Access of apolisi ndi mapepala a milandu ya boma amasiyana kwambiri m'mayiko onse a ku United States. Malamulo ameneŵa amasankha kuti ndi chidziŵitso chotani chimene chilipo poyera ndi mmene anthu angapezere zolembedwa zokhudzana ndi kufufuza kwa upandu, kumangidwa, ndi zikhulupiriro. Kumvetsa malamulo ameneŵa n’kofunika kwa atolankhani, ofufuza, ndi nzika zimene zili ndi chidwi ndi kujambula ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Malamulo a boma amapanga malo ovuta kwambiri kumene pempho limodzimodzilo lingatulutse zotulukapo zosiyana kwambiri malinga ndi ulamuliro.

Mbiri ya Kupezeka kwa Mbiri ya Nkhani za Apolisi

Asanafike ma 1960, kupezeka kwa anthu onse ku zolembera za boma kaŵirikaŵiri kunalamulidwa ndi lamulo limodzi kapena lumbiro la bungwe. The Unitedern Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) ya 1966 inakhazikitsa chitsanzo cha dzikolo, koma inangokhudza mabungwe a boma. Maboma anayamba kuvomereza malamulo awo otseguka mu 1970 ndi 1980, kaŵirikaŵiri opangidwa ndi FOIA koma mosiyanasiyana kwambiri. Madipatimenti a apolisi, amene ankagwira ntchito mwa kuyang'anira anthu, anabweretsedwa pang’onopang'ono ndi malamulo ameneŵa [1] Nthaŵi zambiri ndi kusazemba kokulira. Kukwera kwa bungwe la macamera ndi kujambula kwa zinenero mu 2000s, kunawonjezera mapimelo atsopano a zimene zikupanga "umboni waponse."

Mabuku Osonyeza za Malamulo a Boma: Atsegula Zolemba za Ntchito

Boma lililonse lili ndi lamulo lotseguka, ngakhale kuti lingatchedwe kuti Freedom of Information Acts, kapena Malamulo a Sunshi. Malamulo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga lingaliro lakuti zolembedwa za boma . kuphatikizapo zolembedwa za apolisi . Komabe, ukulu wa mfundo imeneyi n’ngosiyana kwambiri. Zigawo zazikulu za malamulo ameneŵa zimaphatikizapo:

  • Zikalata za "zolemba zapoyera" ] + -Maboma ena amamasulira liwulo mokulira kuphatikizapo chikalata chilichonse chopangidwa m'bizinesi yalamulo, pamene kuli kwakuti ena amaika ku magulu ena.
  • Ziyeso [1] - Maboma ambiri salola zolembedwa zina, monga zija zokhudza kufufuza kopitirizabe, mafaelo a antchito, kapena chidziŵitso chaluntha. Nambala ndi kutsimikizirika kwa kusafuna kulowa m'gulu la anthu amasiyana.
  • Kubweza nthaŵi ndi ndalama zolipiridwa – United States amakhazikitsa masiku amapeto kuti mabungwe ayankhe zifuno (masiku abizinesi anthaŵi zambiri 10-20) ndi kulola ndalama zothandizira kujambula ndi kupeputsa. Mayiko ena amalipira ndalama za kopilo; ena satero.
  • njira zokakamiza – maloya a Boma akazembe, makhoti, kapena mabungwe osankhidwa osonyeza kuonekera kwa zinthu. Njira zopimira zikhoza kukhala zochedwetsa ndi zodula.

Kusiyanasiyana kwa maatomu kumachititsa kuti anthu amene akupempha zinthuzi amve zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mtolankhani wa ku Florida angayembekezere kuti munthu wina ayankhe mwamsanga komanso motsika mtengo, pamene wopempha ku Rhode Island angachedwe kulipira ndalama zambiri.

Kuyesedwa kwa Mbiri ya Apolisi

Ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma amasiyana, oletsa ena amaonekera mobwerezabwereza ku United States.

Kufufuza Kumene Kukupitirizabe

Mayiko ambiri salola kufotokoza njira zofufuzira, umboni, kapena umboni pankhani zogwira ntchito. Kuchotsa kumeneku n’cholinga choteteza kuphwanya malamulo kopitirizabe ndi kuteteza umphumphu wa milandu. Komabe, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kuteteza mafaelo a milandu kuti asafufuzidwe. Mayiko ena, mofanana ndi Colorado, amafuna kuti munthu akhululukidwe kukana kupezeka ngati atatulukira kuti awonongadi kufufuza.

