Malamulo a United States amagwira ntchito pansi pa dongosolo lamilandu la aŵiri, ndi mabwalo amilandu a boma ndi a boma omwe amagawana ulamuliro pamene akusamalira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malamulo. Kumvetsetsa mmene madongosolo aŵiri ameneŵa amagwira ntchito, milandu iriyonse imene imasamalira, ndi mmene amagwirizanirana kuli kofunika kwa aliyense woyang’anizana ndi nkhani yalamulo kapena kungofuna kukhala nzika yodziŵa. Nkhaniyi imapereka kulongosola kokwanira kwa madongosolo a bwalo lamilandu la boma ndi la boma, maulamuliro awo, nyumba zawo, ndi maunansi pakati pawo.

Kumvetsetsa Khoti Lalikulu la Boma

Makhoti a boma akhazikitsidwa pansi pa Mfundo III ya Malamulo a United States ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zachiweruzo pa dzikolo. Iwo amasamalira milandu yokhudza lamulo la boma, mafunso alamulo, mikangano pakati pa maboma, ndi nkhani zimene boma la United States lili chipani. jaji ya boma la boma la boma la boma la boma la likulu lapangidwa kuti lidzilamulire lokha, ndipo oweruza oweruza amene amatumikira kwa moyo wonse kuti awateteze ku chitsenderezo cha ndale.

Malamulo a Makhoti Aakulu

Khoti lamilandu la boma lili ndi mizati itatu yaikulu: makhoti achigawo, mabwalo amilandu a m’madera, ndi Bwalo Lamilandu Lapamwamba la United States.

  • Makhoti a Chigawo (Chigawo cha Thupi): Kuli makhoti 94 a boma, kuphatikizapo makhoti m’magawo a U.S. Boma lililonse lili ndi khoti limodzi, ndipo maboma ena aakulu ali ndi anayi. Ameneŵa ndi makhoti pamene milandu ya boma ndi yaupandu imaweruzidwa. Makhoti kapena oweruza amagamula mfundo ndi kutsatira lamulo la boma. Zitsanzo za milandu zimaphatikizapo milandu ya boma, mikangano yalamulo, kulephera kubweza ngongole, ndi milandu ya ufulu wa anthu.
  • Makhoti Adera a Apilo : Makhoti a chigawo a apilo (monse) akumva zikalata kuchokera ku makhoti a chigawo mkati mwa malire awo a malo. Iwo amapenda zigamulo za khoti kaamba ka zolakwa zalamulo. Pali madera 11 a manambala, D.C dera, ndi Federal Transturt (zimene zimapereka zifunsitso zapadera monga kulembetsa ndi malonda a mitundu yonse). Zipilo zimamvedwa ndi makhoti atatu oweruza, ndipo zigamu zokhazikitsa makhoti a pansi pa dera.
  • Khoti lapamwamba la United States: Khoti lalikulu koposa, lokhala ndi zigamulo zisanu ndi zinayi, limamva ziŵerengero zochepa za milandu chaka chilichonse . Moyerekezera 70-80 mwa zifuno 7,000. Khoti limasankha milandu imene imaphatikizapo mafunso apadera a lamulo kapena kumene makhoti aang'ono afikira matanthauzo otsutsana. Zigamulo zake zimakhudza makhoti ang’ono onse ndipo sizingapindulitse.

Mlandu wa Makhoti Aakulu

Makhoti a boma ali ndi ulamuliro wochepa, kutanthauza kuti angangomva milandu yovomerezedwa ndi Malamulo kapena malamulo a boma. Mitundu yaikulu ya ulamuliro wa boma ndi iyi:

