Table of Contents
Malamulo a Boma pa Kuyankha Apolisi ndi Kukana Ufulu Wochitapo Kanthu: Chitsogozo Chochititsa
Maluso a apolisi ndi ufulu wa okayikira amapanga malo alamulo ovuta kwambiri omwe amasiyana kwambiri ku United States. Pamene kuli kwakuti miyezo yalamulo la boma imapereka maziko, maboma adziko akhazikitsa malamulo awo amene amafutukuka, kukonza, kapena nthaŵi zina kuchepetsa mmene malamulo angakayikire anthu amene ali m'ndende. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku kwa pamlingo wa boma kumavuta kwa akatswiri a zachiweruzo, maloya otetezera, ndi aliyense amene angadzipeze kuti adzifunse.
Kulinganiza pakati pa kuyendetsa bwino upandu ndi kutetezera ufulu walamulo n’kovuta. Kugwirizanitsa kuli chipangizo chachikulu chopezera umboni ndi kuulula machimo, koma njira zogwirizana kapena zosayenera zingatsogolere ku zitsimikizo zolakwika, kutsekereza umboni, ndi kutayitsa chikhulupiriro cha anthu. Malamulo a boma amayesa kuthetsa nkhaŵa zimenezi mwa kuika malire oonekeratu pa zimene zimapanga kufunsa kovomerezeka. Pafupifupi 2025, boma lililonse lakhazikitsa mtundu wa malamulo kapena chitsanzo cha khoti limene limaposa zofunika zochepa zokhazikitsidwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S.
Malamulo Ochititsa Kukambitsirana
Asanapende malamulo a boma, nkofunika kumvetsetsa chitetezo cha boma chimene chimagwira ntchito m'dziko lonselo. Mpambo wachisanu ku Malamulo a U.S. ukutsimikizira kuti palibe munthu "adzakakamizidwa m'nkhani iliyonse yaupandu kudzitsutsa yekha. Mwayi umenewu wotsutsana ndi kudzitsutsa ndi thanthwe limene malamulo ambiri amamkako. Malamulo a Chisanu ndi Chisanu amapereka ufulu wa ku malamulo panthaŵi zonse zovuta za kuweruza, kuphatikizapo kufunsa mlandu pambuyo pa milandu yalamulo.
Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba 1966 [[FLT: 0] chimagamula kuti chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu chiyenera kudziŵikitsa kuti lamulo liyenera kudziŵikitsa ufulu wawo asanapereke kufunsa mlandu. Tsopano-famelir Marinda machenjezo kuphatikizapo kuyenera kukhala chete, kuyenera kwa loya kwa loya, chenjezo limene lingakhale logwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi wokayikirayo m’khoti, ndi kuyenera kwa kuikidwa ndi loya ngati wokayikirayo sangathe kukwanitsa kugula mmodzi. Pamene [[FLT:] Marda] ndi mawu a dziko, amaika muyezo, ndipo achita zambiri.
Chitsanzo china chovuta cha boma ndicho Escobedo v. Illinois (1964]), chimene chinanena kuti olingalira ali ndi kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu mkati mwa kufunsa pamene kufufuzako kwasintha kuchoka ku ukatswiri kupita ku ku kugamula. Maboma amasulira chigamulo chimenechi m’njira zosiyanasiyana, chotsogolera ku ntchito ya chitetezo. Kuwonjezerapo, Bwalo Lapamwamba’ chigamulo mu Bergnos v. Thompkins (20) anamasulira kuti okayikira ayenera kuyenera kukhala chete, zimene zachititsa kuti asunge mfundo zina za m’kamwa mwachidutswa m’miyezo.
Mmene Maboma Amakulitsira pa Malo Otetezera
Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo la boma limapereka chipinda, maboma angapereke ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka chitetezo chokulirapo pansi pa malamulo awo kapena malamulo. Mabwalo ambiri a boma amasulira malamulo awo a boma kupereka zitetezero zowonjezereka kuposa zimene khoti Lapamwamba la United States likufuna. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ena amafuna kuti lamulo loletsa kufunsa kulikonse likangolingaliridwa lipereke kuyenera kwa uphungu, ngakhale ngati kupemphako kuli kosamvetsetseka. Ena amalamula kuti Maranda aperekedwe m'zinenero zakutizakutiakuti kapena mpangidwe kwapadera.