Kukhala Wekha ndi Zolembedwa za Anthu Olemba

Kuletsa kusakhala pawekha kumateteza chidziŵitso cha munthu mwini wa mikhole, mboni, ndi onyumwiridwa amene sanaikidwe mlandu. Zolembera za Juvenile pafupifupi padziko lonse zimalekezedwa ku madigiri osiyanasiyana. Monga Pennsylvania, ziŵerengero za kumangidwa kwa achichepere zimatsekedwa kusiyapo ngati wachichepere waimbidwa mlandu.

Njira Zokakamiza ndi Chisungiko za Lamulo

Mabuku amene amafotokoza njira zachitetezo, kulephera, kapena njira zaluso kaŵirikaŵiri amaletsedwa. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo malamulo oyendera, maluso, ndi mapulani omanga. Kukula kwa , thupi la khamera , [1] yasokoneza kumasuka kumeneku , madera ambiri apereka malamulo oletsa apolisi kuima pansi pa mikhalidwe ina, monga pamene asonyeza nyumba yachibwana kapena mkati mwa nyumba pamene akufufuza.

Nkhani Zokhudza Antchito ndi Nkhani Zokhudza Anthu Ogwira Ntchito

Zolemba za malangizo, kufufuza kwa mkati, ndi kufufuza kwa ntchito zimaloledwa kapena kufunikira kusinthidwa kwa otchuka. Gulu lomakulakula lakufuna kutsegula zolembedwa zimenezi, makamaka m'nkhani za kusadziletsa kwa ofisala. Mwachitsanzo, SB 1421 ndi SB 16 tsopano imapangitsa mabukhu ena a akapitawo a mtendere kukhala a makhalidwe oipa aakulu kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zopitirizidwa kwa anthu, kugwetsa zitetezero zachinsinsi zimene poyamba. Maboma ena, monga New York ndi Massachusetts, atsatira masinthidwe ofanana ndi amenewo.

Kufikira Ku Chidziŵitso cha Chilungamo Chaupandu: Pa Koposa Zolembedwa za Apolisi

Zolemba za apolisi ndi chimodzi chabe cha zinthu zazikulu zokhudzana ndi malamulo za boma.

Kumangidwa Kwanga Kusonyeza Kuti Munthu Wachita Zoona

Mabuku a zandende akusonyeza kuti munthu anagwidwa koma sadziimba mlandu. Mayiko ena amayang'anira mafabeti a kumangidwa monga chidziŵitso cha anthu onse, pamene ena amafuna kuti aikidwe chizindikiro ngati mlandu wagwa kapena munthu wamasulidwa. Maboma onga Utah ndi California apitirira "Ban bokosi" malamulo amene amaletsa owalemba ntchito kulembedwa makalata omangidwa panthaŵi ya kulembedwa ntchito, ngakhale kuti mapepalawo adakalipo kuti asungidwe ndi lamulo.

Zolembedwa zotsimikizira zopezedwa kaŵirikaŵiri nzofikirika chifukwa zimaphatikizapo kupezedwa kwa mlandu ku khoti. Komabe, ngakhale zimenezi zingasindikizidwe kapena kuchotsedwa pambuyo pa nyengo ya kuyembekezera m'maiko ambiri. The National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers imatsata malamulo ameneŵa ndi boma.

Zolembedwa za Khoti ndi Zipupa Zosungiramo Zinthu Zakuthambo

Makhoti ambiri amasunga malo a milandu pa Intaneti kuti adziwe. Mwachitsanzo, njira ya Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACE) imateteza makhoti a boma koma imasonyeza zinthu zofanana ndi zimenezi. Texas imapatsa kampani ya Public Data Portal , pamene New York imagwiritsa ntchito makompyuta. Makompyuta amenewa amafuna kulembetsa ndipo angalipire ndalama pa pepala lililonse. Nthawi zambiri mabanki satha kulowa pansi, koma nkhani zina zomvetsa chisoni, zimene zakhudza thanzi la munthu, zimasindikizidwa kapena kulembedwa pa Intaneti.

