Kuimba mlandu ndi kachitidwe kalamulo kamene kamakhazikitsa makina achiweruzo. Iko kumaimira kusintha kuchoka ku kukambitsirana kapena kudandaula ku kukhala kolinganizidwa, kufotokoza, njira kuchokera ku dandaulo lolembedwa ku chigamulo chomaliza ingakhale ngati kuyendetsa krinth popanda mapu. Chitsogozochi chimapereka kufupika komvekera bwino kwa masitepe a mpangidwe amene amachitidwa pambuyo poloŵa m'khoti, kulongosola zoyenera, mathayo, ndi kulingalira koyenera kwa magulu onse ophatikizidwamo.

Genesis wa Chilamulo: Kuchokera pa Kudandaula Kuyamba Utumiki

Ulendo wa mlandu wa boma unayamba kalekale woweruza kapena wa ajuli asanamve nkhani yoyamba. Masitepe oyambirira anapangidwa kudziŵitsa gulu lotsutsa mlanduwo ndi kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa khoti.

Kusintha ndi Kugonjetsa Kudandaula

Chikalata chodandaula ndicho maziko a mlandu uliwonse. Chimafotokoza mawu alamulo, maziko enieni a mawuwo, ndi mpumulo wofunikira, umene ungakhale chiwopsezo cha ndalama, kutha mphamvu, kapena chigamulo chochotsa mlandu. Pansi pa Federal Magellal of Civil Procedure (FRP), kudandaula kuyenera kukhala ndi "mawu achidule ndi omveka bwino a mawu osonyeza kuti wodandaulayo ali ndi ufulu wa kuthandizidwa. Muyezo umenewu, wokhazikitsidwa ndi nkhani ngati [[FL:0] Atlantic Corp. v [FL:1] ndi [FL:] Accro. Ilk / v [FLT]

Atalembedwa, chidandaulocho chikuikidwa kwa kalaliki woyenerera wa khoti, limodzi ndi malipiro a pepala. Mtsogoleri wa khoti ayeneranso kusankha malo oyenera ndi kutsimikizira kuti khoti likhale ndi mphamvu zonse ziŵiri zapamwamba (mphamvu yomvera mtundu umenewu wa mlandu) ndi ulamuliro waumwini (mphamvu pa woimbidwa mlandu). Kulemba koyambaku kumayambitsa mwalamulo ntchitoyo ndi kuyamba wotchi ya pulodule.

Kupenda ndi Ntchito ya Ntchito

Kuimba dandaulo lokha sikuli kokwanira kumanga woimbidwa mlandu. Woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kudziŵitsa mwalamulo woimbidwa mlanduyo kupyolera mwa "kuyendetsa ntchito," kumene kumaphatikizapo kutumiza kope la chidandaulo limodzi ndi madansi. Makalatawo ndi khoti lotsutsa limene limalamula woimbidwa mlandu kuwonekera ndi kuyankha mkati mwa ndandanda ya nthaŵi yoikika, makamaka masiku 21 mpaka 30 kudalira pa ulamuliro wake.

Utumiki woyenera ndi ntchito yofunikira ya lamulo. Malamulo amalamulira mmene utumiki ungagwiritsidwire ntchito, kaya mwa kupereka kwa munthu, kuusiya ndi munthu woyenerera panyumba ya woimbidwa mlandu, kapena kuupereka kwa woimira wovomerezedwa. Nthaŵi zina, utumiki wa paposi kapena kufalitsidwa umaloledwa ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo sangathe kupezeka. Kulephera kuchita utumiki woyenera kungachitike ngati atachotsedwa kapena kuweruza kopanda pake. FRCP Lauble 4 imapereka malangizo atsatanetsatane pa makope ndi utumiki wa ntchito ya .

Mmene Mtetezi Anayankhira

Akapatsidwa, woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kusankha mwamsanga mmene angayankhire.

