsa malamulo akwanuko apange mautumiki awo, maprogramu, ndi ntchito zimene anthu opunduka angapeze. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kulankhulana kogwira mtima ndi kusintha malamulo a boma. Malamulo a boma angawonjezere ADA mwa kulongosola bwino lomwe malo okhalamo amene akufunika m'nthaŵi za apolisi, kukhazikitsa malamulo okhwima kwambiri, kapena kupanga ufulu waumwini wa kuchitapo kanthu kwa anthu amene amasalidwa. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko ambiri amafuna kuti akuluakulu agwiritse ntchito “chinenero chosulitsa” kapena zinthu zothandiza kuona pamene akulankhulana ndi anthu amene ali ndi vuto la ADA .

Malamulo ndi Zoyamba za Boma Zodziŵika

Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo okhudza zochita za apolisi ndi anthu olumala. Malamulo ena ndi aakulu, ophimba mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kupunduka; ena amasumika maganizo pa kudwala maganizo, kapena kulephera kumva.

California

California ali ndi chimodzi cha madongosolo aakulu kwambiri. Bill 1985 (2017) amafunikiritsa maofesala onse a mtendere kumaliza maphunziro a kugwirizana ndi anthu ndi autism ndi kupunduka kwina. Maphunzirowo amavumbula zizindikiro za autism, maluso oletsa, ndi kumvetsetsa makhalidwe ofala monga kuyang'ana maso. Kuwonjezerapo, Sate Bill 1192 [2001] amalamula kuti akambitsirane ndi anthu ogontha kapena ovutika kumva, kuphatikizapo mmene angagwiritsire ntchito mavidiyo ndi kupeŵa anthu amene amadalirana pa kusaina. [maseweranso ndalama za chigawo cha California]

New York

New York’s [[FT: 0] Pulogalamu ya CRISIS Intervenition Commun [[FT:1] ndi chitsanzo cha boma lonse cha apolisi oyankha anthu odwala matenda a maganizo ndi kupunduka. Poyamba anasumika maganizo pa thanzi la maganizo, maphunziro a ACITH, kusokonezeka maganizo, ndi kuvulala kwa ubongo. Programuyi imagogomezera kugwirizana modzifunira, mayuniti a mavuto, ndi njira zina zowagwirira ntchito. Mu 20222, New York yakhazikitsa [12], zimene zimafuna kuti maofesala onse athe kuzindikira kudwala mkati mwa maphunziro oyambirira ndi kuyendetsa mapulogalamu a zigalamu za kulephera kwa kudzifunira kwa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa kuyendetsa mayendedwe a pagalimoto. Lamulolo lokhudzanso lamulolo lopanga zinthu m’ka.

Texas

Texas Nyumba Bill 3185 (2085) inakonza malamulo a boma kuti afune kuti mabungwe osungitsa malamulo ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo olembedwa polankhula ndi anthu opunduka. Pakati pa zofunika: apolisi ayenera kuyesa kulankhulana ndi munthuyo pogwiritsa ntchito njira imene angakonde, kupereka chidziŵitso chonena za kuyenera kwa malo okhala, ndi kulemba mapepala alionse operekedwa. Texas amalamulanso kuti antchito a ndende alandire maphunziro oyenera opeza zilema ndi kuti anthu opunduka asamatsedwe okha chifukwa cha kupunduka kwawo.

Illinois

Illinois anapatula [[FLT: 0] ndi Community Relations Act mu 2022], zimene zimaphatikizapo makonzedwe a kuphunzitsa kugwiritsa ntchito ubongo ndi kupunduka kwa nzeru. Kachitidweko kalamula kuti apolisi mmodzi pa onse akuyenda panjira iliyonse ya kayendetsedwe ka ka kazembe. Illinois amafunanso kuti mabungwe osungitsa malamulo asunge kukambitsirana kulikonse ndi anthu okhulupiriridwa kukhala opunduka, kuphatikizapo chifukwa cha kukambitsirana ndi malo alionse ogona.

