Kumasulira ndiko nzeru yalamulo imene imamasulira Malamulo ozikidwa pa kumvetsetsa koyamba panthaŵi imene anatengedwa. Njira imeneyi imagogomezera kufunika kwa kumamatira ku tanthauzo la malemba oyambirira, mmalo mwa kumasulira ku matanthauzo ake okhazikika m'malo mwa mayeso amakono. Monga njira ya kumasulira kwa malamulo alamulo, kuyambika kwa malukidwe kwasinthanso malo a American jurisprudence, kuloŵa m’malo mwa ntchito ya akatswiri ndi oweruza amene anakhazikitsa malembowo. Gululi lakulakulakulakula kuti kudalira ku matanthauzo ake okhazikika mmalo mwa la lalamulo lachiweruzo. Nzeru imagwira ntchito pa mfundo yakuti, monga cholembedwa, oweruza, ovomerezedwa, osawalimbikitsa kukonza mogwirizana ndi zimene akonda. Gululi la lunthantha lakulakulakula m’malamulo, khoti la lamulo la onse la lamulo la lamulo la onse la lamulo la lamulo la onse la lamulo lapamwamba, ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo kwa ophunzira onse.

Kumvetsetsa Chiyambi cha Malemba

Chiphunzitso choyambirira chimafuna kusunga cholinga cha okonza malamulowo mwa kuyang'ana pa malemba ndi nkhani za m'mbiri. Chimanena kuti tanthauzo la malamulo liyenera kukhala losasintha m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, kukhazikitsa bata ndi kunenera m'lamulo. Kukhazikika kumeneku sikuli chabe phindu lopanda tanthauzo; kukhazikitsa malamulo, kutsimikizira kuti nzika ndi opanga malamulo angamvetsetse malire a boma popanda kuopa kuti malirewo adzasintha ndi kukhazikitsa kwachiweruzo kapena kulinganiza kwa ndale. M’lingaliro limeneli, kukhazikitsa malamulo kumayenderana kwambiri ndi lingaliro la demokrase: ngati tanthauzo la malamulo asintha m’manja a oweruza osagamulidwa, ndiyeno anthu amene anagwirizana ndi oimira awo.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale

Maziko a chiyambidwe angalondoledwe kuyambira ku kuyambika kwa nyengo. Mafream ndi ma ratifiers anamvetsetsa Malamulo monga cholembedwa chimene tanthauzo lake la Khoti Lalikulu linaikidwa ndi malemba ndi zolinga za olemba ake. Federalst[[[FLT:]] Federal[1]. James Madison adazindikira kufunika kwa "muyezo wofala" kuthetsa kusamvana kwa malamulo, pamene kuli koyambirira kwa Khoti lapamwamba linaikidwa ndi matanthauzo a Marbury v. Madeko adavomereza ntchito ya judiary'kumasulira malamulo ake mogwirizana ndi mawu ake oonekera bwino. Mkulu John Marshall adagwiritsira ntchito nthaŵi zonse za mbiri yakale ndi m'maluŵa amakono, ngakhale kuti anali osadziŵa kanthu monga mmene amanenera osadziŵa bwino, pamene oweruza ake anayamba kutsutsa kositina kwa mabwalo a Matchalitchi ambiri, poyambirira kwa otsutsa kwambiri kuti, poyambirira kwa woweruzawo adayamba kutsutsa kwambiri.