  • File yankho: Woimbidwa mlandu avomereza kapena kukana chinenezo chirichonse m’kudandaula ndi kutsimikizira chitsimikiziro chirichonse chovomereza, chonga ngati lamulo la kulephera kapena kunyalanyaza kopereka.
  • File Affect Kuchotsa: Mmalo mwa kuyankha, woimbidwa mlandu angatokose kukwanira kwa lamulo kwa chidandaulo. Kuyendayenda pansi pa Lamulo 12(b) (6) kumatsutsa kuti ngakhale zonse zimene mtsamunda akunena nzoona, lamulo silimapereka mankhwala. Malamulo ena a kuchotsako amaphatikizapo kusoŵeka kwa ulamuliro waumwini kapena malo osayenerera.
  • Funani Chiweruzo Chosadabwitsa: [[FLT :1] Ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo alephera kuyankha, woyang’anira mlandu angapemphe khoti kulowa m'chiweruzo chomaliza, kupambana mlanduwo popanda kuzenga mlandu chifukwa cha kusakhala mbali.

Kusankha bwino pakati pa kukonza yankho kapena kunyalanyaza chinthu kungakhudze kwambiri nthaŵi ndi mtengo wa kulirako.

Zopezedwa: Kufukula Zowonadi

Kufufuza zinthu zambiri kumakhala kodula kwambiri ndipo kumangochitika mwadongosolo kuti aliyense apeze umboni wochokera ku mbali ina ndi yachitatu. Cholinga chake n’chakuti athetse zinthu zimene zimamudabwitsa akazengedwa mlandu, afotokoze nkhani zimene zikutsutsana, ndi kulimbikitsa anthu kuti agwirizane mogwirizana ndi umboni wonse.

Kuchuluka ndi Malire a Kutulukira

Kutulukira kwakhala kolamulidwa ndi mfundo zothandiza. FRCP Lamulo 26(b) limalola kutulukira "zinthu zilizonse zopanda ufulu zimene zikugwirizana ndi zimene gulu lina likufuna kapena kudziteteza ndiponso kulingana ndi zimene likufuna. Kufufuza kumalingalira kufunika kwa nkhani zimene zili pamtengo, kuchuluka kwa mkangano, chuma cha magulu, ndi mtolo wa zopezedwazo. Makhoti amatulukira mwakhama kuletsa nkhanza, monga "kusodza" kolinganizidwa kuti atsendereze otsutsa.

Malamulo a Chigamulo cha Chigawo afuna mamembala kuti atulukire popanda kuyembekezera pempho, kupereka mokha mboni zazikulu, zikalata, ndi kuŵerengera koyambirira. Kusinthana koyambirira kumeneku kuli ndi cholinga cha kugwirizanitsa ntchito yonse.

Kufunsa ndi Kupempha Kuti Aikidwe Malamulo

Ziŵiya ziŵiri zofala m'chiŵiya cha libigator ndizo zofunsiridwa zolembedwa. Mafunso odzisankhira analembedwa amene gulu limodzi limatumiza kwa lina, limene liyenera kuyankhidwa pansi pa lumbiro, makamaka pamasiku 30. Pansi pa 30. Pansi pa FRCP 33, gulu lagawali langokhala ndi mabungwe 25 okha, kuphatikizapo mbali zazing'ono, pokha ngati khoti lingalole. Mafunsowa angafufuze maziko enieni a zonena, dziŵitsa mboni, ndi lock matembenuzidwe a zochitika za gulu.

Mapangano a kuletsa (RFS) amalinganizidwira kuchepetsa nkhani za mlandu. Amapempha chipani kuvomereza kapena kukana mfundo zenizeni kapena kuwona kwa zolembedwa. Ngati chipani chikana RFA ndi chipani chofunsira pambuyo pake chitsimikizira mfundoyo pozengedwa mlandu, chipani chokana chingalamuliridwe kulipira mtengo wa chipani chopempha chitsimikiziro. RF ndi chiŵiya champhamvu chotsimikizira mfundo zosatsutsika ndi kusumika mlandu pa kusamvana kwenikweni.