Kuwongolera ndi Kupereka Chilango

Chidziŵitso chonena za anthu omangidwa, kuphatikizapo malo, deti, ndi kulakwa, kaŵirikaŵiri chimapezeka poyera kupyolera m'dipatimenti ya boma ya mawebusaiti a kukonza. Mayiko ena amapanga makope okopekera kwa ofufuza. Bungwe la Vera Institute of Justice ndi zinthu zina zopanda phindu zasonkhanitsa ndandanda yopezekapo ya kutsekedwa kwa anthu ndi kuwonongeka kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu. Komabe, kusagwirizana kwa milandu imene maboma amapanga kuyerekezera kwa mayiko.

Kuyerekezera Malo a Boma: Kupenda Mosamalitsa

Kuti timvetsetse kusiyana kwa malamulo a boma, talingalirani zitsanzo zitatu zimene zimasonyeza njira zosiyanasiyana za filosofi zopezera umboni.

California: Kupeza Zinthu Zambiri ndi Masinthidwe Aposachedwapa

California Public Records Act (CPRA) ndi limodzi la malamulo omveka kwambiri. Imalongosola zolemba za anthu mokulira ndi kuika mtolo pa mabungwe a boma kulungamitsa. Lamulo la 2019 (SB 1421) linachititsa mafalishoni a apolisi a zochitika zina (kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, kuukira kwa kugonana, kusaona mtima) zodziŵika ndi anthu. Lamulo lotsatira (SB 16, 201) linakulitsa zimenezi kuti ziphatikizepo magulu ena a kusamvera. Monga chotulukapo, California wakhala mtsogoleri wa polisi, ndi manyuzi ambiri opeza bwino zinthu zosungiramo zinthu za m’kati mwa . Komabe, boma likali kuvomerezabe kufufuza kochitidwa ndi antchito ena.

New York: Kupezeka Koletsedwa, Kutseguka Mwapang’onopang’ono

Freedom of Information Law ya New York (FAIL) m'mbiri inaphatikizapo kusaloledwa kwakukulu kwa "lamulo la lamulo" mu 2020, pambuyo pa kutsutsa nkhanza za apolisi, New York inalembanso 7650-a Law ya Civil Rights, yomwe inatetezera zolembedwa za apolisi ku kuvumbula. Tsopano, zolemba za mwambo zimayang'aniridwa ndi FOIL, koma madipatimenti ambiri akhala ochedwa kuvomereza. Boma limasunganso chitetezo champhamvu cha kulembera mabuku a achichepere ndi mikhole. Aucces of a bungwe la Officerage amalamulidwa ndi malamulo osiyana amene amalola mabungwe kukana ngati mapaziwo akanasokoneza kufufuzidwa.

Texas: Fee-Heavy ndi Chidutswa Chochovuta Kuchidziŵa

Texas Public Information Act (TPIA) imafuna kuti mabungwe a boma ayankhe mwamsanga, koma amalola kulipira nthaŵi yowonongedwa popeza ndi kukonzanso mafashoni . Kuphatikizapo malipoti a apolisi. Wapolisi wa Texas Attorney angasankhe ngati mafalensi a sakufuna. Kuphatikizapo, opempha kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi ziŵerengero za ndalama zambiri za mapempho aakulu. Texas alinso ndi gulu lapadera la chidziŵitso chokhudza malo ndi chitetezo. Pamene kuli kwakuti mafaleshoni a apolisi ali odziŵika kwa anthu, boma lilibe ndi pulogalamu ya pa Intaneti ya makompyuta a polisi, likupangitsa zifunsi kukhala zovuta.

Mavuto a Kupeza Chigwirizano cha Chilungamo cha Apandu

Ngakhale kuti pali malamulo amphamvu olembedwa, zinthu zimenezi zimawalepheretsabe kufalitsa nkhani, kufufuza, ndiponso kusokoneza anthu wamba.

Kusinthasintha kwa Ntchito ndi Kuphunzitsa

Apolisi ambiri saphunzitsidwa malamulo a m'makampani ovomerezeka, ndipo zimenezi zingachititse kuti apolisi asamuyankhe molakwika.