Mabowo

Kusintha kwa malamulo kumakhala pa malamulo angapo. Choyamba, kumatsimikizira kuti tanthauzo la malamulo limaikidwa panthaŵi ya kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu amene anatsatira mfundozo lerolino. Mawuwo amatsutsa lingaliro lakuti malamulo a m'Chilamulo ayenera kusanduka ndi malamulo a chikhalidwe, mmalo mwake, kugwiritsa ntchito kugamula kuti oweruza agwiritse ntchito tanthauzo lenilenilo ngakhale atagwirizana ndi malamulowo. Mfundo zachilamulozo, kupanga chiphunzitso chakuti malamulo a malamulowo ayenera kusanduka mwa kumasulira malamulo a chikhalidwe cha anthu, kutsimikizira kuti kusintha kwa chisinthiko kuyenera kubwera kudzera m'zochitika kapena ku mademo a democracy yomwe yaikidwa ndi malemba okhazikika. Mfundo zachiweruzo, kupanga chiphunzitso choyamba cha mphamvu yoletsa mphamvu ya makhoti kuti aike m'dziko lawo. Oweruzawo amavomereza kuti pa malamulo a dziko lawo. Olemba malamulo ambiri avomereze kuti "ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zachikhalidwe lapamwamba" kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira yapadera yachigamu kuti apeze mfundo zachimo.

Mitundu ya Kuyambirira Kuphunzitsa

Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, nthanthi ya chiphunzitso choyambirira yakhala ndi maphunziro osiyanasiyana a malingaliro . makamaka cholinga choyambirira ndi tanthauzo loyambirira. Chimodzi ndi chimodzi chimapereka njira yosiyana yodziŵira mawu oikika a Konsichushoni, ndipo kusiyana pakati pawo kuli ndi tanthauzo lofunika la kachitidwe ka chiweruzo ndi makambitsirano a akatswiri.

Kukonzekera Koyambirira

Cholinga choyambirira chimakhudza zimene okonza malamulo a m'chinenero china akonza. Njira imeneyi, yochirikizidwa ndi akatswiri oyambirira a zolemba za malamulo monga Robert Bork, iyang'ana ku zolinga zaumwini za alembi a chikalatacho . Makamaka nthumwi za ku Convention ya Malamulo ya 1787. Kuthetsa zolinga za malamulo a zinenero. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti chifukwa chakuti opanga mafomu anali opanga malamulo a dongosolo la malamulo, zolinga zawo za malamulo ziyenera kutsogolera. Komabe, iwo atchula mavuto aakulu ndi njira imeneyi: kaŵirikaŵiri nkovuta kusiyanitsa zolinga za magulu ambiri a mafomu amene anakhulupirira malingaliro osiyanasiyana; imaika pangozi zolinga za gulu laling'ono la azungu pa gulu la anthu otchuka la anthu otchuka pa dziko lonse; ngakhalenso kuchotsapo mafunso amene angayambe kuchititsa mafunso ena.

Tanthauzo Loyambirira

Matanthauzo oyambirira . "kuyambika kwa mbiri yakale" . "Emphasize matanthauzo a mawu a lembo monga momwe anamvedwera ndi anthu pa nthaŵi ya kugonetsa. Mmalo mofunsa zolinga za maulansi, njira imeneyi imafunsa mmene munthu wolingalira m'nyengo yoyambika akanadziŵira mawu alamulo. Woweruza Scalia anali wotchuka kwambiri pa mayeso a kachitidwe ka ka ka kachitidwe kameneka, ndipo wakhala wotchuka kwambiri m'malemba a malamulo amakono. Kusintha kuchoka ku cholinga cha tanthauzo linasonkhezeredwa ndi kuzindikira kuti Konsinsinsinsi, monga cholembedwa, kutuluka ku ntchito yake ya ku ma a ratry ndi anthu m'malo ake olamulira. Chotero, nkhani zake, zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makope ake ambiri, kuposa kumasulira kwake kochitidwa ndi manyuzipepala, kovomerezeka, kogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma, kogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma, kofala kwambiri.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Makhoti Amakono