Malo: Umboni Wosamveka

Malo oikidwiratu ndi ovomerezeka, mayeso enieni a mboni kapena zipani, ochitidwa pansi pa lumbiro ndi kulembedwa ndi mtolankhani wa khoti. Mosiyana ndi zopezedwa, maloya amalola maloya kufunsa mafunso otsatira, kupenda khalidwe la mboni ndi kukhulupirika, ndi "kukhoma" umboni umene ungagwiritsidwe ntchito kupereke umboni pambuyo pake ngati apereka umboni mosiyana pa mlandu.

Kukonzekera kaamba ka kuikizidwako nkosuliza. Umboni uyenera kupenda mapepala oyenerera ndi kumvetsetsa malamulo a umboni, onga ngati kumvetsera mosamalitsa ku funso ndi kuyankha funso lofunsidwa. Kwa maloya, kutenga mwaŵi waukulu ndiwo kupenda mmene umboni udzachitira pamaso pa oweruza. Kukhoza kupanga mafunso omveka bwino, ogwira mtima ndi kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga ku mayankho osayembekezereka kuli chizindikiro cha njira yaluso yochitira zinthu.

Kupempha Zotulukapo ndi Maphunziro

M'nyengo yamakono, maumboni ambiri ndi ojambula. Requests for Production (RFPs) imakakamiza gulu kutulutsa zikalata, mafaketi, ndi chidziŵitso chosungidwa pakompyuta (ESI) kuti afufuze ndi kujambula. Kuwonjezeka kwa njira yofufuzira kwasintha malo ovuta kwambiri, kukufuna kuti magulu ayambe kuyang'anira mavoliyumu aakulu a ma email, makompyuta, ndi mafaelo a manambala a foni.

Kufufuza kumaphatikizapo malamulo enieni osungira, kusonkhanitsa, kufufuza, ndi kubwereramo. Nthaŵi zambiri makhoti amakambirana "kufufuza mawu" kuti adziŵe bwino ESI. Ndalama za e- couragets zingakhale zodabwitsa, ndipo makhoti amaikira zigawo ntchito zolimba kuti asunge ESI amene kale anali oyenerera ayembekezeredwe. Kuwonongedwa kwa umboni wokhudzana ndi nkhaniyo / kumatulukapo ziletso zowopsa, kuphatikizapo malangizo otsutsa a ajuli kapena kuchotsedwa kwa zikalata.

Kupeza Akatswiri

Pamene mlandu uphatikizapo nkhani za sayansi, mboni zaluso zimachita mbali yofunika kwambiri. Kachitidwe ka kutulukirako kamaphatikizapo kupatsana lipoti la akatswiri kuti mfundo za akatswiriwo, mfundo zonena za malingalirowo, ndi ziyeneretso za katswiriyo. M'makhoti a boma, Daubert [[[FLT:] muyezo] umafuna oweruza kuchita monga osunga zipata, kutsimikizira kuti umboni waluso uli woyenerera ndi wodalirika usanaperekedwe kwa ajuli.

Kuyenda ndi Misonkhano Zisanachitike

Mlandu usanafike m’khoti, kaŵirikaŵiri kutsutsana kwa lamulo kumapitiriza mwa kutsata mwambo wa mlanduwo usanaikidwe.

Mmene Mungaweruzire Chidule

Mwinamwake chiyambukiro chachikulu koposa cha kuyambika kwa mayeso ndicho Malotion ya Chigamulo Chachifupi [1]. Pansi pa FRCP 56, chipani chiri ndi kuyenerera kulongosola mwachidule ngati "palibe mkangano weniweni ponena za mfundo iliyonse ya zinthu zakuthupi ndipo movant ali ndi ufulu wa kuweruza monga nkhani ya lamulo" Kuyendetsaku kupempha khoti kuthetsa mlandu wozikidwa pa mfundo zosatsutsika popanda kufunikira kuzenga mlandu.

