Chigoba Chosaoneka cha Moyo wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku: Mmene Malamulo a M’dera Lathu Amakhudzira Dziko Lathu

Mmaŵa uliwonse, anthu mamiliyoni ambiri amatsatira malangizo osawoneka omwe amalamulira zinthu kuyambira pa liŵiro limene amayendetsa kuukulu wa makambitsirano awo m'malo a anthu. Zitsogozo zimenezi . "malamulo aunitism" ndizo maziko a dongosolo la kakhalidwe ka anthu, komabe iwo kaŵirikaŵiri samazindikiridwa kufikira ataswedwa. Kuchokera ku malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi maboma akumaloko kufikira ku makhalidwe abwino osadziŵika bwino a gulu loletsa la anthu okhala pafupi, malamulo ameneŵa amaumba mayanjano athu, amalongosola malire athu, ndipo amaumba mkhalidwe wa miyoyo yathu. Kuzindikira chisonkhezero chawo sikuli kokha kulimbitsa kwa maphunziro; nkofunika kumanga bwino, kulimba kwa anthu.

Kufunika kwa Malamulo a M’dera: Si Malamulo Okha

Malamulo a m’chitaganya kaŵirikaŵiri amalingaliridwa kukhala zochepetsa ufulu wa munthu. Komabe, cholinga chawo chachikulu ndicho kupanga dongosolo limene ufulu ungayende bwino. Popanda malamulo okhazikitsidwa, anthu amaloŵa m’mavuto, kumene ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha umasokonezeka ndi zochita zosaletsedwa ndi ena. Kufunika kwa malamulo ameneŵa kungaswedwe kukhala ntchito zina zowongolerera.

Chitetezo: Choyamba

Pamlingo wake waukulu, chitaganya chiyenera kupereka chitetezo chakuthupi. Malamulo a pamsewu ali chitsanzo cha buku lophunziridwa. Malinga ndi National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), kugwiritsa ntchito lamba kumapulumutsa miyoyo yoyerekezeredwa kukhala 14,955 mu 2017 mokha. Malamulo a kufulumira, kuimitsa zizindikiro, ndi kusungitsa khutu si odzitetezera; malamulo olinganizidwa kuchepetsa kuvulaza. Mofananamo, malamulo omanga amatsimikizira kuti nyumbazo nzotetezeka kumoto ndi kugwa, pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a zaumoyo m'malesitilanti amateteza matenda ogwidwa ndi chakudya. Malamulowa amagwira ntchito kumbuyo kwake, koma kulephera kwawo kumakhala tsoka.

Makonzedwe: Malamulo Othandiza Kugwirizana

Dongosolo limalola kugwirizana kocholoŵana. Ganizirani za bungwe la eninyumba (HOA) limene limalamula miyezo yosamalira malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti ena angawone zimenezi kukhala zosadalirika, lamulo lilipo la kusunga mapindu a katundu ndi kupanga malo okongola kwa anthu onse okhala. 2018 maphunziro mu Journal of Urban Economics [ Mapangano oyendetsedwa bwino apeza kuti mapangano atha kuwonjezera mapindu a katundu ndi 2-4%. Malamulo akuwonjezera malamulo a zapaleshoni monga zosungira zinyalala, zomangira, zolola kukwera kwa magalimoto. Malamulo ameneŵa amachepetsa kutsutsana, kulola anthu kugwirizana ndi mikangano yaing'ono.

Ulemu: Kuteteza Ufulu Woyenera ndi Ulemu

Malamulo oletsa kusagwirizana kwa anthu a m’deralo amagwirizanitsa ulemu. Malamulo oletsa kusoŵa pokhala m’nyumba, ntchito, ndi malo ogona a anthu onse amateteza anthu ku tsankho lochokera ku fuko, kugonana kwa amuna, chipembedzo, kapena kupunduka. Malamulo ameneŵa ndi ogwirizana kuti munthu aliyense ayenera kuchitiridwa mofanana. Malamulo amwambo, monga ngati kusungira munthu wina chitseko kuti akutsatireni kapena asadodometseni pokambirana, kulimbikitsa ulemu wa anthu. Popanda malamulo ameneŵa, kukhulupirirana kumawononga, ndipo mgwirizano wa anthu umafooketsa.