  • Federal Question Jurisdition: Milandu ikubuka pansi pa malamulo a U.S., malamulo a boma, kapena mapangano. Mwachitsanzo, kuswa lamulo la ufulu wa anthu ku boma kapena kutokosa lamulo la boma.
  • Kuweruza: Milandu pakati pa nzika za maiko osiyanasiyana kumene ndalama za mkangano zimaposa $75,000. Zimenezi zimalola kuchotsapo lamulo lakumeneko m'makhoti a boma. Ngakhale kuti mlanduwo umaphatikizapo lamulo la boma, ungamvedwe m’khoti la boma.
  • U.S. monga Chipani: Milandu kumene boma la boma limapereka zisuso (m’jere, zopereka msonkho) kapena amasutidwa (m’jere, pansi pa Federal Tort Access Act).
  • Admiralt ndi Maritime : Milandu yokhudza madzi okhoza kuulutsidwa, zombo, ndi malonda a panyanja.
  • Bankruptcy: makhoti a Federal ali ndi ulamuliro wokha pa kulephera kwa zinthu pansi pa Bankrupcy Code.

Mbali Zazikulu za Makhoti Amilandu Aakulu

  • Traffation Time Victen: Mfundo III yoweruza imatumikira moyo, yotha kuchotsedwa kokha mwa kufunsira. Kudziimira kokha kumeneku kuli ndi cholinga cha kuchirikiza ulamuliro wa lamulo popanda kuopa kubwezera.
  • Kugamula ndi kutsimikizira kwa Seminale: Oweruza a Federal amaikidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi kutsimikizidwa ndi Khoti, kupanga dongosolo la kuikidwalo kukhala landale koma kutsimikizira kuŵerengera.
  • Predent ndi Stare Decisis: [[FULT:1] khoti la Federal limadalira kwambiri pa zigamulo zisanachitike. Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu zimamanga makhoti onse aung’ono a boma, ndipo zigamulo zadera zimamanga makhoti achigawo m’deralo. Zimenezi zimapanga kusasinthana m’lamulo la boma.
  • Makhoti otchuka: Kuposa makhoti alamulo, pali makhoti apadera a boma onga Bwalo la Tchalo, Bwalo la Zamalonda la International Tradition, ndi Externent Surveillance Court.

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka cha judiary ya boma, pitani ku malo alamulo a U.S. khoti [1]

Khoti

Makhoti amasamalira nkhani zambiri za milandu . "kupitirira 90% ya milandu yonse ya khoti ku United States. Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo ake, malamulo, ndi dongosolo la khoti. Ngakhale kuti limasiyana m’tsatanetsatane, ambiri amatsatira njira yofanana. Makhoti ndiwo maziko oyamba a anthu okhudzana ndi milandu ya tsiku ndi tsiku monga kuswa malamulo, mikangano ya m’mabanja, mikangano ya eni nyumba, ndi milandu yambiri yaupandu.

Mabungwe a Boma

Makhoti a boma ali ndi masitepe atatu, ngakhale kuti maboma ena ali ndi makhoti apadera owonjezereka.

  • Makhoti a Chigamulo cha General Jurision: [[FLT :1] Kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa makhoti aakulu, makhoti adera, kapena makhoti a zigawo, amenewa ndi makhoti aakulu ozenga milandu. Amamva milandu yaikulu ya upandu (maboma), milandu yachiŵeniŵeni yokhala ndi mikangano yaikulu (kaŵiri $100,000-250,000 [$25,000]), ndi probate, banja, ndi nkhani zachinyama. M'maboma ambiri, makhoti ameneŵa amasamaliranso zikalata zochokera ku makhoti ang’onoang’ono.
  • Makhoti a Jurision Court: Maboma ambiri ali ndi makhoti aang'ono a nkhani zaing'ono zonga ngati khoti lapamsewu, makhoti aang'ono, ndi makhoti a majaji. Amenewa amasamalira milandu yochepa kwambiri (oweruza), milandu pansi pa ndalama yakutiyakuti, ndi milandu yoyambirira. Zigamulo za makhoti ameneŵa zingaikidwe ku khoti la onse lozenga mlandu.
  • Makhoti a Apilo a M’kati: Ochuluka koposa (koma si onse) ali ndi bwalo lamilandu lapakati. Makhoti ameneŵa amapenda zigamulo kuchokera ku makhoti ozenga mlandu kuwongolera zolakwa za lamulo. Ndiwo mlingo waukulu wa milandu yambiri, kutsimikizira kuti khoti lalikulu la boma silingagonjetsedwe. M’maboma opanda khoti lapakati, kuchonderera kumapita mwachindunji ku khoti lalikulu koposa la boma.
  • Tsinja Lapamwamba lamilandu: Khoti la zotsegulira zomalizira m'boma lililonse. M'maboma pafupifupi 40, limatchedwa Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu; m'maboma ena, lingatchedwe Bwalo la Apilo (New York) kapena Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu (Massachusetts). Khotili limapereka apilo kuchokera ku makhoti apakati kapena mwachindunji kuchokera ku khoti lozenga. Zigamu zake za boma ndi zomalizira ndipo sizingachitidwe ku U.S. Khoti Lapamwamba likapanda kuyankha funso la boma.