Boma la Washington

Washington’s [250 [2023] imafuna maofesala omaliza maphunziro a kuzindikira ndi kulabadira anthu okhala ndi zivulazo za ubongo, matenda a maganizo, ndi zinanso zolephera kwa nzeru. Lamulo limaletsanso kugwiritsira ntchito “kugonjera” njira (monga ngati malo otsekereza) kwa anthu amene satha kugwirizana ndi chilema. Ofesi ya Washington ya Attney General imapereka makompyuta aulerensi aulere ndi njira yachitsanzo ya makampani.

Kuphunzitsa Kutsatira Lamulo

Kuphunzitsa apolisi kumathandiza kuti azichita zinthu ndi anthu olumala. Malamulo a boma amalimbikitsa kwambiri sukulu, maphunziro olimbitsa thupi, ndi maphunziro otsitsimula.

  • Oyang'anira azindikira zizindikiro za kupunduka: [[FT:1] Amaphunzira kudziŵikitsa zizindikiro za kupunduka kwa mutu, kugontha, PTSD, Alzheimer, ndi mikhalidwe ina. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuzindikira kuti makhalidwe onga kusayang'ana maso, kusabwerezabwereza, kapena kuyankha kochedwa sindiko zizindikiro za liwongo kapena kunyoza.
  • Maluso a kuwonjezera: amagogomezera kuchepetsa kuyanjana, kugwiritsira ntchito mawu abata, kupatsa nthaŵi yowonjezereka ya kuyankha, ndi kupeŵa kuyenda mwadzidzidzi kumene kungayambitse kapena kuyambitsa vuto.
  • Njira za kuulutsa: Maphunziro akuphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito chinenero chosavuta, kulemba manotsi, kugwiritsira ntchito kujambula kapena kuloza, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito omasulira mavidiyo olembedwa ndi foni. Maboma ena amafuna kuti galimoto iliyonse yoyendera inyamule “chikwama cha kukambitsirana ” ndi zithunzi, makhadi oyera, ndi mpambo wa ntchito za omasulira a kumaloko.
  • [[MLT:0] Ufulu wa anthu olumala: Oyang'anira amaphunzira za ADA, zofunika za boma, ndi mmene angafotokozere ufulu m’mawu opezeka.
  • Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yopanga zosankha: Kuphunzitsa kumalingaliro amene kupunduka kungayambukire kuwona kwa chiwopsezo, ndi mphamvu imeneyo ingakhale yosagwira ntchito kapena yowopsa kwambiri ngati igwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa munthu wopunduka maganizo kapena wopunduka maganizo.

Kupatsidwa Chilolezo ndi Kuŵerengeredwa Mlandu

Chiŵerengero chomakula cha maboma amafuna maofesala kupambana mayeso olembedwa kapena kusonyeza maluso m'zochitika. Mwachitsanzo, Miyezo ya Chilungamo ndi Tsimishoni ya Florida ndi Komiti Yophunzitsa ya Malamulo yakhala ndi kugwirizana kwa kulumala m'mayeso ake a boma. Colorado imalamula kuti maphunziro onse ofunika ochitidwa pa maola anayi opangika. Maboma ena, mofanana ndi Massachusetts, amaleka kupereka ndalama kwa makampani amene amalephera kukwaniritsa malembo ophunzitsa.

Magulu Othandizana ndi Vuto la Matenda ndi Kulabadira Thanzi Lamaganizo

Apolisi ambiri amakhudza anthu odwala matenda a maganizo . Malamulo a boma achititsa kuti pakhale anthu ovutika kwambiri otha kuyankha pamavuto. Chofanana ndi Crisis Intervention Team (CIT), yomwe inayamba ku Memphis mu 1988 ndipo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi maulamuliro ambiri. Malamulo a boma nthawi zambiri amathandizira anthu odzipereka pa zaumoyo kuti apereke ndalama kwa mapulogalamu a Cit kapena kuti apereke chithandizo cha ndalama kwa anthu ogwira ntchito limodzi ndi akuluakulu a boma.