Kukhala M’gulu la Anthu: Kudzidziŵikitsa Kwabwino

Kugwirizana kwa malamulo kumathandiza kuti anthu a m’deralo adziwena. Ngati achita holide, kutsatira mwambo wa kumaloko, kapena kutsatira malamulo a khalidwe, zimatsimikizira mfundo yakuti “i.” Zimenezi zimaonekera m'magulu achipembedzo ogwirizana kwambiri, mafuko, kapena ngakhale magulu a pa Intaneti. Malamulo okhudza kavalidwe, chinenero, kapena miyambo amathandiza anthu amene akugwirizana. Kufufuza za chikhalidwe cha anthu, monga ntchito ya Henri Tajfel pa mfundo za chikhalidwe cha anthu, amasonyeza kuti kukhala m’magulu a zipembedzo zodziŵika bwino amawonjezera kudzidalira ndi kukhulupirika kwa anthu.

Malamulo Amtundu Wake: Maulamuliro Odabwitsa

Kumvetsa bwino mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malamulo kumatithandiza kuti tizigwiritsa ntchito bwino malamulowo komanso kuti tiziwagwiritsa ntchito ngati tikufuna kusintha.

Malamulo Aakulu: Zolembedwa ndi Zokakamiza

Malamulo a boma amaikidwa m'lamulo, malamulo, kapena malamulo. Amaphatikizapo malamulo a kumaloko (m’chitsanzo, malamulo a leash kwa agalu), malamulo a boma (m’mphindi, zauchidakwa), ndi malamulo a boma (m’mphindi, machitidwe a malo okhala). Ameneŵa amabwera ndi njira zosungitsa: zabwino, chilango, kapena ngakhale kuikidwa m’ndende. Malamulo a malamulo amwambo ngowonekera bwino ndipo, amagwiritsira ntchito mofanana ndi onse. Nthaŵi zambiri amapangidwa kupyolera ku mapangano a democracy, monga mavoti kapena malamulo a mzinda. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo malamulo olekanitsa malo a maindasitale ndi malo ogona, ndi malire.

Malamulo Amwamwaŵi: Opanda Kulembedwa Koma Amphamvu

[[FLT:] Malamulo amwambo ndi malamulo osalembedwa amene amalamulira khalidwe la anthu. Akatswiri kaŵirikaŵiri amasiyanitsa pakati pa majeremusi (miyambo yatsiku ndi tsiku yonga kudya ndi ziwiya) ndi [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [malamulo a makhalidwe abwino odziŵika kwambiri] (malamulo onga ziletso zoletsa kuba kapena kugonana kwapachibale). Malamulo ameneŵa amaphunziridwa mwa kulinganiza ndi kukakamiza anthu, miseche, kukanidwa, kapena kulangidwa kwaulemu. Mwachitsanzo, m’madera ambiri, amalingaliridwa mopanda ulemu kufunsa munthu wina ponena za malipiro awo. Lamuloliro losalembedwa ndi loletsa kuswa malamulo aunika. Pamene kuli kolakwika kwamwaŵika, ndi kulakwa kwa lamulo lalamulo.

Malamulo a Gulu: Kulamulira Magulu

Masukulu, mabungwe, makampani, ndi mabungwe achipembedzo aliyense ali ndi malamulo akeake. Malamulo aulemu pa mayunivesite ambiri ali lamulo lalamulo lokhala ndi zotulukapo zowopsa za kunama, kusonyeza kudzipereka kwa bungwe lakuphunzira. Malamulo ameneŵa amalinganizidwira kukwaniritsa zolinga za gulu ndi kusungitsa chikhalidwe chake. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo aulemu pa mayunivesite ambiri ali malamulo oyenera okhala ndi zotulukapo zowopsa za kunyenga, kusonyeza kudzipereka kwa bungwe ku umphumphu wa maphunziro. Malamulo a gulu kaŵirikaŵiri amalembedwa ndi kusungidwa koma amadalira kwambiri pa kugula kwa chikhalidwe kuti chikhale chopindulitsa.

Malamulo a Makompyuta: Dziko Latsopano

Pogwiritsa ntchito malo a pa Intaneti, panapezeka malamulo atsopano: malamulo a magetsi monga Reddit, Facebook, ndi maadireshoni a Dhoorrd ali ndi malamulo awo a kusamala, malamulo a makhalidwe, ndi malamulo. Malamulo amenewa amalamulira kulankhulana, kukhutidwa, kugawana, ndi kugwirizana kwa anthu. Kuphwanya malamulo kungachititse kuchotsedwa, kuletsedwa kwa kanthawi, kapena kuthamangitsidwa kwachikhalire. Vuto la kukhazikitsa malamulo amenewa padziko lonse, anthu osadziwika ndi dzina lachititsa mafakitale onse kukhala ndi makampani apamwamba. Malamulo a pulogalamu a pulogalamu amakono ndi nkhani yosatsatapota, makamaka pa nkhani yovulaza.