Kuzengedwa Mlandu wa Makhoti a Boma

Makhoti a boma ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu pa nkhani osati kokha za makhoti a boma.

  • Milandu ya mlandu: milandu ya upandu yambiri(kuchokera ku DUI ndi kuukira kufikira kupha) imaperekedwa ndi lamulo la boma ndipo imayesedwa m’makhoti a boma.
  • Milandu ya Chivomezi: Kutsutsana, milandu ya kuvulaza munthu, mikangano ya katundu, ndi machitidwe a gulu kaŵirikaŵiri amaikidwa m'makhoti a boma, makamaka pamene aloŵetsamo lamulo la boma ndi kusakhala ndi ulamuliro wamitundumitundu.
  • Banja ndi Nyumba za Malo: [ Chisudzulo, kusunga ana, kuchirikiza ana, kulera, ndi kulera ndi nkhani za boma zokha.
  • [[ML:0] Probate ndi Malo: [[FUUP] Mafuno, choloŵa, zoikizira, ndi zotetezera zimasamaliridwa ndi makhoti a boma.
  • Londlome-Tenant: Kuchotsa, mikangano ya lendi, ndi nkhani za katundu ndi milandu ya khoti.
  • Nkhani zachimbuuzi: Milandu ya kudalira ndi kudalira ana imamveka m’makhoti a achichepere a boma.

Njira Zosankha Zachiweruzo

Mosiyana ndi oweruza a boma amene amatumikira moyo wawo wonse, oweruza a boma amasankhidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi boma:

  • Parisan kapena Nonpartisan Ecostant: M'maboma ena, oweruza amaimira chisankho, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi matanthauzo 4-10. Zimenezi zimawapangitsa iwo kukhala ndi mlandu kwa ovota koma zimadzutsa nkhaŵa ponena za kukonza judiary.
  • Kuikidwa ndi Bwanamkubwa:[[FL:1] Maboma ena amalola kazembe kukhazikitsa oweruza, nthaŵi zina ndi kutsimikizira lamulo.
  • Kusankha (Plan): [FYT:1] Khomishoni ya bipartisan imasankha oyenerera, kazembe amaika woweruza pa mpambo, ndipo woweruzayo amayang'anizana ndi chisankho chachisungiko pambuyo pa nyengo yaifupi. Zimenezi zimaphatikiza kupendedwa kwa ukatswiri ndi kuŵerengera kwa anthu.
  • [[MLT:0] Chipangano cha Chisankho: Maboma angapo (monga South Carolina ndi Virginia) ali ndi oweruza awo okhazikitsa malamulo.

Njira zosiyanasiyana zosankhira zimasonyeza malingaliro osiyana pa kudziimira kwa komiti ndi demokrase kuŵerengera mlandu. Kaamba ka kufupikitsidwa kwa dongosolo la boma lirilonse, onani National Center for State Courts .

Mmene Makhoti Olimbana ndi Boma Amachitira

Ngakhale kuti makhoti a boma ndi a boma akugwira ntchito paokha, nthaŵi zambiri amagawana malamulo a boma la United States ndi malamulo a boma amapangitsa milandu kuyenderana pakati pa madongosolo aŵiriwo.

