Maziko Okhalitsa: Chifukwa Chake Malamulo Osintha Zinthu Ali Ofunika

United States Constitution, yomwe inavomerezedwa mu 1788, inakhazikitsa dongosolo la boma la boma. Komabe okonza mafomu ake anazindikira kuti palibe chikalata chimene chingaoneretu vuto lililonse la ufulu. Nchifukwa chake iwo anaphatikizapo Mfundo V, kukhazikitsa njira yosinthira zinthu ndi kuwonjezera. Pazaka mazana aŵiri, zisinthiko 27 zavomerezedwa, aliyense wayankha ku chisalungamo cha m'mbiri kapena kusintha kwa makhalidwe a dziko. Zikalata zimenezi sizimangotchula chabe ufulu wa nzika ndi boma, ndipo zimapitiriza kufotokoza nkhani ya makambitsirano amphamvu m’makhoti, makalasi, ndi m'aphunzitsi, aliyense akumvetsa mawu a pa nkhani ya m'mbiri ya dzikolo.

Mchitidwe wa Kusintha: Njira Yosayenera Kusintha

Kuchotsa Malamulo kuli kovuta mwadala. Kusintha kungachitidwe ndi voti ya nyumba zonse ziŵiri zitatu kapena ndi msonkhano wa dziko lonse wopemphedwa ndi makina aŵiri a boma (amene sanagwiritsidwepo ntchito). Kusintha kumafuna chilolezo ndi atatu mwa anayi a malamulo a boma (kapena ndi misonkhano ya boma, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kokha pa mamendulo a 21). Mbali wapamwamba umenewu umatsimikizira kuti kusintha kwakukulu kumakhala mbali ya Malamulo. Monga chotulukapo chake, kubwerera ku boma kumakhala ndi ukulu wapamwamba wandale ndi wa lamulo.

Mpukutu Woyamba wa Malamulo Ochepetsa Ufulu wa Anthu

Mu 1791, Bill of Rights inatulutsidwa ndi Anti-Federalist yomwe inafuna chitetezo choonekeratu kwa ochenjeredwa ndi boma. James Madison poyambirira anasonkhanitsa masinthidwe khumi ndi aŵiri; aŵiri oyambirira . Kugaŵidwa kwa magawo ndi kuperekedwa kwa bungwe la communion [1] Kuperekedwa kwa ufulu kwa anthu kusanavomerezedwe. (Malipilowo anavomerezedwa mu 1992 kukhala Madekshoni a 27.) Otsala khumi anakhala maziko a ufulu wa anthu a ku America.

Kusintha Koyamba: Ufulu Usanu

Chikalata choyambirira chiletsa kukhazikitsa malamulo alionse "kulemekeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa chipembedzo, kapena kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwaufulu; kapena kuchepetsa ufulu wa kulankhula, kapena wa nyuzipepala; kapena kuyenera kwa anthu kusonkhanitsa mwamtendere, ndi kuchonderera Boma kuti libwezere milandu. Malamulo asanu ameneŵa amateteza maziko a demokrase ku kuloŵereramo kwa chipembedzo. Malamulo Aakulu a Khoti Lalikulu awonjezera ufulu wawo. [[FL:] Tinkiker v. Des Mos [[FLT:] [196] [194], Khoti limachirikiza kuyenera kwa ophunzira kuvala zida zakuda m'davuto wa nkhondo ya Vietnam, akulengeza kuti ufulu wawo wa ufulu wa kulongosola ufulu wa kulankhula kapena ku sukulu. [Foctive] [F.[2]

Kusintha kwachiŵiri: Kuyenera Konyamula Zida

"A Militia wolinganizidwa bwino, pokhala woyenerera ku chisungiko cha Boma laufulu, kuyenera kwa anthu kusunga ndi kunyamula Zida, sikudzadodometsedwa. Tanthauzo Lachiŵiri la Chigamulo linakanganidwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali kufikira zigamulo za chigamulo cha Supreme Court mu . [FLT:]] [FLT:] Hever [[FLT] [5] imatsimikizira munthu kukhala ndi mfuti yaumwini, mkati mwa nyumba, yowopsya, DC.''' kuletsa. Chicagonjo. [FLT:] (20: 0). [FLD:] [FLD:]] [FLT:] [FLD]] [ziLD] [zifu] kuwonjezera zigamu za chiwopsezo, ndi kuwonjezera chiwopsezo chola cha chiwopsezo, kuwonjezera chiwonkhoma, ku Washington, chiletso cha .

Kusintha kwachitatu: Kuphatikiza Asilikali

Kusintha kosafala kumeneku kumaletsa nthaŵi ya mtendere ya asilikali m’nyumba iliyonse popanda chilolezo cha mwiniwake. Kunali kuvomereza mwachindunji kwa zochita za Britain zimene zinakwiyitsa atsamunda atsamunda. Ngakhale kuti ambiri sakuchitapo kanthu lerolino, kumagogomezera lamulo la kulamulira asilikali a boma ndipo kwasonyezedwa m’zosemphana ndi zachinsinsi.