Mmene Malamulo a M’dera Ayambukirira Moyo wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku: Kuchokera Kutuluka Kufikira Kuloŵa kwa Dzuŵa

Chisonkhezero cha malamulo a m’chitaganya nchofalikira, chikumakhudza pafupifupi mphindi iriyonse ya tsiku lathu.

Kugwirizana ndi Mabwenzi

Kuchokera pamene tikupereka moni kwa mnansi, tikuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kugwirana chamanja, kugwiritsa ntchito m’malo osiyanasiyana, kapena “mchenga wamwambo” kumatsogozedwa ndi malamulo achibadwa okhudza kukhala pamodzi ndi kuvomerezana. Kuntchito, malamulo okhudza malamulo, malamulo a mayanjano, ndi mameseji a mafoni amathandiza kuti tigwirizane. Poyenda pagulu, lamulo losalembedwa la kupeŵa kuyang'ana anthu m’malo odzaza zinthu. Malamulo aang'onowa amachepetsa nkhaŵa ndi kupangitsa kuti anthu azikhala omasuka. Akaswana, munthu wina amalankhula mokweza pa laibulale yachinsinsi ndi kusokoneza mikangano.

Kuyenda M’mlengalenga

Kuyenda kwa thupi kumayendetsedwa kwambiri ndi malamulo a m'chitaganya. Olemba malamulo amalamulira pamene mungathe kugwiritsa ntchito mayendedwe a m'mabungwe, oyendetsa njinga amatsatira zizindikiro za m'khwalala, ndipo oyendetsa magalimoto amamvera magetsi a pamsewu. Malamulo ameneŵa amakhazikika kwambiri moti timawamvera popanda kuganizira. Malamulo odzikongoletsa amasankha ngati mukukhala pafupi ndi fakitale kapena paki. Malamulo a pulogalamu apamwamba amasankha nthaŵi imene mungapereke zigaŵenga kapena pamene mungakhale ndi gulu la anthu ogwirizana. Ngakhale kuika zizindikiro za m’misewu ndi mabasi ali chotulukapo cha malamulo a boma. Malamulo oikidwa bwino ndi malamulo omveka bwino oyendera malo otetezeka ndi osavuta kupezeka; malamulo opangidwa ndi zizindikiro zotsutsana amachititsa kusokonezeka maganizo ndi kukwiya.

Kudziŵika kwa Anthu ndi Kunyada

Malamulo angachirikize mphamvu ya kukhala ndi mbali. Mwachitsanzo, kugawana m'munda, kumamatira ku ndandanda yokonzanso madeti, kapena kusunga miyambo yakumaloko monga phwando la tauni kumalimbitsa makhalidwe amodzi. Pamene onse pamodzi atsatira malamulo amene amalimbikitsa kukongola, udongo, kapena phwando, amanyadira malo awo. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo okhwima ndi olinganiza m'malo monga Santa Barbara, California, sungani Mediterranean yotetezera kwambiri. Chidziŵitsochi, chikopa kukopa alendo ndi kusungitsa ndalama, kupanga chiwonero chabwino.

Chiyambukiro cha Chuma

Malamulo a m'deralo amathandiza kwambiri kuti chuma chikhale bwino. Maphunziro a misonkho a m'masukulu ophunzitsa zachuma ndiponso a zachuma, amene amakhudza makhalidwe a panyumba. Malayisensi ndi kulola mabizinesi kukhazikitsa malamulo abwino komanso kukhazikitsa zopinga. Malamulo okhudza kudyera panja, kuulutsa misewu, kapena kuimika magalimoto angachititse kapena kusokoneza malonda a m'deralo. Kufufuza 2020 kuchokera ku Brookings Institution kunapeza kuti malamulo oletsa kwambiri malamulo a dziko aletsa kumanga nyumba ndi kuyendetsa ndalama, kusokoneza kuyendetsa zinthu zachuma. Kunjaku, malamulo oyendetsera bwino malamulo onena za kusungidwa kwa zinthu zakale angawonjezere kusamuka ndi kuwonongeka kwa chuma.