Chiyambireni kukhazikitsa Chilungamo Scalia mu 1986, kukambitsirana kwachiyambi kwakhala kosonkhezera m'malingaliro alamulo amakono, makamaka m’nkhani za lamulo. Oweruza ena ndi oweruza amatsutsa kuti chimapereka maziko omveka bwino omasulira lamulolo, pamene otsutsa amatsutsa kuti lingakhale lolimba kwambiri kapena lachikale. Chiyambire kutsimikizira kwa Justice Scampale Scalia, ndi Justice Amy Conveybett, amene asonyeza magawo osiyanasiyana a ku njira zoyambirira. Chisonkhetso cha ku Suprementist ku njira za malamulo ku Supreme Court ku makhotinet, kumene oweruza akuwonjezera ndi kukhazikitsa malemba ndi kupenda koyambirira kwa kachitidwe ka ka ka ka kachitidwe ka ka ka ka ka kachitidwe ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka kachitidwe ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka kachitidwe ka zinthu ndi ka ka ka ka ka ka ka kayendetsedwe ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka kayendetsedwe ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka

Zosankha Zoyambirira za Munthu Wokonda Kuŵerenga

Zigamulo zingapo za Supreme Court zikusonyeza kugwiritsa ntchito kwa kuyambirira kwa BFK kumasuliridwe. [FLT:] M'njira yakutiyakuti ya [1] [FLT:] General Conformation , Khoti linavomereza kuti Second Confredsion imateteza munthu ku ufulu wokhala ndi mfuti za "kudzisunga ndi kunyamula zida zankhondo" zankhondo" zamphamvu za boma. Momwemonso, [FLT] Gawo la Scialiae linkadalira kwambiri pa tanthauzo lakumvetsa mawu a m'zolembalo. [F] Maganienje a Squake] Malingaliro ambiri oyambitsidwa ndi mapangano a kumbuyo , (2]) A. [FFFFFF] adagwiritsira ntchito malamulo, diking'nkhanietoption (2010) kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo kwa chigawere cha chigawere cha chipale cha m'nkhaninkhani ya mbiri yakale (ma). Mpunso ya m'nkhani ya m'nkhani ya m'nkhani yachiyambi yachiyambi yachikuchokera chakumanja ina: "Chi

Ochirikiza Otchuka m’Nyumba ya Diau

Pakati pa anthu odziŵika kwambiri m’gulu la ochirikiza chiyambi cha zinthu pali a Justice Antonin Scalia ndi Clarence Thomas, amene ntchito yake yachita zambiri kuposa oweruza ena alionse kuloŵetsa m’lamulo lalikulu la malamulo.

Woweruza Antonin Scalia, amene anatumikira pa Bwalo Lapamwamba kuyambira 1986 mpaka imfa yake mu 2016, anali wochirikiza wowonekera ndi wokhoza kusiyanitsa ndi kuyambirira m'mbiri ya America. Malingaliro ake . Onse aŵiri adagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Bwalo la Malamulo . Mosasintha adagwiritsira ntchito tanthauzo lapoyera la Malamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kuumirira kosasunthika pa kukhulupirika kwa malemba. Mu 1997 Tanner Lecturess pa Princeton University, Scalia anasiyanitsa pakati pa "tanthauzo la poyamba" ndi " cholinga choyambirira, akumanena kuti maziko oyenerera alamulo. Iye sanamvetsetse chiphunzitso choyambirira chandale koma monga njira ya kuletsa oweruza kuti asafune kutchuka. Scalia anawonjezera mphamvu yake pa malingaliro ake; ndi kusintha maphunziro ake, kukakamiza oweruza osakhala aunduna ndi oweruza a mbiri yakale kuti asinthe ndi kutchulanso mbiri yake.

