Malamulo Ogwiritsidwa Ntchito ndi Ochirikiza Ukwati Molingana

Ochirikiza ulingana kwa ukwati amenyana ndi imodzi ya ndawala za lamulo zamphamvu kwambiri m'mbiri yamakono ya ufulu wachibadwidwe. Pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu, iwo anachoka ku kugonjetsedwa kotheratu m'makhoti ndi kupambana kwakukulu kumene kunapangitsa kukwatira okwatirana auchiŵanda omwewo ku United States ndi m'maiko ena ambiri. Kusintha kumeneku sikunachitike mwangozi. Kunali pulogalamu yalamulo yadala, yolinganizidwa mosamalitsa kutembenuza malingaliro a anthu onse, kupanga chitsanzo cha chiweruzo, ndi kusintha kwa malamulo. Kumvetsetsa njira zimenezo — kuchokera ku malamulo a dziko lonse ku ku kukhazikitsa ku dziko lonse lapansi kuchirikiza kulingana kwa ufulu — kuvumbula mmene lamulo lingagwirizanidwidwire kulingana ngakhale ku chitsutso chokhwima.

Gulu la kulingana kwa ukwati silinadalire pa njira imodzi. M’malo mwake, ochirikiza mfundo zambiri za malamulo, zosankha za boma, ndi njira zosonyezera kupambana kwawo. Iwo anaphunzira kuchokera ku kugonjetsedwa kwawo koyambirira, kusintha malo achiweruzo ndi andale, ndi kumanga maziko a makampani a zachifuniro a anthu onse, ochirikiza maphunziro, ndi olinganiza udzu umene unapitirizabe kutsendereza kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Chotulukapo si kungopambana kwa khoti koma chitsanzo cha ufulu wa anthu amene akupitirizabe kusonkhezera magulu a chilungamo cha fuko, kulingana kwa amuna ndi LGBTQ + zoyenera padziko lonse.

Nkhani ino ikupenda njira zazikulu zalamulo zoperekedwa ndi ochirikiza ulingana wa ukwati. Imafufuza mmene mfundo za lamulo zinalinganizidwira, mmene milandu yoyesa inasankhidwira ndi kuikidwa, mmene malamulo a maiko anagwirizanitsidwira ndi malamulo ndi ogwirizana ndi zoyesayesa za khoti. Kupendako kumagwirizanitsa malamulo otchuka, ndemanga zaukatswiri, ndi nkhani za ochirikiza amene anasintha gululo.

Maziko a Malamulo: Chitetezo Cholingana ndi Kachitidwe Koyenera

Chigomeko cha lamulo cha kulingana kwa ukwati chiri pa mizati iŵiri: Equal Protection Clause ya Domencement ya 14th Amendment, imene imaletsa kukana munthu aliyense kutetezeredwa kofanana kwa malamulo, ndi Sed Procession Claus , imene imatetezera ufulu waukulu pa kusokonezeka kwa boma. Ukwati umatsutsa kuti malamulo oletsa ukwati kulekana wosiyana ndi okwatirana opatuka pa maziko a kugonana ndi kachitidwe ka kugonana, ndi kuti iwo amamana okwatirana oyenera kukwatirana popanda chilungamo chachikulu.

Kutsutsa koyambirira kaŵirikaŵiri kunadalira pa zigomeko zotetezera zofanana zoikidwa m'nkhani za kusankhana. Baehr v. Lewin (1993), Bwalo Lapamwamba la Hawaii linatsutsa kuti lamulo la ukwati la boma lolingaliridwa kukhala loika pa maziko a kugonana ndipo chifukwa chake linayambitsa kufufuza kosamalitsa pansi pa mawu alamulo otetezera a boma. Kulamulira kumeneko kunayambitsa chigwirizano chimene chinatsogolera ku laisensi yoyamba ya ukwati mu Massachusetts mu 2004 ndipo pomalizira pake ku chigamulo chapadera mu [FLD:2]. Hodges v [FLD:3]