Ngati chipani chochititsa chidwi chingasonyeze kuti mfundo zazikulu sizitsutsidwa, ndi kuti lamulolo limayanja mbali imodzi, khoti lidzaweruza. Komabe, ngati pali mkangano weniweni wokhudza mfundo imene ingayambukire, mlanduwo uyenera kupitiriza kuzenga mlandu wa ajuli kapena woweruza kuti athetse mkanganowo. Chigamulo chachidule ndi chida chokondedwa kwambiri kwa oimbidwa mlandu amene akufunafuna kuchotsa mawu ofooka mwamsanga, ndipo kwa anthu otsutsa amene amakhulupirira umboniwo amene amachirikiza mlandu wawo motsimikiza.

Kuyenda ku Limine

Pamene kuyesa kukuyandikira, magulu amagwiritsira ntchito kuchotsako kawonedwe, kosafunikira, kapena mwinanso kosawoneka. Mwachitsanzo, wofufuza angapange kachitidwe kochotsa umboni wa kuperekedwa kwa nyumba, kapena woimbidwa mlandu angayese kuchotsa zithunzithunzi zowonetsera zimene zili zopanda pake. Kupeza chigamulo chabwino pa kayendetsedwe ka limine kungapange umboni wodabwitsa umene waujuli womvera.

Misonkhano Yapachiyambi ndi Malamulo a Mabwalo amilandu

Makhoti amayang'anira mokangalika madoko awo kupyolera m'misonkhano ya milandu isanayambe. Msonkhano woyamba ukhazikitsa masiku otulukira ndi kutsata. Msonkhano womaliza, usanachitike mlandu, umagwiritsidwa ntchito kukambitsirana malangizo a ajuli, ndandanda ya mlandu, ndi umboni umene udzaperekedwa. Chotulukapo chake ndi Programme Programme , imene imalamulira njira ya kuzenga mlanduwo ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri imaphatikizapo ndandanda ya mfundo zoikidwiratu, ndandanda ya mboni, ndi ndandanda ya zionetsero. Misonkhano imeneyi imakhala yogwirizana ndi njira zawo zozenga mlandu ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri imagwira ntchito monga mwaŵi womalizira wa kuyankha.

Mlandu: Tsiku m’khoti

Pamene milandu yambiri ya anthu imakhala isanaikidwe mlandu, yopita kukazenga mlandu imatsatira kalembedwe kabwino kokonzedwa bwino kotsimikizira kuti nkhaniyo yathadi.

Kusankha Zochita ndi Zovala Zokoma

Ngati chipani chafuna kuti chigamulo cha ajuli chiweruzidwe, kachitidweko kamayamba ndi kadabu, kusankhidwa kwa ajuli. Atcherney ndi woweruza amene angafunsire ajuli okhoza kuwaletsa kukhala opanda tsankho. Ma a ajuli angakanthe kuweruza jurs "kunga chifukwa cha chifukwa chake" ngati chikhoterero chiri chowonekera, ndipo ali ndi chiŵerengero chochepa cha "zitokoso" kuchotsa oweruzawo popanda kutchula chifukwa (kuphatikizapo kuti mavuto ameneŵa sangayambitsidwe ndi fuko kapena uchi). Cholinga ndicho kukhazikitsa khoti loweruza limene liri loyenera, losamala, ndi lokhoza kuzindikira umboni.

Mawu Otsegulira

Pamene oweruza alumbira, mbali iliyonse imatulutsa ndemanga yotsegulira. Imeneyi si mkangano; ndi mapu omveka bwino, achidule a zimene umboni udzasonyeza. Mawu otsegulira ogwira mtima amafotokoza nkhani yochititsa chidwi, kudziŵikitsa mboni zazikulu ndi zikalata, ndi kuyala mawu apakati. Ndimwaŵi woyamba ndi wabwino koposa wa wochirikiza kukopa juli ndi kukhazikitsa pulojekiti yosonyezerapo zimene umboni udzawonedwa.