Chiweruzo Clarence Thomas, amene anagwirizana ndi Bwalo lamilandu mu 1991, adapitiriza ntchito yoyambirirayo. Pamene kuli kwakuti Scalia nthaŵi zina analeka kutsata malingaliro ake oyambirira kumapeto ake owopsa, Thomas wakhala wofunitsitsa nthaŵi zonse kubwerera ku zitsanzo zoikidwiratu zimene zimatsutsana ndi chidziŵitso choyambirira. M’nkhani zokhudzana ndi boma, Commercial Classias, ndi Communic Classiation, ndi mathayone ndi ku Immusclects, Thomas adanena kuti asiya kudalira kwake pa chiphunzitso cha pa Khoti lakale koma kuti amakhulupirira kuti amakakamizidwa ndi tanthauzo loyamba la malamulo a malamulo. Maganizo ake ogwirizana ndi [[Foct:0] mavoliti ake odabwitsa. Chicastika ndi mfundo zake zachimonse zachikulu zachi, sizingadziŵike kuti zidziŵike kuti athetse kudalira pa kuyang'ana kwake kope Claus Claus kapena kuchirikiza ufulu wa kuchirikiza ufulu wa boma, ndipo nthaŵi yachikale, kaŵirikaŵiri, kaŵirikaŵiri, Chikh. Chikh. Chomande chiku

Pambuyo pa Supreme Court, Chiphunzitso cha Chiyambi cha Chiyambi chakhala ndi ochirikiza amphamvu pakati pa judia ndi Judgey Jeffrey Sutton wa Seven County akufotokozanso malingaliro oyambirira ofunika kwambiri m'madera osiyanasiyana ndi kumasulira kwa malamulo a boma ndi malamulo kudzera m'njira zachikhalidwe choyambirira, kuyang'anira malemba ndi kuyambirira monga njira zofanana kwambiri. Woweruza William Pryor wa Komiti ya 11th Transturt ndi Woweruza Jeffrey Sutton wa Holyrandment ndi Woweruza wa Kadera la Six alinso ndi malingaliro ofunika kwambiri olembedwa m'madera ofunika kwambiri m'madera osiyanasiyana kuchokera ku upanduko. Chisonkhoterezo cha kukhazikitsa nzeru za ku America kuti chipitirize kukhazikitsa lamulo la ku America kwa zaka makumi ambiri.

Kusuliza ndi Mavuto

Otsutsa amanena kuti kukhazikitsa maziko kwamphamvu kunganyalanyaze kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi malamulo osintha. Iwo amanena kuti makhoti osinthasintha amalola makhoti kumasulira Konsichushoni m’njira yosonyeza makhalidwe amakono ndi zofunika. Kutsutsa kumeneku kumakhala ndi mitundu yambiri ndi kutsutsa kuyambika kwa zinthu zonse ziŵiri zopeka ndi zothandiza. Otsutsa amphamvu kwambiri amachokera m'kunena kuti kuyambika kwa mbadwo wa akapolo, omwe amakana ufulu wa kuvota, ndi kuchepetsa kugawana katundu wolembedwa ndi amuna oyera.

Konsichushoni Yamoyo Yoloŵerapo

Choloŵa chachikulu cha kuyambika ndi "Malamulo Okhala ndi moyo", chimene chimanena kuti tanthauzo la malamulo limasintha kwa nthaŵi yaitali kudzera m'kumasulira kwachiweruzo. Ochirikiza onga Woweruza William Brennan ndi Woweruza Stephen Breyer adatsutsa kuti mawu otakata a Malamulo a [1] chinjirizo lolingana, "kuyambira," " chilango chachilendo" adapangidwa monga miyezo yachisawawa kuti zokhalamozo zikhale zogwirizana ndi oweruza kusonyeza mapindu amakono. Malamulo amoyo amagogomezera kulolera, kunena kuti malembo olembedwa m’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito pa mikhalidwe yamakono popanda kulola kukula. Chiphunzitso chapamwamba cha moyo chapamwamba chachi. [FFF], ndi chigamuwero chachiyambi cha ufulu wa , cha m'makwaniko: [FF] "[4] ndipo chigamu , chigamu , chigamu , cha m'postst , "[4] ndipo chigamu , chigamu , chigamu , chigamu , " " " " " "[4] chi