Pofika nthaŵi imene Obergefell anafika ku Bwalo Lapamwamba la United States, ochirikiza anawongolera chiphunzitso chawo cha lamulo kugogomezera ponse paŵiri chitetezo chofanana ndi njira yoyenera. Khotilo, m’lingaliro la Woweruza Anthony Kennedy, linakhulupirira kuti kuyenera kwa kukwatira kuli kuyenera kwamaziko a ufulu wa munthu, ndi kuti pansi pa Sex Proced and Exmement Classias, okwatirana a mtundu umodziwo sangachotsedwe kuyenera kumeneko. Chigamulocho chinagwirizanitsa mwachindunji ukwati ndi ufulu waumwini, mayanjano achinsinsi, ndi ulemu wa anthu — mfundo zimene zinayambitsidwa ndi kuyesedwa m’makhoti zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo.

Ochirikiza lamulo anatumizanso zigomeko m'makhoti a boma, kaŵirikaŵiri kudalira pa malamulo a boma amene anapereka chitetezo chachikulu kuposa cha boma. Mu Goodridge v. Dipatimenti ya Umoyo wa Anthu (), Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court inamasulira chitetezo chofanana cha boma ndi njira yotsimikizira kuti lamulo la malamulo a boma likufuna kuti ukwati ukhale wolingana. Chigamulo chimenecho chinali chofunika kwambiri chifukwa chinayambitsa chitsanzo choyamba cha ukwati wauchigamulo chauchimodzi mu United States ndi kupereka chitsanzo cha ochirikiza m'mayiko ena.

Kunja kwa United States, zigomeko za lamulo zinakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ku Canada, Khoti Lalikulu ku Reference reSafe - Sex Marriage (2004]) inatsimikizira kuti boma linali ndi ulamuliro wokhazikitsa ufulu wa ukwati, ndi kuti lamulo lotero silidzaphwanya ufulu wachipembedzo. Ku South Africa, Khoti Lolamulira m'Malamulo ku M'bungwe la Mafuko a Moyo wa Panyumba v. Foine (2005]) (maganizakuti mafotokozedwe alamulo a ukwati anali osagwirizana pansi pa ufulu ndi malamulo alamulo a ku South Africa. Chigamulo chilichonse cha malamulo ameneŵa chinasonyeza malemba alamulo ndi mbiri yake, koma mfundo zonse zalamulo zalamulo lalamulo logwirizana ndi lamulo lokhudza ufulu kukwaniritsa ufulu wa anthu onse mu ulamuliro wa boma lolamulira.

Kupereka Malamulo Abwino ndi Nkhani Zoyesa

Njira yapamwamba kwambiri yochitira zinthu ndi boma yochitira zinthu mogwirizana ndi ukwati inali yakuti listratigic listratection .

Chimodzi cha zitsanzo zoyambirira za kuvomerezana kwalamulo m'gulu la kulingana kwa ukwati chinali Baehr mlandu ku Hawaii. Ochirikiza a American Civil Libereties Union (ACLU) ndi Lambda ya lamulo inagwira ntchito pamodzi ndi maloya a boma kuti adziŵe anthu amene anali kuimira mtanda waukulu wa chitaganya — mabanja omwe anali ndi unansi wautali, amene anali ndi ana, omwe anali achipembedzo, ndi amene anali kulongosola chifukwa chake ukwati unali wofunika kwa iwo eni. Cholinga chinali kuika nkhope ya anthu pa mfundo zalamulo ndi kupangitsa kuti makhoti asiye kutsutsa nkhani yosadziŵika kapena yosadziŵika bwino.

Pamene kutsutsa kunapita patsogolo, ochirikiza anasumikanso pa kukhazikitsa cholembedwa chenicheni chimene chinatsutsa kulungamitsa kwa boma kwa okwatirana auchimuna ndi akazi. Umboni wowonekera bwino wa mapindu a maganizo ndi a makhalidwe a ana, kusavulazidwa kwa maukwati osiyana, ndi mbiri ya tsankho la LGBTQ + anthu anayambitsidwa m'makhoti ozenga mlandu ndipo pambuyo pake anatchulidwa ndi makhoti oweruza. Njira imeneyi yowonekera bwino inali yosuliza m'milandu yonga [FLT: 0] Perry v. Schwarzegger [FLT: 0] (20) , chitokoso ku Light’Option ya California, kumene kuzengedwa ndi mabwalo aakulu omwe anachitidwa ndi mabwalo omveka bwino kwambiri.