Kusudzulidwa ndi Kusudzulidwa Kwatsopano

Milandu yambiri ingaikidwe m’khoti la boma kapena la boma chifukwa chakuti imaphatikizapo ponse paŵiri malamulo a boma ndi a boma kapena kukwaniritsa zifuno za ulamuliro wamitundumitundu. Izi zimatchedwa ulamuliro wa chigwirizano. Mwachitsanzo:

  • Woimba mlandu wochokera ku boma lina kaamba ka kuswa pangano m’khoti la boma angalole woimbidwa mlanduyo kuchotsa mlanduwo ku bwalo lamilandu la boma ngati ndalamazo ziposa $75,000.
  • Kuzengedwa mlandu kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe kopereka chilolezo cha kuswa Malamulo a U.S. ndi lamulo la boma kukanaikidwa m’khoti lililonse.
  • Milandu ina yophatikizapo lamulo la boma laupandu, lamulo lololeka, kapena kulephera kulowa mu ngongole ndi yogwirizana ndi boma ndipo siingamvedwe m’khoti la boma.

Pamene mlandu uikidwa m'khoti la boma koma ukanaikidwa m'khoti la boma, woimbidwa mlanduyo angasutemove [1] ku khoti la boma lapafupi. Pamenepo khoti la boma limagwiritsira ntchito malamulo ake a m'malamulo a boma koma limagwiritsira ntchito lamulo laling'ono lofananalo (lokhala ngati la boma) limene likanagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi khoti la boma.

Kukachita apilo ku Khoti Lalikulu la ku United States

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lingapende zigamulo zopangidwa ndi mabwalo aakulu amilandu, koma kokha ngati mlanduwo uphatikizapo nkhani yachiwembu [1] monga kumasulira kwa lamulo la U.S. Mapangano a boma, kapena lamulo la boma. Imeneyi ndiyo njira yokha imene chigamulo cha khoti cha boma chingagwetsedwe ndi khoti lolamulira. Gululo likufunafuna kupenda mafaelo kaamba ka chikalata cha chikole cha certiariariri, chimene Khoti Lapamwamba limavomereza kokha pamene nkhani yalamulo iri yofunika m'dziko lonse kapena pamene khoti lapeza zigamu zotsutsana pa nkhani yogwirizanayo.

Mwachitsanzo, woimbidwa mlandu wa boma amene akunena kuti boma linawafufuza mosemphana ndi lamulo ku Ofestment Yachinayi angapereke chilengezo cha khoti lalikulu la kukana zimenezo ku Khoti Lalikulu la United States.

Chiphunzitso Chabwino

M'nkhani za kusiyanasiyana kwa malamulo, makhoti a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito lamulo la boma lopatulidwa. Mlandu wosintha zinthu URIE Railtraury Co. v. Tompkins (38) anakhazikitsa kuti makhoti a boma omvera lamulo la boma ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo la boma limene amakhalamo, kaya lamulolo limachokera ku malamulo kapena ku zigamulo za boma. Zimenezi zimapeŵa kugula kumene mapepala aumboni angasankhe khoti la boma kuti apeze lamulo loyenerera. Chiphunzitso cha Erieero chimatsimikizira kuti chikhale chofanana ngati liyenera kuperekedwa m’bwalo kapena m’khoti.

Chikhulupiriro Chokwanira ndi Chiyamikiro

Mfundo IV ya Malamulo imafunikira kupereka "chikhulupiriro chokwanira ndi ngongole" ku machitidwe apoyera, zolembedwa, ndi milandu ya maboma ena. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti chiweruzo choperekedwa ndi khoti la boma chiyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi kulamulidwa ndi makhoti m’maiko ena. Zimenezi zimaletsa zigamulo kukhazikitsanso malamulo a boma ndi kutsimikizira kukhazikika m'nkhani monga ngati malamulo a chisudzulo, malamulo a kusunga ana, ndi ziweruzo za ndalama.

Kusankha Bwalo Lamilandu Loyenera: Malangizo Othandiza

Kwa anthu amene ali m’khoti lokhudzana ndi milandu, kudziwa ngati alemba m’khoti kapena m’khoti kungathandize kuti apange zinthu zina, awononge ndalama, ndiponso apange malamulo a malamulo.