Maboma angaperekenso ziyeneretso zimene zimaposa ukulu wa lamulo la boma, zonga ngati kufuna Mainda [1] machenjezo kaamba ka kufunsa kosakhala kwa lamulo kapena kupereka chitetezo kwa achichepere amene samvetsetsa bwino zoyenera zawo. Kukula kwa chigawo kumeneku kumasonyeza zinthu zofunika ndi malingaliro a anthu kulinga ku ku kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro wa lamulo ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.
Kusintha kwa Zinthu m’Ziyeneretso za Miranda Zochenjeza
Ngakhale kuti maboma onse ayenera kugwirizana ndi machenjezo apakati malamulo, mawu apadera, nthaŵi, ndi mawu ochenjeza angasiyane kwambiri. Maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo amene amalemba chinenero chenicheni kwa Madalinda , pamene ena amadalira pa zosankha za khoti kuti afotokoze kusintha kovomerezeka. Mabungwe a malamulo m’maboma popanda chinenero chogwirizana, nthaŵi zambiri amapanga makadi awo enieni, amene ayenera kukonzedwa ndi makhoti kuti apeze khadi awo.
Miyezo ya Nthaŵi ndi Yauni
Mbali imodzi ya kusiyanasiyana ndi pamene [[FLT: 0] machenjezo afunikira kuperekedwa. Lamulo la Federal limafuna machenjezo kokha pamene wonyumwira ali m'ndende ndi wofunsidwa. Komabe, ena amafuna machenjezo a poyambapo. Mwachitsanzo, [[FLT:] [[FLT]] Amoka [[FLT] ndi [[FLT:] [FT] [FLT] [5] [imodzi]] akhulupirira kuti [FLT] [FT:] [FLT] [FFFF:] [FLT] [FFLT] [FFLT] [3] [3]
Miyezo ya Waiver imasiyananso. Lamulo la Federal limafuna kuti woimbidwa mlandu air'''''makeya'''Manda ufulu wa kudziŵa, luntha, ndi modzifunira. Mayiko ena amaika mtolo waukulu pa mlanduwo kusonyeza kuti onyumwidwawo anamvetsa bwino ufulu wawo, makamaka pamene wokayikirayo ali ndi IQ, maphunziro opereŵera, kapena mikhalidwe yamaganizo. Massachusetts [[ ndi [[FLT: 4.] Anyutism , mwachitsanzo, atenga miyezo yoposa ya anthu osoŵa.
Ziyeneretso za Chinenero ndi Zothandiza
Mayiko amene ali ndi anthu ambiri olankhula Chizungu apanga malamulo apadera okhudza kupezeka kwa chinenero pofunsa mafunso. California imafuna kuti Manda[ machenjezo aperekedwe m'ziyeso zokayikidwa kuti ndi ’ chinenero chakumudzi ngati wonyumwira salankhula Chingelezi momasuka. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT:] TAS ali ndi ziyenerezo zofanana ndi zofunikira za kukayikira kwa Spanya, ndipo mabwalo ena amapereka mabaibulo olembedwa m'zinenero zambiri. Makhoti a m'zineneropeto zambiri. [FL:] FLD]
Kutali kwa chinenero, maiko ena afotokoza nkhani zokhudza luntha, kugontha, kapena mikhalidwe ya maganizo. Orgon ndi [FLT ] Shashington [1] ali ndi malamulo ofunikira kuti lamulo lichite masitepi oyenera kutsimikizira kuti oyembekezera kukhala ndi zilema amvetsetsa zoyenera, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito chinenero chosavuta kapena kumasulira chinenero cha manja.