Kusankhidwa kwa milandu yoyesa kunaphatikizanso kupenda mosamalitsa mkhalidwe wandale ndi wachiweruzo. Kuchiyambi kwa ma 2000, ochirikiza anapeŵa kubweretsa milandu m'maiko osasintha kwambiri, mmalo mwake kusumika maganizo pa maiko kumene malingaliro a anthu anali abwino ndi kumene makhoti a boma adasonyeza kuvomereza LGBTQ + zoyenera. Pamene malo alamulo anasintha, ochirikiza anachoka ku zitokoso za boma ku milandu ya boma, kumapeto kwa kuyesayesa kogwirizana kumene kunatulutsa Obergefell.

Kugwirizana kwina kogwirizana ndi mfundo zapadera kunali kugwiritsa ntchito cumicus curiae . Ochirikiza anasonkhanitsa mawu osiyanasiyana ochirikiza — kuyambira ku magulu achipembedzo ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo kufikira atsogoleri a zamalonda ndi mabungwe a zaumoyo wa ana — kupereka mfundo zimene zinayankha mafunso alamulo otsimikizirika ndi kusonyeza kuchirikiza kwachitukuko kaamba ka kufanana kwa ukwati. Makhalidwe ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa mawu ameneŵa anakhala chizindikiro cha kulingana kwa ukwati ndipo mwachionekere zinasonkhezera kamvedwe ka Supreme Court ka nkhaniyo.

Kupereka malangizo apamwamba kunafunanso chilango chokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mawu. Ochirikiza anazindikira kuti kuthamangira ku Khoti Lalikulu mwamsanga kwambiri kungabweretse chiwembu chotsimikizirika chimene chingayambitsenso gululo kwa zaka zambiri. M’malo mwake, anadikira mpaka zigamulo zambiri zotsalira ndi zipambano za boma zitakhazikitsa malamulo amphamvu. Obergefell atafika ku Supreme Court, mazikowo anali amphamvu kwambiri moti anthu ambiri ankayembekezera kuti apeze zotsatira zake.

Malamulo Otsutsa Upo: Kuchokera ku Baehr kufika ku Obergefell

Chitokoso cha malamulo aupandu chinakula pamilandu yambiri ya ukwati pazaka zoposa makumi aŵiri. Milandu yoyambirira inayang'anizana ndi mavuto aakulu: mu Baker v. Nelson , Khoti Lalikulu la U.S. linaletsa mwachidule kuchonderera kwa mlandu wa ukwati wa ku Minnesota, umene pambuyo pake ochirikiza anavomereza kuti unali chiletso chachikulu. Komabe kugonjetsedwako kunaphunzitsanso phunziro lofunika: Khoti silinakonzeke kumvetsera nkhaniyo, ndipo ochirikiza anafunikira kumanga maziko olimba m'makhoti choyamba.

Chipambano chinabwera ndi Baehr v. Lewin [FLT :1] ku Hawaii. Khoti Lapamwamba la Hawaii linagamula kuti lamulo la ukwati linali lopanda lamulo chifukwa linagamula pa maziko a kugonana. Pabwalo, khoti lozenga mlandu linakhala ndi mlandu woonekeratu ndipo linagamula kuti boma silingasonyeze chikondwerero chokakamiza cha kutsegulidwa. Ngakhale kuti chigamulocho chinaikidwa ndi lamulo la boma loletsa kugonana, [[FLT:] Bahr [FLT]