Okhulupirira mwambo achitapo kanthu pa chitokoso chimenechi m’njira zingapo. Ena, mofanana ndi Jasitisi Scalia, anatsutsa kuti [FLT: 0] Brown angalungamitsidwe pa maziko oyambirira chifukwa chakuti chidziŵitso choyambirira cha Kutetezera kwa Malamulo chinali chosemphana ndi kusankhana kwa boma. Ena, kuphatikizapo Justice Thomas, avomereza kuti kuyambirira kungafune kusiya zochitika zina zotchuka koma aumirira kuti zimenezi ndi mtengo wa malamulo amene amagwirizanitsa boma ndi lamulo mmalo mwa mphamvu ya lamulo. Mkangano pakati pa kutetezera ndi kukhalira moyo walamulo umakhala wosathetsedwa, ndipo ukupitiriza kuumba nkhani zopikisanirana kwambiri m’malamulo a ku America [1] Kuchotsapo, ufulu wachipembedzo, ufulu ndi ulamuliro. Nkhani yaikulu ndi yakuti ulamuliro wa boma ukhale wogwirizana ndi anthu ogwirizana ndi kukwaniritsa mbali yake ya ufulu wa dziko lonse la dziko lapansi. Nkhaniyi iyenera kutsimikizira mfundo yake ya ufulu wa anthu.

Kutsutsa Kothandiza Ndiponso Konyenga

Kupyola pa kutsutsana ndi malamulo a m’malamulo amoyo, kuyambika kwakhala ndi mpambo wa kusuliza kolunjika kwa akatswiri omwe amakayikira ngati angapereke malonjezo ake. Chitsutso chimodzi chiyang'ana pa mavuto opindulitsa a kubwezeretsa tanthauzo loyambirira. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti mbiri yakale kaŵirikaŵiri njosagwirizana, yosatsimikizirika, kapena yotsutsana, kupangitsa kukhala kosatheka kusiyanitsa chimodzi, kuletsa tanthauzo la malamulo ambiri a malamulo. Nthaŵi yoyambika inali nthaŵi ya kukangana mwamphamvu kwa ndale zadziko, ndipo Aamereka anasintha kwambiri malingaliro a m'malingaliro a kumbuyo a Malamulo kuyambira pachiyambi. Otsutsa atsutsa a Chiphunzitso cha Malamulo amanena kuti oyambi oyambirira amakakamizidwa kulondola umboni wa mbiri yakale umene umachirikiza zifuno zawo zokonda, mchitidwe umene umatsutsa kunena kuti kutsutsa ulamuliro kwa oweruza.

Mzera wachiŵiri wa kusuliza umatsutsa maziko a kuyambika kwa Chiphunzitso. Nchifukwa ninji tiyenera kumangidwa ndi malingaliro a anthu omwe anakhalako zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri zapitazo? "dzanja lakufa" limakayikira kuyenera kwa kulola mbadwo wakale kulamulira. Olemba mbiri yakale amayankha kuti malamulo a m'malamulo atengedwa mwa demokrase mwa njirazokha . Ndi kuti ulamuliro wake wopitirizabe umakhala pa chivomerezo cha mibadwo yotsatira imene sinasankhe kuuthetsa. Iwo amatsutsanso kuti vuto lapansi la dzanja sili lapadera ku Chiphunzitso choyambirira; njira iliyonse imene imachitira malamulo monga momwe ayenera kuvomereza kuti malemba ake analembedwa kale. Funso si [FL:] [FLD] [FF: FF]

Chitsutso chachitatu chimadzutsa vuto la m’mbuyomu. Chikalata cha kuyambirira cha kumasulira chikuoneka ngati chotsutsana ndi chiphunzitso cha . Chikalatachi chimanena kuti makhoti ayenera kutsatira zosankha zapasadakhale ngakhale ngati anagamula molakwa. Chigamulo cha woweruza ndi kukwaniritsa mfundo zachiyambi zimene zimasiyana ndi tanthauzo loyambirira? Monga Jastia, Thomas, wakhala wofunitsitsa kukhazikitsa kapena kufunsa zitsanzo za nthaŵi yaitali zimene amaona kuti n’zosagwirizana ndi tanthauzo la malamulo a malamulo. Ena, kuphatikizapo Justice Scalia ndi Jastice, adatsutsa kuti chiphunzitso choyamba chikhoza kukhala ndi decis kapena kuchotsapo mfundo zapamwamba zapamwamba.