  • Crisis Units: Magulu a madokotala a zaumoyo ndi akatswiri a msinkhu amayankha foni popanda maofesala a zida ngati nzotheka. Maboma onga Oregon ndi New Mexico akhazikitsa malamulo okhazikitsa njira zoyendera za mavuto a dziko lonse.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mabungwe-oferaponse: akuluakulu ogwira ntchito ndi antchito a anthu kapena manesi akuvomereza pamodzi. HB 314 adapanga programu ya co-remponse yoyendetsa ndege m'magawo angapo.
  • Zifukwa za Kugwidwa: Zina zimalamula kuti anthu okhala ndi thanzi la maganizo kapena kupunduka kwa kutengeka ndi mankhwala kapena ziwiya za kugoma mmalo mwa ndende. Washington’s SB94 [ amafuna apolisi asanayambe kuganizitsa njira zotero asanagwire milandu yaing'ono.

Malinga ndi lipoti la 2023 lolembedwa ndi Treasurement Advocacy Center, malamulo a boma a Cit achepetsa 21% ya imfa za anthu amene amafa m’nthaŵi ya kudwala kwa maganizo kwa apolisi.

Kupeza Kulankhulana m’Kukumana kwa Apolisi

Effective communication is critical for ensuring that individuals with disabilities understand their rights, can provide consent, and can participate in their own defense. State laws have addressed several aspects:

Njira Zopezera Chinenero cha Manja

Maboma 20 amafuna kuti apolisi apereke womasulira waluso wa chinenero cha manja m'nyengo yakutiyakuti (m’chitsanzo, pa ola limodzi) polankhula ndi munthu wosamva kapena womva kwambiri. Malamulo a California ali pakati pa amphamvu kwambiri: apolisi sayenera kutumiza munthu wogontha m’njira imene ingawaletse kugwiritsira ntchito manja awo kugwiritsa ntchito manja kapena kulemba, ndipo ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito vidiyo ngati womasulira wamoyo alipo. Mayi ena amafunanso kuti ayese kulankhula ndi anthu a m’banja lawo kapena mabwenzi awo amene angathandize ngati munthuyo agwiritsa ntchito njira yapadera yolankhulana.

Kulankhulana Kolembedwa ndi Zipangizo Zothandiza

Maboma angapo, kuphatikizapo Arizona ndi Virginia, ali ndi malamulo amene amafunikira maofesala olemba njira zolankhulirana pamene kulankhulana sikukulephera. Kwa anthu ovutika kulankhula, malamulo ku New Jersey ndi Illinois amalamulira kuti apolisi avomereze kugwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zolankhulirana, mapulogalamu olankhulana. Mabungwe a apolisi m’mayiko ameneŵa akufunika kuti ziwiya zotero zikhale zopezeka m'magalimoto a agulu la asilikali ndi polemba mabuku.

Onani Ufulu Woyenera M’mafolojedwe Opezeka

Poŵerenga machenjezo a Miranda kapena machenjezo ena alamulo, apolisi ayenera kutsimikizira kuzindikira. Lamulo la Connecticut la Connecticut la 19-94 limafuna kuti lamulo lipereke kope lolembedwa la kuchenjeza kwa Miranda m’chinenero chosavuta kumva, ndipo ngati kuli kofunika, kujambula mawu. Lamulo la Texas limafuna akuluakulu a boma kufotokoza zoyenera m’njira imene munthu wopunduka nzeru angamvetsetse, pogwiritsa ntchito mawu ndi manja osavuta kumva.

Mavuto ndi Zochitika Zimene Zikupitirizabe

Mosasamala kanthu za kupita patsogolo, mipata yaikulu idakalipo m’kukhazikitsidwa ndi kusungidwa kwa malamulo a boma opunduka ndi osokoneza maganizo.