Mu 2003, Khoti Lapamwamba la Massachusetts Loweruza milandu linagamula mlandu wake mu Goodridge , polingalira kuti chiletso cha boma pa ukwati wa kugonana ndi mwamuna mmodzi chinaswa Massachusetts Constitus. Chigamulocho chinapanga Massachusetts kukhala chigamulo choyamba cha U. Boma linalola ukwati wa kugonana kofanana, ndipo zithunzi za okwatirana zomakula mu May 2004 zinasintha kumvetsetsa kwa anthu nkhaniyo. Chigamulo cha Massachusetts chinapereka chitsanzo chotsimikizirika chakuti ukwati waukulu wokhudza lamulo silinadze chisokosokosokosokosoko, ndipo linapereka nsonga yamphamvu ya kulankhulana.

Kupambana kwa boma kunapitabe patsogolo m’zaka khumi zotsatira, ndi zipambano ku Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York, ndi maiko ena. Chilakiko chilichonse chinamanga chidaliro ndi kuyambitsa bungwe lomakula lomwe makhoti a boma akanadalira pamene anayamba kukambirana nkhaniyo mwachindunji.

Chitokoso cha boma ku Progread California’s , chinalinganizidwa kutulutsa dongosolo la boma. Khoti lozenga mlandu, lotsogozedwa ndi Woweruza Wamkulu Vaughin Walker, linasunga kumvetsera koonekeratu ndipo linatulutsa lingaliro lokwanira lakuti Provicement 8 inaswa zonse ziŵiri Proces ndi Chitetezero cha Claus. Ngakhale kuti mlanduwo unathera pa kuima pa bwalo la Supreme Court, milandu yoona inasonyezedwa ndi khoti lina ndi kuthandizira ku Oberge.

United States v. Mphepo ina inasintha kwambiri. Khoti Lalikulu linagamula Chigawo 3 cha Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), chimene chinalongosola ukwati kukhala pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi mmodzi pa zifuno za boma. Khotilo linanena kuti DOMA inaswa malamulo otetezera ofanana oikidwa mu Demendment. Windstor [[FFFLT:3]] , sanafune kuti adziŵe ukwati wofanana ndi waufululira chitseko kuti chiletso cha boma chiletsetse kuletsa lamulo mwa kutsimikizira kuti boma silingachitire lamulo loletsa ukwati wofanana.

Pambuyo pa Windsor, milandu yambiri ya boma inatokosa ziletso za ukwati m'dziko lonselo. Makhoti a boma a pansi, akutchula zonse ziŵiri Windsor ndi Supreme Court jurispudence, inagonjetsa ziletso m'boma. Khoti la Magawo la zipilo linali khoti la boma lokha lochirikiza ziletso, kupangitsa chigawa cha dera chimene Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula mu [FLT:] . Hogge .

Chosankha chenichenicho chinali chopangidwa ndi njira yaluso yoperekera mfundo. Ofufuzawo anasankhidwa mosamalitsa kuimira zokumana nazo zosiyanasiyana — kuphatikizapo mwamuna ndi mkazi wolera mwana, mkazi wamasiye wofuna kuvomereza ukwati wake, ndi okwatirana m’mayiko osiyanasiyana omwe anali ndi nkhani zosiyanasiyana zalamulo. Zigomeko zalamulo zinakonzedwa kuti zipereke chigogomezero kwa Woweruza Kennedy pa ulemu ndi ufulu waumwini. Ndipo pamene zinafika, chinali chipambano chachikulu chimene chinazindikira kuyenera kwa okwatirana onse a m'maukwati apakati pawo ku madera osiyanasiyana.

Kukambirana za Malamulo m’Magulu Onse

Ochirikiza kulingana kwa ukwati sanalekerere ku makhoti a kumudzi. Iwo anagwiritsiranso ntchito lamulo la ufulu wa anthu m’maiko onse ndi malamulo a mabwalo achilendo kulimbikitsa mikangano yawo ndi kuyambitsa chitsenderezo cha kusintha. Njira imeneyi yochokera ku maiko osiyanasiyana inatumikira zifuno zosiyanasiyana: inapereka malamulo ena alamulo, inasonyeza kuti kulingana kwa ukwati kunali kogwirizana ndi miyezo ya ufulu wa anthu, ndipo inapereka zigamulo zotsutsa kuti ukwati waumodzi unali chinthu chachilendo kapena chinthu chachikhalidwe.