Mavuto Ogwiritsa Ntchito Luso la Zaumisiri

Madipatimenti ambiri a apolisi amadalirabe zolemba za mapepala kapena mapulogalamu a boma amene satha kufufuzidwa mosavuta. Ngakhale ngati pali zolembedwa za manambala, zingasungidwe m'mafaelo amene sapezeka mosavuta (m’chitsanzo, ma PDF amajambula pamanja). Kukwera kwa mafaelo akale kungathe kuletsa, ndipo malamulo a boma safuna mabungwe kukonza makompyuta m’njira yofanana ndi makina. Mayiko ena, monga Washington, apereka malamulo ovomerezeka ndi mapepala, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kwake n’kochedwa.

Zokwera mtengo ndi Nsomba za ku Fee

Maboma ambiri amalola makampani kulipira ndalama zokha za kubereka, ena amalola kulipira nthaŵi ya antchito. Pempho lovuta lingayende mofulumira kufika pa madola mazana ambiri kapena zikwi zambiri. Malamulo ochepa a boma amapereka ndalama zolipirira chiwongola dzanja cha anthu ofuna chiwongola dzanja, ndipo atolankhani kaŵirikaŵiri ayenera kuyendetsa ntchito kuti afufuze ndalama zochepa. Komiti ya ya Freedom of the PROM

Mikangano ya Malamulo ndi Kuchedwa

Pamene pempho lakanidwa, wopemphayo angafunikire kuchita apilo ku bungwe la oyang’anira kapena kuimbidwa mlandu m'khoti. Izi zingatenge miyezi kapena zaka. Mabungwe a nyuzi aang'ono ndi anthu ena samakhala ndi ndalama zowafotokozera. Ngakhale pamene makhoti avomereza kuvumbulidwa, mabungwe angapereke apilo, kuchedwetsa. Milandu yapamwamba, yonga ngati kuweruza kwa apolisi, yatulukapo zigamulo zimene lamulo la boma la kapangidwe koma imatenga zaka zambiri kuti ithetse.

Ntchito ya Atolankhani ndi Magulu a Aphunzitsi

Atolankhani akhala patsogolo pogwiritsira ntchito malamulo otseguka ovumbula makhalidwe oipa ndi kuchititsa apolisi kukhala ndi mlandu. Kufufuza kwakukulu kwa apolisi kugwiritsira ntchito usilikali, tsankho la fuko, ndi chilango cha m’kati kwadalira pa zofunsira zotsatizana za anthu zopitirizabe. Mabungwe osapanga phindu monga Malembere a Malo a kulowa apolisi. Ntchito ya magulu ameneŵa yatsogolera ku masinthidwe a boma, makamaka apolisi. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa kupezedwa kwa apolisi opanga mapepala otsutsana ndi malamulo apolisi, ndi malamulo ake onga a Colorado.

Kutengera Njira za Kayendetsedwe ka Ntchito ndi Malangizo Am’tsogolo

Pali zinthu zambiri zimene zikukhudza tsogolo la anthu lopeza nkhani za milandu.

Kuwonjezereka kwa Kupereka Chilango kwa Apolisi

Monga momwe kwawonera ndi California ndi New York, maboma akumasula zitetezero za zitsulo za zitsulo za mafaelo a apolisi. Mapepala ofananawo ayambitsidwa m'maiko oposa 12. Magulu onga Chivomezi chachiniŵeni cha American Liberties Union [1] Ochirikiza miyezo ya dziko. Komabe, maukwati a apolisi akutsutsa masinthidwe ameneŵa m’khoti, akutsutsana kuti aswa zoyenera zaumwini za akuluakulu a boma.

Maulendo a Ziphunzitso Zapakati

Maboma akupanga makampani a zachinsinsi pa Intaneti amene amatumiza mauthenga a zauchigawenga. Programu ya FBI ya SICIENT CRIME Reporting (UCR) ndi National Incidenting Reporting Wirence (NIBRS) imapereka makompyuta a dziko, koma madoko a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka chidziŵitso cha panthaŵi yake ndiponso chokongola. Maboma ena, monga Virginia ndi Kentucky, apanga mawebusaiti a boma amene amalola anthu kufufuza mabodza ndi milandu ya khoti. Malowa angachepetsenso vuto la FOIA.