Kulemba za Kufunsidwa: Kukhazikitsa Malamulo ndi Machitidwe Abwino Koposa
Chimodzi cha zopangidwa zapadera kwambiri za lamulo la boma lopanikiza ndicho chiyeneretso cha kufunsa kwa osunga olembedwa pa wailesi ya kanema. Kulemba kumapanga cholembera cha cholinga cha zimene zinachitika, kuchepetsa mikangano ya kukakamiza, kuulula konyenga, ndi njira zosayenera. Kuyambira 2025, oposa theka la maikowo ali ndi malamulo kapena malamulo a bwalo lamilandu ofunikira kapena olimbikitsa mwamphamvu kulembedwa kwa mafunso m'nkhani zazikulu.
Malamulo Olemba
[[FLT: 0] , , , "Maryland , New Jersey[[FLT:]] , ndi [[FLT:] New York [[FLT:]] New York [[FLT:]] ikufuna kujambula mayeso a kuphana ndi maupandu ena. Kulembetsa [[FLT:] kulembedwa kwa masankhomo onse ochitidwa pa masiteshoni. [FLT:] [FFF:] [10] [UFLT:] [UFFF:], [FLT], [FFF]
Mayiko ena, kuphatikizapo Colado, Nebraska, ndi Wiconsin [, khalani ndi malamulo olekerera olemba amene amalimbikitsa koma osafuna kulemba. M'mayiko amenewo, mayeso olembedwa amaperekedwa moonekera bwino, koma mawu osalembedwa angakhale osavuta kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kutsimikizira kudalirika kwake.
Ubwino ndi Mavuto Olemba Zolembedwa
Kulemba kumapereka mapindu owonekera kwa onse aŵiri osungidwa ndi onyumwiridwa. Kwa apolisi, kujambula kungasonyeze kuti njira zoyenerera zinatsatiridwa ndi kuti ufulu wokayikiridwawo unawachotsedwa modzifunira. Kwa okayikira, kujambula njira zoletsa ndi kusungitsa umboni wa kusadziletsa kulikonse. Maphunziro a mu Project Innocence amasonyeza kuti kuvomereza konyenga kuli chochititsa chachikulu cha zikhululukiro zolakwika, ndipo kujambula ndiko chimodzi cha zisinthiko zopindulitsa kwambiri kuchepetsa ngozi imeneyi.
Zovuta zimaphatikizapo mtengo wa zipangizo ndi kusunga, nkhaŵa za kukondera poonerera maredi ojambulidwa, ndi mikangano yakuti kaya kujambula kuyenera kufikitsa ku mafunso oyamba. Maboma ena afotokoza nkhani zimenezi mwa kutchula mafaelo ojambula, nyengo zapanthaŵi yake, ndi kupatulapo pa mikhalidwe yolakwika.
Kuchepa kwa Nthawi Yokambirana ndi Munthu Woti Muwafunse
Lamulo la boma silimaika malire a nthaŵi yeniyeni pa kufunsidwa, koma Lambizidwa la Fifter Amendment’ kuletsa kukakamiza kupitirizabe kwa utali umene kufunsa kungapitirize. Kufunsidwa kowonjezereka kungakhale kukakamiza maganizo, makamaka pamene wolingaliridwayo amanidwa tulo, chakudya, kapena kupumula m’chipinda chosambira. Maboma angapo akhazikitsa zoletsa za nthaŵi yakutiyakuti kupeŵedwe kochitidwa molakwa koteroko.
Malire a Zitumbo za Boma
[[FLT:] New York [1] imafuna kuti achikulire adzipanikizitsa kwa maola asanu ndi limodzi popanda kupumula kwatanthauzo. [FLT:] ali ndi makonzedwe akuti kufunsa kukhale kwanthaŵi yokwanira, kutchula za kukayikira kwa zaka, maganizo, ndi mkhalidwe wathupi. [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT:]
Ngakhale m’maiko opanda malire a nthaŵi, makhoti amapenda chiwonkhetso cha mikhalidwe kutsimikizira ngati utali wa mafunso operekedwa mwaufulu. Zifukwa zimaphatikizapo zokayikiridwa kukhala’ kutopa, njala, kupezeka m’zimbudzi, ndi kaya ngati maofesala anagwiritsira ntchito maluso onga kusoŵa tulo. Dipatimenti ya Chiweruzo yapereka zitsogozo zoyamikira kuti kufunsa kwa boma sikupitirira maola asanu ndi limodzi popanda kubwerera kwa bwana.