Chimodzi cha zipambano zoyambirira za padziko lonse zinachitika mu 2005, pamene Khoti la ku Ulaya la Ufulu wa Anthu linapereka malamulo osiyanasiyana amene anavomereza ufulu wa okwatirana auchiŵanda kuvomerezana mwalamulo. Schalk ndi Kopf v. Austria [[FF:3] [2010] Khotilo linavomereza kuti ufulu wa kukwatira pa mfundo 12 za bungwe la European Convention on Human Rights sunawation anakakamiza kuti alole ukwati wofananawo, koma linafunikira kupereka mtundu wina wa kuvomereza kwalamulo kwa okwatirana aunyamata. Mlandu wa khotilo linayandikira kulingana, ngakhale kuti lakulamanzere ku kuiridwa kwa chigamu cha kumanja.

Mu 2018, Khoti la ku America la Ufulu wa Anthu [[FT:1] linapereka lingaliro lonena kuti chipani cha boma ku Msonkhano wa Zaufulu wa anthu ku America chinafunikira kuvomereza ukwati wa kugonana. Lingaliro silinali logwirizana ndi mayiko onse a m’mayiko, koma linapereka chida champhamvu chalamulo kwa omenyera ufulu ku Latin America. Mayiko onga Costa Rica, Ecua, ndi Argentina analembetsa ukwati wauchigamulo kaya mwa lamulo la khoti kapena lamulo, kudalira mbali ina pa mfundo za khoti la Inter - American Court.

Komiti ya United Nations Yoona za Ufulu Waumunthu [[FLT: 1] yafotokozanso kulingana kwa ukwati. M’zochitika zonga ngati achichepere v. Australia (2003]) ndi Fedota v. Russia [[FLT]] [2] [201], Komiti yopezedwa imene yaswa pangano la Mitundu Yonse pa Chiŵerengo ndi Ufulu wa Zandale mwa kukana kuti mabanja omwewo kapena kulingana nawo. Pamene kuli kwakuti malingaliro a Komiti sagwirizana mwalamulo monga malamulo a m’makhoti, iwo amasunga ulamuliro wamakhalidwe ndipo angaikidwe m’mikangano yalamulo.

Machenjera alamulo apadziko lonse anali ofunika kwambiri makamaka m’maiko kumene makhoti a m’dziko anali ozengereza kuchitapo kanthu. Mwachitsanzo, ku Russia, ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu agwiritsira ntchito European Court of Human Rights kutsutsa malamulo aupandu ngakhale pamene mkhalidwe wandale zadziko wakhala waudani kwambiri. M’mbali zina za Afirika ndi Asia, ochirikiza asungidwe a ufulu wa anthu apadziko lonse kuletsa malamulo a dziko lolamulidwa ndi dziko la dziko la chitaganya ndi ziletso zaukwati.

Kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo la mitundu yonse sikunali kopanda mkangano. Otsutsa ena anatsutsa kuti kupempha zizoloŵezi zachilendo kapena za mitundu yonse kululuza kuyenera kwa demokrase. Koma ochirikiza anatsutsa kuti malamulo a ufulu wa anthu a mitundu yonse amabweza bwino pamene njira za ndale zadziko za m'banja zimalephera kutetezera zigawo zochepa. Kugwirizana kwa kulingana kwa ukwati ndi lamulo la mitundu yonse kunasonyeza mmene njira zalamulo zapadziko lonse zingagwirizanirane ndi ufulu wapadziko lonse.