  • Kuonekera kwa mlandu: Ngati chinenezocho chibuka pansi pa lamulo la boma (m’ lekuatiso, kuswa malamulo a mafashoni a boma, kuphwanya lamulo lalamulo lalamulo, lamulo launtchito la boma), chiyenera kubweretsedwa m'bwalo la boma. Ngati chikabuka pansi pa lamulo la boma (m’jere, pirip ndi mago, kuswa pangano, chisudzulo), khoti la boma ndilo lanthaŵi zonse.
  • Kutchuka kwa Unzika: [[FLT :1] Pamene wopatulidwa ndi woimbidwa mlandu ali wochokera ku maiko osiyanasiyana ndi unyinji wake ungakhale woposa $75,000, mlandu ungasungidwe m'bwalo la boma kapena la boma. Khoti la Federal lingakhale lokongola ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo ayembekezera chikhoterero cha kumaloko kapena ngati malamulo a boma (m’jere, kufukula kwake) kuli kopindulitsa.
  • Makhoti a nthaŵi ndi Proces : Khoti la Federal ndi la boma lili ndi malamulo a nthaŵi, malamulo otulukira, ndi njira zoperekera. Makhoti a Federal, mwachitsanzo, ali ndi malamulo okakamiza ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amalinganiza mwamsanga milandu kuposa makhoti a boma olemedwa.
  • Khumi la Chigamulo: Madamu a ajuli amatengedwa ku chigawo cha malo aakulu, pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti a khoti a boma amachokera ku deralo. Zimenezi zingayambukire kuchuluka kwa ajuli ndipo, mwachidziŵikire, chotulukapo.
  • Malo Ovomerezeka ndi Ofikiridwa: Malipiro a ndalama za kutsitsa, kuzoloŵerana ndi loya, ndi machitachita a kumaloko angayambukire chigamulo. Makhoti a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ofikirika kwambiri kaamba ka mapepala odziimira okha ndipo ali ndi njira zosavuta zopezera mfundo zachidule.

Loya angaone ngati kusamutsidwira ku khoti la boma n’kotheka, kuona ngati mlanduwo uli wabwino kwambiri, ndi kuona ngati ndi woyenerera kuupereka m’boma.

Kusiyana Kokulira Pakati pa Makhoti a Federal ndi Boma pa Bwalo Lolamulira

AspectFederal CourtsState Courts
Source of AuthorityU.S. Constitution, federal statutesState constitution, state statutes
Types of CasesFederal laws, constitutional issues, diversity, bankruptcy, patentsMost criminal, family, contract, tort, property, probate
Judicial SelectionPresident appoints, Senate confirms, lifetime tenureElected or appointed, fixed terms (varies by state)
Appellate Structure94 district courts → 13 circuit courts → Supreme CourtState trial courts → intermediate appellate courts (if any) → state supreme court
Finality of DecisionsSupreme Court decisions binding across U.S.State supreme court decisions final on state law; can be appealed to U.S. Supreme Court only on federal questions

Zomwe Zingayendetse Dongosolo la Malamulo

Kuti mudziwe zambiri, ganizirani zinthu zodalirika izi:

Kumaliza

Khoti la boma ndi la boma lachiŵiri ndi la boma ndilo mbali yolongosola ulamuliro wa Amereka. Makhoti a Federal amasamalira nkhani za kufunika kwa dziko ndi malamulo, pamene makhoti a boma amayang'anira nkhani zambiri za malamulo a tsiku ndi tsiku. Kugwirizana kwawo, mwa kugwirizanitsa, kuchotsa, ndi kupenda, kumatsimikizira dongosolo lalamulo logwirizana lomwe limakhudza umodzi wa dziko ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Mwakumvetsetsa ntchito, malamulo, ndi chuma cha dongosolo lililonse, nzika ndi anthu a m’boma angapange zosankha zodziŵitsidwa ponena za malo ndi mmene angafunire chiweruzo. Kaya mukuyang'anizana ndi mlandu, kuyang'anira mlandu, kapena kungofuna kumvetsetsa ufulu wanu wa madongosolo a bwalo la milandu ndi chida chofunika kwambiri m’chitaganya cha demokrase.