Zitetezero Zapadera kwa Anthu Ovutika
Malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka chitetezo chowonjezereka kwa onyumwidwa amene satha kumvetsetsa kapena kuchirikiza zoyenera zawo. Juveniles, anthu opunduka m’maphunziro kapena m’kukula, olankhula Chingelezi osalankhula, ndi anthu odwala nthenda zamaganizo ali pakati pa magulu amene amapatsidwa chisamaliro chapadera m’maiko ambiri.
Malamulo Oyankha
Ang’onoang'ono amavutika kwambiri ndi njira zofunsa mafunso chifukwa satha kumvetsa bwino zotsatira za kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wawo kapena mtundu wa mayeso. Khoti Lapamwamba linazindikira zimenezi mu .J.B. v. North Carolina [FLD:1] (2011]), potenga mwana ̱ zaka ziyenera kulingaliridwa pofufuza za kusunga mwana.
[[FLT:] Zoyenera. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT:]] Amalamula kuti ana akumane ndi loya asanafufuze Malamulo . [[FLT:]]] Malamulo akuti makolo kapena oteteza azikhalapo panthaŵi ya kufunsa mafunso. [[FLT:] Amafuna kuti lamulo lizidziŵitse kholo kapena woyang’anira asanafunse mwana. [FLT:] New Jersey imaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito konyenga kwa achichepere. [[FLT:], kuphatikizapo: [FFF:]
Zimene Zingathandize Anthu Olumala
Kufufuza ndi luntha lakulingalira, autism, kapena matenda a maganizo amayang'anizana ndi maupandu owonjezereka pakufunsa. Iwo angakhale othekera kwambiri, ofunitsitsa kukondweretsa anthu aulamuliro, kapena osakhoza kumvetsetsa malingaliro ovuta alamulo. New York [1] [[FLT: 0] ikufuna kuti lamulo likhale ndi njira zapadera zoperekera chisamaliro pamene likufunsa anthu ndi luntha la nzeru zodziŵika, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito chinenero chosavuta ndi kugaŵira zopunduka. Massachusettss [[ lili ndi chiyenetso chalamulo chakuti kufunsa anthu odwala matenda amaganizo kuchitidwa ndi chithandizo cha akatswiri odziŵa bwino pamene kuli kotheka.
Shashington [1] ndi [[FLT :1] adakhazikitsa malamulo amene amafuna kuti lamulo likhale lofuna kuphunzitsidwa pakufunsa anthu olumala. Malo a Chiweniweni a American Liberties Union [1] [[FLT:] adachirikiza kutengera kwambiri zofunika zophunzitsa zimenezi kuti achepetse upandu wa kulakwa.
Njira Zoti Adzifunse: Njira Zololera Kufunsidwa
Malamulo a boma amalangizanso njira zofufuzira ndi zina zotero, ngakhale kuti njira zina zofufuzira zimaphunzitsidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu ambiri, njira zina zimaonedwa kuti n’zongopeputsa ndipo zingapangitse munthu kuulula machimo ake popanda kulola kuti apusitsidwe maganizo ake ndiponso kuti azimukakamiza kuchita zinthu zosemphana ndi malamulo a boma.