Mbali ya Malamulo Ofuna Kusangalatsa Anthu ndi Magulu a Atsogoleri

Maluso alamulo olongosoledwa pamwambapa akanakhala osatheka popanda maziko operekedwa ndi makampani a chiwongola dzanja chapoyera a lamulo ndi mabungwe aumbombo. Magulu onga Lambda Lammalamulo [, [[FLT:], [[FLT]] , Lobamo la Zambia [[FLT] Libertion Union [[[FLT:]] [5]] adachita ntchito zazikulu [[FLT:] mu kuthandizira, ndi kuchirikiza kumanga.

Lambda Lambda Lagion, yokhazikitsidwa mu 1973, inali gulu loyamba mu United States lopatulidwa ku LGBTQ+ kulembetsa kwalamulo. Inachititsa milandu ina ya ukwati yoyambirira yolingana ndi kuyambitsa ukatswiri wa kulinganiza umene unatsogolera gululo kwa zaka makumi ambiri. ACLU's LGBTQ+ Project , yokhazikitsidwa mu 1986, inatenga nkhani zazikulu kuphatikizapo chitokoso cha boma cha DOMA ndi Obergefell [. Mabungwe aŵiri kaŵirikaŵiri anagwira ntchito mofanana kapena m'pangano, kuthandizana ndi ziwitso ndi maluso.

Ufulu wa Kukwatira, womwe unakhazikitsidwa mu 2003, unachita zinthu zosiyana. M’malo mopereka mfundo zomveka, unasumika maganizo pa maphunziro a boma, kumanga nyumba zogwirizana, ndi kukhazikitsa boma. Ufulu wa kukwatira unakweza ndalama za mpikisano wa boma, unkapereka malangizo othandiza kwambiri kwa magulu a anthu a m’deralo, ndipo unkagwira ntchito kuchotsa maganizo a anthu kudzera m’manyuzipepala ndi m'mafakitale okonza zinthu. Mkupiti wake wa "Chifukwa Chake Mabanja Amathandiza kukonzanso nkhani ya chikondi, kudzipereka, ndi banja — kugwirizanitsa ndi anthu wamba a ku America.

Bungwe la LGBTQ+ gulu lalikulu kwambiri la ufulu wa anthu ku United States, linachita mbali yothandiza. . . .HRC lobbad Congress ndi malumbiro a boma, ogwirizana, odzipereka, ndi okonzeka. Chikalata chake cha pachaka cha Kulingana kwa Malamulo ndi pulogalamu ya makampani chinayambitsa chitsenderezo cha zachuma pa mabwana kuti alimbitse kulingana kwa ukwati, zimene zinasonkhezeranso malingaliro a anthu onse ndi maŵerengedwe a ndale.

Mabungwewa sankagwirizana nthawi zonse.

M'maiko ambiri, magulu ofananawo anatulukira m'maiko ena. Egale ku Canada, [FLT , kukonzanso zonse mu United Kingdom, ndi [[FLT:] ILGA World [ (International Lesbian, Gay, Biesaster, Trans and Interssex Association]) adapereka maluso alamulo, kuchirikiza, ndi kugwirizana kwa mapangano a ukwati kuzungulira dziko lonse. [[FLTLD] pakati pa mabungwe ameneŵa] zinatanthauza kuti njira zopanga zalamulo zopangidwa m'dziko limodzi zikhoza kusinthidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko ena.

Kuyamba Kumenya Mabomba ndi Kuphunzitsa Malamulo

Pamene kuli kwakuti kutsutsa kunali njira yowonekera kwambiri, gulu la ulingana la ukwati linazindikiranso kufunika kwa kuwonjezera kutchuka kwa opanga malamulo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chitsenderezo cha boma. ndi analimbana ndi nkhondo zolimbana ndi maukwati amene anafuna kuletsa ukwati wotere m'malamulo.

Gawo la malamulo linapambana kwambiri. Mu 2009, Vermont anakhala boma loyamba kulembetsa ukwati wa kugonana mwalamulo m’malo mwa lamulo la khoti. Khoti lalikulu la Iowa linali litathetsa kale chiletso cha ukwati wa boma, koma kachitidwe ka bungwe la malamulo ku Vermont kanasonyeza kuti akuluakulu osankhidwa angavomereze ukwati wolingana popanda tsoka la ndale. New York inatsatira mu 2011 kutsata Religial Eality Act kumbuyo kwa ndawala yapamwamba ya progial yomwe inaphatikizapo kuvomerezana ndi woyang'anira ukwati ndi wogwirizana kwambiri ndi magulu andale.