Thanzi ndi Chitetezo

Malamulo a zaumoyo wa anthu onse ali pakati pa ziyambukiro zowonekera kwambiri ndi zotsutsana. Malamulo a katemera a ana a sukulu, osuta fodya m'malesitilanti, ndi kuyang'anira za kutetezereka kwa chakudya amachepetsa matenda ndi kuvulala. Mliri wa CHOVAD , malamulo a chitaganya kubisa, kusuntha, ndi kulephera kwa maluso akhala owonekera kwambiri ndi otsutsana. Kugwira ntchito kwa malamulo ameneŵa kunadalira pa kukhulupirira anthu onse, kulankhulana koonekera bwino, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo kosasintha. Ngakhale malamulo amwayi, mofanana ndi kuphimba pakamwa panu, kuthandizira thanzi la anthu onse. Sayensi ya kuletsa chitaganya, yatsatanetsatane ndi magwero onga a World Health Organization, imagogomezera kuti thanzi limadalira pa malamulo onse.

Mavuto pa Malamulo a M’dera: Pamene Madongosolo Awonongeka

Palibe malamulo angwiro amene anthu amakhala nawo nthawi zonse ndipo zimenezi zingalepheretse malamulo awo kukhala oyenerera ndiponso ogwira ntchito bwino.

Kukana Kusintha

Malamulo okhazikitsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala othandiza. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . malamulo a chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Kusiyana Kokakamiza

Malamulo ngothandiza kokha monga ngati kusungitsa, koma kusungitsa malamulo kungakhale kosagwirizana kapena kosalungama. Mwachitsanzo, kufufuza pa kuima kwa magalimoto, nthaŵi zonse kumasonyeza kusagwirizana kwa mafuko m'polisi. Mofananamo, madandaulo a phokoso m'madera olemera kaŵirikaŵiri amayankhidwa mofulumira kuposa kwa osauka. Kusautsa malamulo kumawononga chidaliro m'dongosolo la malamulo, kutsogolera ku chikhalidwe cha anthu osakhala otsalira. Anthu ayenera kuyesayesa kuti akhale atsatiridwe mwachilungamo, mowonekedwa bwino, ndi mosasinthasintha, kuphatikizapo madongosolo oyang’anira monga mabungwe oyendera a apolisi kapena oyang'anira auzira malamulo alamulo.

Kulankhulana ndi Kuimira

Malamulo opangidwa ndi gulu lotchuka angalephere kuthandiza anthu ochepa. HOA malamulo amene amaletsa zovala angakhudze kwambiri anthu a m'madera otsika opeza ndalama zoyendera ndalama zothandizira. Kuletsa nyumba zambiri kumachotsamo anthu osakwatira ndi obwereka. Kuphatikiza, kukhazikitsa malamulo kuyenera kuphatikizapo mawu a mbali zonse za chitaganya. Kupanga bajeti ndi ma drivedvisition mabroadbodi a pulogalamu a pulogalamu ya pulogalamu yamakono ingathandize. Lamulo la “Chilichonse chonena za ife popanda ife" ndilo mbali yaikulu ya chitaganya chamakono.

Kuchepetsa Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Ulamuliro wa U.S.A.

Malamulo ambiri angaletse kulinganiza zinthu, malonda, ndi ufulu wa munthu. Mabizinesi aang'ono kaŵirikaŵiri amalimbana ndi mtengo wa zilolezo, laisensi, ndi mayeso. Anyumba angakhale osakhoza kuika makhomalaiti a dzuŵa chifukwa cha mapangano oletsa. Kupambanitsa kungatsogolere ku kutopa, kumene anthu amanyalanyaza kapena kunyalanyaza dongosolo. Kupeza kulinganiza pakati pa malamulo ofunika ndi tepi yofiira yosafunikira kuli vuto. Lingaliro la “malamulo oyenerera a lamulo” kuchokera ku ochirikiza malamulo a anthu onse oyenera ku kuyang'anizana ndi ngozi.

Kusokonezeka kwa Zipangizo

Umisiri watsopano umaposa malamulo amene alipo. Ma drone amayambitsa nkhaŵa zachinsinsi zakuti malamulo amakono ayamba pokambirana. Makampani a nyumba ayenera kukonza malamulo owonjezera posamalira zofuna za anthu pamene akuteteza. Makampani a kampani a kampani ya magetsi monga Uber ndi Lyft angathandize kuti malamulo amakono a m'makompyuta azikhala ogwirizana.

Malamulo Olimbikitsa Malamulo Abwino a M’chitaganya

Kuti munthu apange malamulo amene amathandizadi moyo wake wa tsiku ndi tsiku, amafunika kuyesetsa ndiponso kugwirizana.