Chinyengo ndi Umboni Wonama
Malamulo ambiri amalola kusungidwa kwa lamulo kugwiritsira ntchito chinyengo chochepa pofunsa mafunso, monga ngati kunena monama kuti muli ndi umboni wotsutsa wokayikidwa. Komabe, kachitidwe kameneka kamatsutsana ndipo kagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuulula konyenga. New Jersey imaletsa kugwiritsira ntchito machenjera onyenga pofunsa achinyamata. ndi [FLT:] Naska]
Maiko ena anena mwachindunji za njira ya "Maliro Achikristu", imene apolisi amakopa onyumwiridwa kuti ndi’ ndi zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo kapena makhalidwe kuti apeze chidziŵitso. [[FLT: 0] Texts yachirikiza njira zimenezi m'mawu ena, pamene [[FLT:] Yahington [1] [[[FLT:]] Yasonyeza nkhaŵa zawo ponena za kuthekera kwawo. Makhoti mu [[FLT: 4.] Kaliniafor [[FLT:] ndi [FLT:] New York [[FL:]]
Kuwopseza ndi Malonjezo
Kuwopseza kwa kuvulala kwakuthupi, kumangidwa kopanda lamulo, kapena zotulukapo zoipa kwa ziŵalo za banja zimaletsedwa mofanana. Malonjezo a kunyansidwa kapena kuchepetsedwa kwa milandu angaperekenso kuulula kwadzidzidzi ngati apanga upandu waukulu umene wonyumwiridwayo adzavomereza ku chinachake chimene sakuchita. Muyezowo umasiyana ndi boma. Pennsylvania [1] ndi [FLT:] . [FLT:] . [FLT:] OOY[[FLT:] [2] [2] [mapangano ena sakulonjeza kuti athetse]
Ufulu wa Kufufuza Anthu Akafunsidwa: Kutha kwa Malamulo
Anthu amene amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi ufulu wochita zinthu zosiyanasiyana akafunsidwa mafunso okhudza ufulu wa munthu wosunga mwana, amafunika kudziwa zoyenerazo.
Ufulu Wongokhala Chete
Kuyenera kwa kukhala chete ndiko chitetezo chachikulu kwambiri pa kudzivutitsa. Alonda angakane kuyankha mafunso panthaŵi iliyonse pamene akufunsidwa, ngakhale ngati poyamba anachotsa ufulu wawo. Malamulo a boma amamveketsa bwino mmene ufulu umenewu uyenera kugwiritsidwira ntchito ndi zotsatirapo. M’mayiko ambiri, ngati maboma okayikira afuna kukhala chete, mafunso onse ayenera kutha. Komabe, maboma ena, kutsatira [[[FLT: 0] BORDHUis v. Thompkins , amafuna kuti anthu okayikira asiye kufunsa molunjika bwino, ndi mawu osamveka bwino asaleke kufunsa mafunso.
Ufulu Wolandira Uphungu wa Malamulo
Kufufuza kuli ndi kuyenera kwa kukhala ndi loya amene alipo pofunsa. Kuyenera kumeneku kukaikidwa uphungu wokayikiridwa, ndipo mafunso onse ayenera kuleka kufikira loya ataperekedwa. Maboma amasiyana kaya pempholo liyenera kukhala lomveka kapena ngati yankho loyenerera nlokwanira. Massachusetts [1] ndi ndi [FLT] Vermont adakhulupirira kuti kutchula kulikonse kwa kufunafuna loya, ngakhale ngati kuli kopeka, kufunikira kufunsa. Maina ena amafuna pempho lomveka.
Pamene uphungu upemphedwa, kusungitsa lamulo sikungabwezeretse mafunso ngati wonyumwiridwayo ayamba kulankhulana mowonjezereka. Chitetezero chimenechi chimagwira ntchito mosasamala kanthu ngati wonyumwirayo wafunsira kwa loya. Maboma onga New York [ ndi California akhazikitsa lamuloli kotheratu, kutsendereza ndemanga zopezedwa m’kuswa lamulo.
Ufulu Womvetsa Mlandu
Kuyesa kuli ndi kuyenera kwa kudziŵitsidwa za mtundu wa milandu yawo. Pamene kuli kwakuti [[FLT: 0] machenjezo samafuna apolisi kuvumbula milandu, maboma ena amafuna kuvumbula kowonjezereka pamene wonyumwira akufunsidwa ponena za milandu yambiri. Nahama [1] ndi [FLT : 4.] Hawaii amafuna kuti anene kuti aneneze kuti munthu winayo anene za nkhani ya kufunsa mafunso ambiri asanayambi kufunsa.