Kulinganiza Kuona Bwino Malo ndi Kukhala Wekha M’nyengo ya Chiŵerengero cha Masamu

Kuikidwa kwa mapepala a apolisi ndi a khoti kwawapangitsa kukhala osavuta kwambiri kulowa ndi kutseguka. Komabe, kwayambitsanso mavuto atsopano achinsinsi. Mawebusaiti a ku United States amene zithunzi zapambuyo pomangidwa ndi kuperekedwa kwa makampani akhazikitsa malamulo a boma monga Texas ndi Oregon. Kuchotsa mapepala a upandu kwa makampani achinsinsi kungachititse tsankho m’nyumba ndi pantchito. Malamulo akulimbana ndi mmene angasungire zolembera za anthu onse moonadi pamene akuteteza anthu ku ngozi zosafunikira. Malamulo amaphatikizapo malamulo okhwima a za kusinthitsa zinthu za anthu pa makampani ena achinsinsi, nthaŵi yake yoikika pa zimene zatsala pa Intaneti, ndi ufulu wowonjezera ufulu wa kuyendetsa ntchito.

Ntchito ya Makhamera a M’thupi

Makamera a thupi akukhala ponseponse, koma kuchitidwa kwawo kwalamulo monga zolembera za anthu kukusagonjetsedwa. Maboma ena amaika kutsalira kukhala kolembedwa ndi anthu, pamene ena amakuwona kukhala kopanda lamulo kapena kuletsa kutulutsidwa kwake. Utsogoleri wa Federal kuchokera ku Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo umalimbikitsa madipatimenti kuoneka bwino, koma malamulo akumalo osiyanasiyana. National Association of Criminal Defense Lawers wapempha kuti atsimikizire miyezo yomveka bwino kuti mapazi asungidwe ndi kupezeka kaamba ka zifuno zololedwa mwalamulo.

Chitsogozo Chogwira Ntchito kwa Opempha

Kaya ndinu mtolankhani, wofufuza, kapena nzika yodera nkhaŵa, kumvetsa njirayo kungakuthandizeni kuti zinthu zizikuyenderani bwino.

  • Kudziŵikitsa bungwe lolondola. Zolembera za apolisi zimachitidwa ndi dipatimenti ya apolisi imene inazilenga. Zolemba za kumangidwa, ndende yakwawo kapena ofesi ya mkulu wa milandu zingakhalenso zoyenerera. Mabuku a khoti amasamaliridwa ndi akalaliki wa khoti.
  • Kuyang'ana lamulo la boma lanu lotseguka. Funani malemba alamulo, kusafuna, ndi malo andalama. Mayiko ambiri amafalitsa FIA yotsogolera. Ufulu wa Dziko wa Chidziŵitso . Ufulu wa Chidziŵitso umasunga chuma cha boma ndi dziko.
  • Lembani pempho lomveka bwino, lonena. Pewani chilankhulo chosadziwika bwino. Phatikizani mizere ya deti, mayina, manambala, ndi mafashoni amene mufuna.
  • Konzekerani kuchedwa ndi kukana. Atsatireni kulemba. Sungani makalata onse. Ngati anakana, pemphani kumasuka kwapadera ndi apilo ngati kuli koyenera.
  • Funani chithandizo. Mabungwe onga Komiti ya Ufulu wa Manyuzipepala [[FLT:] [2] imapereka malangizo otentha kwa atolankhani. Machaputala a American Civil Liberesties Union angapereke uphungu walamulo.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a boma pa zolembedwa za apolisi ndi zoweruza za milandu n’zofunika kwambiri poonetsetsa kuti malamulo a boma aoneke bwino ndiponso kuti adziike mlandu. Komabe, kusiyana kwa malamulo kumatanthauza kuti ufulu wolowa m’dziko ukhoza kusiyana kwambiri. Chikhoterero n’chakuti ufulu wokwanira kugwiritsa ntchito mafaketi a apolisi, makamaka kugwiritsa ntchito zolembera za apolisi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito polisi, koma zopinga zazikulu zikukhalabe m’njira yotetezera ufulu wa anthu, ndalama, ndi zothandiza. Kukhalabe odziŵa malamulo a boma ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino popempha kuti anthu apeze mabuku a boma. Ziyenetsere kusungitsa ndalama za anthu kuti adziwe zinthu zawo zachinsinsi. Kusamala malamulowo sikuvuta kapena kukhazikika, koma kumathandizabe kuyendetsa bwino.