Udindo wa lamulo unafunikira maluso osiyana kuposa kuvomereza. Ochirikiza anafunikira kumvetsetsa mkhalidwe wa ndale zadziko, kumanga maunansi ndi opanga malamulo, ndi mauthenga aluso amene anagwirizana ndi ovota opanda liwongo. Iwo anagwira ntchito ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo, magulu a malonda, ndi magulu achitaganya kupanga magulu aakulu omwe angatsutse chitsutso kwa osunga mwambo wa kakhalidwe.

Kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito maballot kunali kovuta kwambiri. Kulimbana ndi ukwati kunachitidwa m’mayiko oposa 30, kaŵirikaŵiri kunkapitidwa ndi madera aakulu. Njira zimenezi sizinangolepheretsa kulingana kwa ukwati — zinapanganso zopinga zalamulo zimene ochirikiza anafunikira kugonjetsa kulira kwa . Kugonjetsedwa kwa Proposition 8 ku California mu 2008 kunali kopweteka kwambiri, ngakhale kuti kunayambitsanso gululo ndi kutsogolera ku chitokoso cha boma chimene chinathetsa mlingowo.

Pofika pakati pa zaka za 2010, lingaliro la anthu pa kulingana kwa ukwati linasintha kwambiri, ndipo njira zolowera zinayamba kugwira ntchito moyanja ochirikiza. Mu 2012, ovota ku Maine, Maryland, ndi Washington anavomereza kulingana kwa ukwati, kusonyeza ukwati woyamba wachimuna ndi chisembwere udali wovomerezedwa m'bokosi la pepala. Zipambano zimenezi zinasonyeza kuti gululo linali ndi minofu ya ndale zadziko yopambana osankha mwachindunji, osati makhoti okha.

The combination of litigation, legislation, and direct democracy created a powerful multi-front strategy. When courts were unavailable or hostile, advocates turned to legislatures. When legislatures were blocked, they turned to voters. And when all else failed, they went back to court. This flexibility allowed the movement to adapt to different political and legal environments and to keep pushing forward even when one avenue was closed.

Zotsatirapo ndi Kupitiriza Kuchitira Ena Zake

Malamulo opangidwa ndi ochirikiza ulingana kwa ukwati akhala ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu. Iwo anapatsidwa ufulu wa kukwatira okwatirana a kugonana ku United States ndi m'maiko ena ambiri. Anasintha kamvedwe ka anthu ka LGBTQ+ + ndi kuthandiza kulinganiza lingaliro lakuti chikondi ndi chigamulo ndizo zimene zimazindikiritsa banja, osati thanzi kapena sayansi ya zamoyo.

Chiyambukiro chimakula kupyola pa ukwati weniweni. Zigamulo zalamulo zoyambitsidwa m'nkhani za kulingana kwa ukwati — makamaka pa ulemu wofanana, chitetezo, ndi kuvulaza kochititsidwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa boma — zatchulidwa m'milandu yophatikizapo ufulu wa munthu, chiweruzo chaufuko, ndi kusamukira kudziko. Oberge adagwa pansi [ chigamulo, mwachitsanzo, chinatchulidwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu Bostock v. Clayton County [[FF:] [200]], chimene chinakhulupirira kuti chiletso cha kuweruzidwa kwa kugonana kwa pa kuyang'ana ndi chizindikiritso cha kugonana. Malamulo a ukwati olingana operekedwa ponse paŵiri.