Umboni ndi Mboni

Kupereka umboni kumapitiriza mwa kufufuza umboni:

  • Kusanthula : Gulu lakuitana mboni limafunsa mafunso otseguka kuti afunsire nkhani ya mboni ndi kuyambitsa zikalata zochirikiza.
  • Cross Cult Examinication : [[FLT :1] Loya wotsutsa amapatsidwa ufulu waukulu kufunsa mafunso opangira kutsutsa kudalirika kwa mboni, kuyesa kuiŵala kwake, kapena kuvumbula kusagwirizana kwake. Kupenda kwa mtanda kaŵirikaŵiri kumatchedwa "injini yaikulu koposa imene inapangidwapo kaamba ka kutulukira chowonadi.
  • Kulunjika ndi Kupatulira: Mpata wa kuitana uli ndi mpata wakumveketsa nkhani zodzutsidwa pa mtanda, ndipo wotsutsanayo angakambirane nkhani zatsopano zirizonse kuchokera ku kutumizanso.

Atathetsa mlandu wawo, woimbidwa mlanduyo angasunthe kaamba ka "chigamulo cholunjikitsidwa" (Youptment monga Matter of the Law), akumanena kuti mtsogoleriyo analephera kupereka umboni wokwanira kuchirikiza chinenezo chawo. Ngati kachitidwe kameneka kanakanidwa, woimbidwa mlanduyo akupereka mlandu wake wotsatira mpangidwe umodzimodziwo.

Kutseka Malire

Pambuyo pa umboni wonse, maloya amapanga mfundo zomveka. Imeneyi ndi nkhondo yomaliza yosimba. Mbali iliyonse imalongosola mwachidule umboni, kugogomezera mphamvu za mlandu wawo, ndi kutchula zofooka m'nkhani ya wopikisanayo. Woweruzayo akutsutsa chifukwa chake umboni wayamba kukomera; woimbidwa mlanduyo amatsutsa chifukwa chake umboniwo umafupika kapena chifukwa chake umakhala wodalirika.

Malangizo ndi Malonjezo

Oweruza asanapume pantchito, woweruza amaŵerenga malangizo a chinsinsi (kapena "oonjezera"). Malamulo ameneŵa amafotokoza lamulo limene liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa mfundo zenizeni. Amalongosola mbali za zonena ndi zitetezero, muyezo wa umboni ("kuyang'anitsitsa umboni" m'milandu yambiri yachiŵeniŵeni, ndi malamulo otsimikizira kuti umboni ulipo. Oweruzawo amasankha mwachinsinsi, kutchula pulogalamu ya onse (m'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni) kapena chigamulo chozikidwa pa chivoti chachikulu (m'boma ambiri).

Chinenezo

Oweruzawo atabwerera ku khoti ndi kulengeza chigamulo chawo. Chigamulo chingakhale chigamulo cha onse (kungonena kuti ndani wapambana ndi chiwombolo) kapena chigamulo chapadera (kuyankha mafunso enieni operekedwa ndi woweruza). Oweruzawo akaŵerengedwa, angafunse woweruza kuti "Poll" aweruze kuti avomereze. Khotilo limalowa [[FL:0] Judgment [ yogwirizana ndi chigamulo, chomwe chikupanga chigamulo chomaliza, cha khotilo.

Kuyenda Pambuyo pa Kulira ndi Ntchito Yofuna Kupeza

Kumaliza mlandu sikumasonyeza kuti mlanduwo watha.