Kusinthasintha kwa Mphamvu ndi Uyang’aniro

Malamulo ambiri a boma alibe njira zosungitsira. Pamene wapolisi alephera kupereka womasulira kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu pa munthu wopunduka, munthuyo angayang'anizane ndi vuto la kutsendereza kapena kutsimikizira tsankho. Maboma oŵerengeka ali ndi mabungwe aulema m'mabungwe oyang’anira malamulo. Kufufuza 2022 kochitidwa ndi National Disability Rights Network kunapeza kuti kokha maboma 12 adapendapo madandaulo ochititsidwa ndi kulemala kwa apolisi.

Kupereka Ndalama Zopereŵera pa Maphunziro

KUPHUNZITSA, zipangizo zolankhulirana, ndi mautumiki omasulira zimafuna ndalama zowonjezereka. Malamulo ena a boma amalamula kuphunzitsidwa koma samapatsa ndalama, kusiya mabungwe a kumaloko kuti atenge ndalama. Madipatimenti aang'ono kaŵirikaŵiri alibe zothandizira kumasula nduna za maphunziro a masiku ambiri. Magulu a anthu a maphunziro apempha chithandizo cha boma ndi boma kupyolera mwa maprogramu onga Bureau of Justice Assionation ndi Technic Active

Kusoŵa kwa Zikalata Zolembedwa

Maboma ochepa chabe amafuna kuti nkhani zokhudza ulema zilembedwe m’malipoti a nkhani.

Kukana Kusintha

Mabungwe ena osungitsa malamulo amakana lamulo lakuti aone kuti maphunziro a kusukulu sanapangidwa bwino kapena atha ntchito.

Kusintha Kowonjezereka

Maboma angapo akulingalira za lamulo latsopano mu 2024 ndi 2025, kuphatikizapo ndalama zimene zingaperekedwe:

  • Muyenera kufunsa apolisi ngati munthu ali ndi chilema ndipo afunikira kukhala naye asanachitepo kanthu.
  • Kuletsa anthu oyembekezera kuletsa kupunduka.
  • Panga “wogwirizanitsa chivomerezo chokanika” malo mkati mwa polisi ya boma.
  • Kuletsa lamulo la lamulo mwa kugwiritsira ntchito “chokole chapansi” kapena“ ziletso zapansi” pa anthu odziŵika kukhala opunduka m’kupuma kapena opumira.
  • Muuzeninso anthu amene sachita lumbiro kuti athandize pa mavuto a m’dera lanu.

Mabungwe osokonezeka monga Council pa Disactivity ndi American Association of People of Livectable akupitirizabe kuchirikiza uyang'aniro wamphamvu wa boma, koma kachitidwe ka boma kadakali mbali yaikulu ya kusintha kwa malamulo.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a boma otsogolera zochita za apolisi ndi opunduka asintha kwambiri, kuchokera ku zikalata zosadziŵika bwino kufika ku malamulo okhudza kuphunzitsa, kulankhulana, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito . Pamene kuli kwakuti palibe boma limene lapezabe dongosolo langwiro, zitsanzo zokhazikitsidwa ndi California, New York, Texas, ndi zina zimapereka mapu othandizira kuti anthu asinthe. Kugwira ntchito kwa malamulo ameneŵa kumadalira pa ndalama zokwanira, kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe kwa magulu a a apolisi. Pamene kuzindikira zoyenera kupunduka kumakula, ndipo pamene anthu akukhala ndi udindo waukulu, nyumba zosungira malamulo zidzapitiriza kuchita mbali yofunika kwambiri pokonza mmene lamulo limachitira ena mwa anthu osavuta kuwachitira. Kudziŵa zambiri za chitetezo cha boma, [FL: 0] Law. Lamulo la Enctivementation Comment [FFFFFOM] ndi Resocial . [5]