Koma choloŵacho sichopanda mavuto. Kumasuka kwachipembedzo kwakhala malo aakulu, ndi maboma ena okhazikitsa malamulo amene amalola mabizinesi ndi anthu kukana mautumiki a amuna ndi akazi ogonana ozikidwa pa zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo. Khoti Lapamwambalo linasiya chigamulo cholondola mu Macatenhop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission [1] (2088) inalangiza kuti ufulu wachipembedzo uyenera kulinganizika motsutsana ndi chitetezo cha kuletsa kugaŵikana ufulu — koma inasiya chigamulo cholondola cha kulinganako. Ochirikiza ulinganizirizo wa ukwati amapitirizabe kutetezera kupambana kwawo polimbana ndi kupambana kwa katemera.

M’dziko lonse, chithunzicho nchochovuta kwambiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti kufanana kwa ukwati kwapita patsogolo m'maiko ambiri, kwayang'anizananso ndi mavuto. Ku Russia, otsutsana ndi LGBTQ , malamulo alimbitsidwa. Ku Hungary, boma lapereka malamulo ogwirizana ogwirizana ndi lamulo amene amalongosola ukwati kukhala mgwirizano pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi mmodzi. Ku United States, chigamulo cha Supreme Court [FL:0] mu [FLT:]. Jackson’s Health Organization [2022], chimene chinagwetsa chitetezo cha kutaya mimba kwa lamulo la lamulo la lamulo, chinadzutsa mafunso ponena za ngati chigamulo cha Khoti la lamulo la kukwaniritsa njira yoyenerera — mzati wa [FLT:]

Malamulo akayamba kuyambitsa ziwawa, anthu olimbikitsa boma amakhala okonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira malamulo, makampani ophunzitsa anthu kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito luso la anthu.

Kumaliza

Machenjera alamulo ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi ochirikiza ulingana wa ukwati sanali njira imodzi yokha koma njira zosinthira zogwirizana ndi mikhalidwe yosintha. Kusankha mlandu kwa lamulo, kugamula mlandu kwa mitundu yonse, ntchito yalamulo, ndi demokalase yolunjikitsa zonse zinachita mbali zofunika. Chipambano cha gululo sichinawone mphamvu ya mikangano yalamulo yokha komanso chilango, kuleza mtima, ndi kugwirizana kwa maloya ndi ochirikiza amene anawapititsa patsogolo.

Chimene chinapangitsa ndawala ya kulingana kwa ukwati kukhala yosiyana ndi kufunitsitsa kwake kuipanga m'kusintha kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwa nyumba. Ochirikiza sanangopanga kokha milandu ndi chiyembekezo kaamba ka zabwino. Anamanga mabungwe, luso, ndi kupanga chitsanzo chimene chikanapirira zopinga ndi kuchirikiza mphamvu kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Iwo anazindikira kuti kusintha kwa lamulo sikuli chochitika chimodzi koma njira — imene imafunikira kulinganiza mosamalitsa, umboni weniweni wa dziko, ndi nkhani za anthu zimene zimapereka mapulinsipulo alamulo tanthauzo lawo.

Kwa ochirikiza ntchito pa nkhani zina — kaya chilungamo cha fuko, kusalingana kwa chuma, kapena kusintha kwa mkhalidwe wadziko — gulu la kulingana kwa ukwati limapereka maphunziro onena za mmene lamulo lingagwiritsidwire ntchito kupititsa patsogolo chilungamo cha anthu. Ilo limasonyeza kuti kutsutsa kuli kwamphamvu kwambiri pamene kuli mbali ya njira yaikulu imene imaphatikizapo maphunziro a anthu onse, kumanga pamodzi, ndi kuvomerezana kwa ndale zadziko. Imasonyezanso kuti ngakhale mitundu ya tsankho yozama kwambiri ingathetsedwe ndi msanganizo woyenera walamulo, kuleza mtima, ndi kulimba mtima kwa anthu.

Pamene nkhondo yofuna kufanana ikupitirizabe — ku United States, m’mayiko amene ukwati wa kugonana kofananako suloledwa ndi lamulo, ndiponso pamene anthu akulimbana kwambiri ndi LGBTQ, njira zovomerezeka zoyendetsera ukwati wolingana zidzapitiriza kutsogolera ndi kusonkhezera.