Kulinganiza Kuyamba Kwanu ndi Mapindu Amakono

M’zochitika, makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito kutsutsana pakati pa kuyambirira ndi makhalidwe amakono kupyolera m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Oweruza ena amatengera njira ya "uchigaŵenga" imene imalingalira tanthauzo lake limodzi pakati pa ambiri, limodzi ndi chitsanzo, mfundo zotsatira, ndi mfundo zogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe. Ena amagwiritsira ntchito "njira zoyambirira za kuyambika," zimene zimayesa kukonza njira zimene mbadwo woyambitsa ukanagwiritsa ntchito, kuphatikizapo njira yawo yochitira zinthu, kuyerekezera, ndi kulinganiza. Enanso amasiyanitsa pakati pa malamulo a programme" (kuvumbula tanthauzo lokhazikika la malemba) ndi "kusintha matanthauzo ake okhazikika" (kutsatira tanthauzo la tanthauzo la zinthu, limene lingafunikire kugwiritsa ntchito kachitidwe kachiweruzo m'nkhani za m'kalongosole). Kusiyanakukulakula kwa akatswiri a Rynet ndi ku Llonetic, kuvomereza kuti anthu ambiri avomereze malamulo a zandale.

M'khoti Lapamwamba lapanthaŵiyo, Oweruza ambiri saali olondola kapena akatswiri a mbiri yakale. M’malo mwake, amaphatikiza njira zomasulira, pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zoyambirira m’madera ena ndi kuganiza kwa chisinthiko. Woweruza Elena Kagan, mwachitsanzo, wadzilongosola yekha kukhala woyambirira m’lingaliro lakuti amayamba ndi mawu ndi nkhani zake za m'mbiri, koma wagwirizananso ndi malingaliro amene amagwiritsira ntchito mfundo zachikhalidwe cha anthu. Woweruza Neil Gormoth, pamene kuli kwakuti ali wodzitcha kuti ndi wolemba ndi woyambirira, wasonyeza kufunitsitsa kulingalira tanthauzo la m'zolemba, kuphatikizapo lamulo lachilendo m’zochitika zina. Oweruza ambiri amakono amatsatira njira zamakono za kudalira pa ziŵili ndi ziŵiro zodziyendera.

Pomalizira pake, kugwiritsira ntchito koyambirira kwa Chiphunzitso kumakhalabe mbali yaikulu ya lamulo lalamulo, kuumba mmene makhoti amamasulira chikalata cha maziko cha United States. Filosofiyo yatsimikizira kukhala yolimba, kusunthika kuchokera ku malo opansikirana mu 1970 kukhala mphamvu yaikulu m'malamulo a Amereka. Chisonkhezero chake chimawonekera osati kokha m’malingaliro achiweruzo komanso m'masukulu alamulo a pambuyo pa lamulo, kuvomerezana ndi mapangano a bwalo lamilandu, ndi nkhani zapoyera zogwirizana ndi zotsutsana nazo. Nkhani yomazungulira ndi malamulo alamulo yosaimbidwa ndi yosatsimikizirika ya m’malamulo, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a m’malamulo, ndi kutsimikizira kuti chiphunzitso chachiyambiriro chidzakhalabe pamene oweruza ndi akatswiri akuyeretsa malingaliro ndi ochirikiza mfundo zake zazikulu. Mosakayi, kupitirizabe kukambitsirana kwa machitidwe a maphunziro apamwamba a malamulo a malamulo a boma ndi ovomerezedwa ndi ochirikiza ufulu alamulo a kukhazikitsa malamulo a m’dziko.