Chitetezo pa Kudya Khofi
Maboma onse amaletsa kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yakuthupi, ziwopsezo, kapena chitsenderezo chopambanitsa cha maganizo kuti apeze kuulula. Coercion ingaphatikizepo kudzipatula kwanthaŵi yaitali, kusoŵa zosoŵa zofunikira, kapena ziwopsezo za kuvulaza onyumwiridwa kapena okondedwa awo. Muyezo wa kukakamiza ukusiyanasiyana, koma makhoti m'boma lililonse amapenda kuchuluka kwa mikhalidweyo. Variginia [1] ndi [FLT:] SYP [FLT]
Kufuna Kukakamiza Lamulo
Kwa apolisi, kumvetsetsa malamulo a boma ofunsa mafunso mwachindunji sikuli kokha nkhani ya kuvomereza lamulo komanso kuyendetsa bwino ntchito. Kuyankha kochitidwa mophwanya lamulo la boma kungachititse kuti madandaulo aikidwe pansi, zimene zingasweketse milandu yonse. M’mayiko ena, kutsekereza kuulula kungachititse kuti mlandu uchotsedwe ngati umboni wotsalawo uli wosakwanira.
Kuphunzitsa ndi Kupititsa Patsogolo Mwalamulo
Madipatimenti a apolisi okhala ndi malamulo ovuta kwambiri amawononga kwambiri maphunziro. Oyang'anira ayenera kuzindikira pamene Mainda [1] Machenjezo a polisi akufunika, mmene angachitire ndi maluso ololedwa. Madipatimenti ambiri apanga malamulo otsatizana opitirira pa zofunika za lamulo kutsimikizira kuti pali kugwirizana ndi kuchepetsa ngozi yalamulo. International Association of Highers of Police imapereka malamulo achitsanzo ndi zitsogozo zabwino kwambiri zimene mabungwe ambiri amatsatira.
Kusintha kwalamulo nkosuliza. Malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amathetsa malamulo ofunsira, ndipo zigamulo za khoti zingasinthe malo alamulo usiku umodzi. Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo mu [FLT: 0] California ndi [FLT ] Illinois adapatulira oyang'anira alamulo amene amasintha ndi kukonzanso zipangizo zophunzitsira. Kulephera kukhalabe masiku ano kungatulutse mavuto alamulo ndi kuwononga kwa mkulu wa boma ̱ kudalirika.
Kuvomereza ndi Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni
Kuswa malamulo a boma kungavumbule mabungwe osungitsa malamulo kukhala ndi mlandu wa boma pa 42 U.S.C. Chigawo 1983, chimene chimalola anthu kuimbidwa mlandu wa kuswa malamulo. New York , , Kalinia , ndi [FLT] FLORIDA [1] yaona milandu yambiri kumene machitidwe ofunsira amawonedwa. Mayiko ena apanga zitetezero zoyenerera zimene maofesala ku ziwopsyezo m’mikhalidwe ina, koma chitetezo chimenechi sichirikizidwa kotheratu.
Zovuta za Kuyesa ndi Uphungu wa Kutetezera
Okayikirawo, kudziŵa zoyenera zawo kungasiyanitse kuulula machimo moyenera ndi mawu okakamiza amene pambuyo pake aletsedwa.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Bwino Ufulu Wathu Mwachipambano
Ofufuza amene akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wawo ayenera kuchita zimenezi momvekera bwino ndiponso motsimikiza. Kunena kuti "Ndikufuna loya" kapena "Ndikufuna kukhala chete" m’mawu omveka bwino kuyambitsa chitetezo champhamvu. Maloya otetezera amalangiza makasitomala kuti ngakhale ngati poyamba awononga ufulu wawo, angawafotokozenso panthaŵi iliyonse pamene akufunsa. Kumvetsa kusiyanitsa kwa lamulo la boma, monga ngati pempho la uphungu liyenera kukhala lomveka, n’lofunika kutsutsa.