Kuloŵetsedwa m’Chigwirizano cha M’chitaganya cha Foster

Malamulo othandiza kwambiri ndi aja amene anthu a m’tauni amamva kuti ndi oyenera kumanga nawo misonkhano ya m’holo ya tauni, kupanga mapulogalamu a pa Intaneti, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zofufuzira. Opanga ndalama, kumene anthu amasankha mwachindunji mmene angagwiritsire ntchito ndalama za kampani, apeza chipambano m’mizinda monga Porto Alegre, Brazil, ndipo tsopano m’mizinda yambiri ya U. Anthu akathandiza kukhazikitsa malamulowo, amakhala osavuta kuwatsatira ndipo sawaipidwa nawo.

Kuikiza Malonda m’Maphunziro ndi Kuonana Kwabwino

Malamulo afunikira kutsatiridwa. Maboma a m'dziko ayenera kupereka chidziŵitso chomveka bwino ndi chofikirika chonena za malamulo ndi malamulo . Mwa zinenero ndi mafomu ambiri. Sukulu zingaphunzitse nzika za boma zimene zimaphatikizapo chidziŵitso chothandiza ponena za boma. Malaibulale ndi malo a anthu angayambitse pulogalamu. Kuona bwino za kuyambitsidwa kwa malamulo kumakulitsanso chikhulupiriro. Mwachitsanzo, kufotokoza kuti liŵiro la liŵiro linatsika chifukwa cha ngozi zambiri za anthu apansipansi panthaka zimalimbikitsa kugonjera osati chizindikiro chosavuta.

Limbikitsani Kusintha ndi Kupenda

Malamulo osinthasintha amaswa monga kusintha kwa mikhalidwe. Anthu ayenera kumanga njira zopendera ndi kukonzanso. Malamulo otchulidwa m'dzuwa amasiya malamulo apadera atakhalako patapita nyengo yokhayokha ngati akonzedwanso bwino. Makomiti okonzanso malamulo angakonzanso malamulo zaka zingapo. Akatswiri osinthasintha malamulo a za mayanjano, kulinganiza za m’mizinda, ndi malamulo angapereke chidziŵitso cha zotsatira zosayembekezeredwa. Kulephera kutanthauzanso kulola maprogramu oyendetsa ndege kapena okonza zinthu zapadera, zimene zingayese njira zatsopano zoyendera zisanagwiritsiridwe ntchito mokwanira.

Kulimbikitsa Kudziŵerengera Mlandu ndi Kuyankha

Pamene malamulo aswedwa, payenera kukhala zotulukapo, koma ziyambukiro zimenezo ziyenera kukhala zolungama ndi zolingana. Maprogramu achiweruzo, omwe amasumika pa kukonza chivulazo mmalo mwa kulanga wolakwayo, angakhale ogwira ntchito pa zolakwa zazing'ono. Pankhani zadongosolo zonga kusamvera kwa apolisi, mabungwe oyang’anira apadera ngofunika. Malamulo a m'chitaganya ayeneranso kupereka ziwonjezeko zobwezera. Oimira ayenera kukhala ndi njira yoperekera mavuto ndi kuona kuti kachitidwe kachitidwa. Kuŵerengera kwa mlandu kumapangadi koyenera, kumene kuli maziko a kugonjera kwaufulu.

Mapeto: Malamulo Amene Timasankha Ndiwo Dziko Limene Timamanga

Malamulo a chitaganya saali malamulo wamba ochokera pamwamba; iwo ali zosankha za anthu ogwirizana oyesera kukhala bwino pamodzi. Kuchokera ku malamulo a kuimitsa ndi kutetezera kwakukulu kwa lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe, malamulo ameneŵa amapanga mikhalidwe ya chisungiko, dongosolo, ulemu, ndi kukhala ndi. Sayenera kukhala chikhalire, kapena kukhala. Thanzi la mudzi lingapimidwe ndi mkhalidwe wa malamulo ake ndi njira imene amagwiritsira ntchito. Monga nzika, tiri ndi mwaŵi ndi thayo lakugwirizanitsa ndi ntchitozo (zolankhula, kumvetsera, kugonja, ndi kupanga nyumba zosaoneka zimene zimatsogolera miyoyo yathu ya tsiku ndi tsiku. Pamene zichitidwa, sizimatilamulira ife; sitilamulira pamodzi bwino.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa chikhalidwe cha malamulo, zopimira zochokera ku Nhlangano wa Chikomyunizimu wa American Sociology [1]. Kaamba ka chitsogozo chothandiza pa kulinganiza ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo, chezerani National Resource Center on Local Generalgamence [[FLT :]]. Kumvetsetsa chiyambukiro cha malamulo oika pa nyumba ndi kusalingana, onani malipoti kuchokera ku Constitution . [FLT:]