Kutsutsa Mlandu m’Khoti Lozenga Milandu

Asanatembenukire ku khoti lapamwamba, chipani chogwiritsidwa mwalacho chingalembe mchitidwe wopempha woweruza kuzenga mlanduwo kuti agwetse kapena kusintha chiweruzo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Chigamulo cha Chiŵeruzo monga Nkhani ya Chilamulo (JMOL / "Mpambo Ngakhale Chilango": Gulu losonkhezera limatsutsa kuti umboni unali wochirikizidwa ndi chigamulo chimodzi chakuti palibe juli yolingalirika imene ikanafikira chigamulo. Imeneyi ndi pepala lalitali loti likumane.
  • . . . . . kugwetsa masuku pamutu kwa mlandu Watsopano: Kulakwa kumeneku kumatsutsa kuti cholakwa cha lamulo (monga ngati malangizo a ajuli olakwika kapena kuvomereza kosayenera kwa umboni) chinaimitsa gulu losonkhezera kuzenga mlandu kwachilungamo, kapena kuti zivulazo zoperekedwa nzakukulu kapena zosakwanira.
  • [[MLT:0] Chigamulo cha Kukonza Chiweruzo: chinagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuwongolera zolakwa za atsogoleri achipembedzo kapena kupempha khoti kupendanso zigamulo zake za lamulo.

Chilengezo Chopita ku Khoti Lapamwamba

Ngati alephera kutsata pambuyo pa milandu, chipani chotayika chingaike mlandu wa Appeap ku khoti lapamwamba, monga ngati khoti la chigawo la Apilo kapena khoti loimira boma. N’kovuta kumvetsa kuti apilo ndi osati mlandu watsopano. Khoti la appellate silimva umboni watsopano kapena umboni. M’malo mwake, limapenda zolembedwazo, mapempho, ndi kuonetsa ngati khoti lipanga cholakwa chalamulo chimene chiyambukiridwa ndi zotsatira zake.

Maguluwo amapereka tsatanetsatane wa mawu otsutsa chifukwa chake khoti lamilandu linali lolondola kapena lolakwa. Muyezo wa kubwereramo umasiyanasiyana ndi nkhani. Mafunso a lamulo amapendedwa [[FLT: 0] de novo (atsopano), pamene zopezedwa zenizeni za "kuphophonya " zosankha zanzeru, monga malamulo oonekera bwino, zimapendedwa kaamba ka "kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru ." m’zochitika zambiri, khoti la apulomenti lidzapanga ndandanda ya [ral Confiction

Njira ya boma yalinganizidwira kutsimikizira kufanana ndi kulondola m'kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo . Khoti la appellate lingatsimikizire chigamulo, kubwezera chigamulo, kapena kubwezera mlandu ku khoti lozenga mlandu kaamba ka zowonjezereka zogwirizana ndi lingaliro lake.

Kumaliza kwa Chiweruzo

Ngati zikalata zochonderera zatha kapena zachotsedwa, chiweruzo chimakhala chomaliza. Gulu lotchukalo liyenera kutembenukira ku njira zokakamiza kuti litenge mphotho iliyonse ya ndalama. Zimenezi zingaphatikizepo malipiro otsalira, kuika bheji pa katundu, kapena kulanda maakaunti a ku banki. Ngati gulu latalo lasungunuka kapena lachotsedwa, ngakhale chigamulo cholimba chingavute kusonkhanitsa [1] choonadi chenicheni chimene chimakonza nkhani kuyambira pachiyambi penipa.

Kumaliza: Kupanga buku la Procedal Labyrinth

Chipangizo choyendera chimakhala njira yolinganizidwira bwino kwambiri yosinthira mikangano ikuluikulu kukhala zogamulapo zosatha mwalamulo. Kuchokera ku kutsata koyamba kwa kudandaulako mwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zopezedwa, seŵero la kuyesa, ndi kusanthula kosabisa kwa apilo, chimodzi ndi chimodzi chimatumikira cholinga chokulira cha kufikira cholungama ndi cholungama chozikidwa pa malamulo. Kumvetsetsa njira imeneyi . Kumvetsa njira yosatheka / yosatheka ndi yofunika kwambiri kwa gulu lililonse lochitapo kanthu. Mwa uphungu woyenerera ndi njira yomveka bwino, kuyendetsa procedualballbaial imakhoza kuyang'anizana, ngati ulendo wokanika, woyendera chigamu.