Ena amanena, monga Text ndi [[FLT :2] Georgia [1], ali ndi miyezo yololera yowonjezereka kaamba ka kukana, kutanthauza kuti okayikira amene samachirikiza bwino ufulu wawo angawalande mosadziŵa. M'maboma amenewo, uphungu wotetezera kaŵirikaŵiri umalangiza makasitomala kusapereka chidziŵitso choposa tsatanetsatane wa maziko ndi kupempha loya mwamsanga.
Kuyankha Molakwika
Maloya otetezera angapange maderesi kutsendereza kuulula kopezedwa mophwanya lamulo la boma. Malo otsendereza amaphatikizapo kulephera kupereka Miranda . Machenjezo, kukakamiza, kuswa ziyeneretso zojambula, kapena mafunso pambuyo pa kufunsa kokayikira. M'maboma, kutsendereza kungakhale kodzifunira.
National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers imapereka zinthu ndi maphunziro kwa maloya otopetsa mafunso osayenera. Mboni za anthanthi, monga ngati akatswiri a zamaganizo opeka ovomereza mavoti onyenga, amagwiritsiridwa ntchito mowonjezereka m'maumboni onga [[FLT:] New Jersey ndi [FLT:] Massachusetts [[[FL:5]] kuchitira umboni za psychology ya kukakamiza.
Nkhani Zokambirana m’Malamulo Oyankha
Kusintha kwa sayansi ya zauchigawenga, kusintha maganizo a anthu, ndiponso kufufuza kwatsopano pa nkhani zonama za kuulula, zikusintha zinthu m’mayiko ambiri.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta
Ndi kukwera kwa vidiyo yakutali, maulamuliro ena ayamba kufunsa mafunso kudzera m'mavidiyo. Mchitidwe umenewu umadzutsa mafunso onena za kusunga mwana, kulephera kwa machenjezo [1] Machenjera, ndi kukhoza kwa olingalira kukafunsira uphungu. Maboma angoyamba kokha kukambirana nkhani zimenezi m’malamulo ndi m’makhoti.
Kuthandiza kwa Njira Zofufuzira
Kufufuza kuchokera ku Project ya Innoce ndi mabungwe ena achititsa kuyambika kwa njira zokambirana zochepekera, monga ngati chitsanzo cha mtendere (Kukonzekera, kukonzekera ndi Kufotokoza, Account, Clombure, Evaluate). Maboma ena akuphatikiza maluso ameneŵa ku zofunika zophunzitsa, kusintha cholinga kuchokera ku ku kutsutsana kupita ku ku ku kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso.
Mikhalidwe ya Malamulo
Maboma ambiri akulingalira za lamulo lofuna kulembedwa kwa kufunsa kwa osunga, kuwonjezera chitetezo cha achichepere, ndi kuchepetsa kugwiritsira ntchito machenjera achinyengo. New York [1] ndi California []] yakhala ikutsogolera pa zoyesayesa zimenezi. Chizoloŵezi chiri cha kuwonekera kokulira ndi chitetezo champhamvu, ngakhale kuti chitsutso cha lamulo chidakalipo m'zigawo zina.
Kumaliza
Malamulo a boma onena za maluso a apolisi ndi ufulu wokayikiridwa ngovuta ndi osintha nthaŵi zonse. Pamene kuli kwakuti Malamulo a U.S. amapereka lamulo loikika, maboma akhazikitsa malamulo amene amayambukira mokulira mmene kufunsako kumachitidwira ndi umboni umene uli wosakhoza kuchitidwa m'khoti. Kwa lamulo, kutsatira malamulo ameneŵa kuli kofunika kuletsa kutsenderezedwa kwa umboni ndi mlandu wa lamulo. Kuchinjiriza kwa okayikira ndi maloya awo, kumvetsetsa kwa boma kuli kotsutsana ndi kutetezera zoyenera zalamulo ndi machitachita osayenerera.
Aliyense woloŵetsedwa m’dongosolo la chiweruzo chaupandu ayenera kudziŵa za zochitika m’boma lawo. uphungu walamulo uyenera kufufuzidwa m’mikhalidwe iriyonse yoloŵetsamo kufunsidwa kwa osunga mlandu.