Kusintha Zinthu Kwachinayi: Kufufuza ndi Kuchotsa Magazi

Chikalata cha Opaleshoni chachinayi chimateteza "kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala otetezeka kwa anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro, ndi kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda. Mfungulo ndi "kulolera" [1] mofunitsitsa kupempha chilolezo chochirikizidwa ndi chothekera. Lamulo lapatula, lokhazikitsidwa mu Mapp v. Ohio [1] [1961] [1961]], limaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito umboni wopezeka poswa kukonza. Mavuto amakono amaphatikizapo kubisa zinthu, monga chigamu cha khoti mu . California . [FLT]] [F:]] (2014]]]

Kusintha kwachisanu: Kuyenera Kuchitika ndi Kudzitsutsa

Demendulo lili ndi zitetezero zambiri: kuweruza kokulira kwa ajuli kwa maupandu aakulu, kuletsa kuwopsa kwa kaŵiri, kutetezera ku kukakamiza kudzipha, njira yoyenerera ya lamulo, ndi kulipiridwa kwa katundu waumwini wotengedwa kwa anthu onse. "Miranda ufulu" wotchuka kuchokera ku Manda v. Arizona [1966], kufunitsa apolisi kudziŵitsa kukayikira kuyenera kwawo kwa kukhala chete ndi kukhala ndi loya pa nthaŵi ya kufunsa mlandu. Mchitidwe woyenererawo umaletsanso malamulo osamveka bwino ndi kuteteza ufulu wa anthu ambiri pa maboma.

Lamulo Losintha Zinthu Lachisanu ndi Chimodzi: Kuzenga Mlandu Mwachilungamo

Pangano la Sixth Amendment limatsimikizira kuzenga mlandu kwa anthu mofulumira ndi kopanda tsankho, juli yopanda tsankho, chidziŵitso cha milandu, kuyenera kwa Mboni zogwirizana, ndi kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu. Gideon v. Wainwright [ (1963]) adanena kuti maboma ayenera kupereka loya kwa oimba mlandu aupandu otsutsa lamulo losintha lomwe linatsogolera ku dongosolo lamakono la otetezera apoyera. Kuyenera kwa mlandu wa ajuli m'milandu kumakhalabedi kotetezeredwa ndi chitsenderezo cha boma.

Kusintha kwa Sevenite: Mayeso a Chiŵeniŵeni

M’malamulo a anthu onse oposa $20, Seventh Amendment imasunga ufulu wa kuzenga mlandu kwa oweruza ndipo imaletsa khoti kubwezera mfundo zopezedwa ndi oweruza kusiyapo pa malamulo ena.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo Kwachisanu ndi Chisanu: Nkhanza ndi Chilango Chachilendo

Mapepala opitirira muyeso, malipoti opitirira muyeso, ndi "zilango zachilendo" amaletsedwa. Mawu ankhanza ndi achilendo akhala maziko a mkangano wokhudza chilango cha imfa. Firman v. Georgia , Khoti lopanda malamulo operekera chilango cha imfa panthaŵiyo monga lamulo lopanda lamulo ndi lolakwika, lotsogolera. [FLT:] Greg v. [[FLT] Georgia [6] anasunga malamulo okonzedwanso amene anatsogolera kuweruza milandu. Zosankha zaposachedwapa zaletsa chilango cha imfa kwa ana ([[FLT:]]]] R.VFF], 2005, ndi kulephera kwa opunduka. [FT]

Kusintha kwa Chisanu ndi Chisanu: Ufulu Wopanda Maulamuliro ndi Maulamuliro Otsala

Ninth Amendment imachenjeza kuti kundandalika ufulu wina sikumaletsa ena amene anthu amawasunga. Chakhala chikupemphedwa kutetezera ufulu wachinsinsi, monga mu Griswold v. Connecticut , (1965), imene ikuvomereza kuyenera kwa ukwati pankhani za kuletsa kulera. Demendment ya Tenth Reconsolement imasungidwa ku boma la boma kapena maulamuliro amene sapatsidwa boma kapena kuletsedwa. Ndilo lamulo lalikulu la boma loletsa mikangano yokhudzana ndi malamulo monga kuletsa chamba, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi chisamaliro cha zaumoyo.

Kukonzanso Malamulo: Ufulu Wochepetsa Ufulu ndi Kulingana

Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni itatha, kusintha kutatu kunavomerezedwa kuti kuthetse ukapolo ndi kukhazikitsa kulingana kwalamulo kwa Aafirika.

Kusintha kwa nambala 13 (1865)

Demetrie imaletsa ukapolo ndi ukapolo waufulu, kusiyapo chilango cha upandu. Imapatsanso Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu ya kusungitsa makonzedwe ameneŵa kupyolera mwa lamulo loyenerera. Pamene inathetsa ukapolo wokambirana, "chilango" chinatsogolera kwa womangidwa ku dongosolo lomasula ndipo pambuyo pake ku mikangano ya kumangidwa kwaunyinji. Kusinthako kwagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuukira mitundu yamakono ya ntchito yokakamiza ndi kugulitsa anthu.

Demetrisement ya 14 (168)

Mwinamwake kukonza kwakukulu, Kusintha kwa 144 kumafotokoza unzika wa dziko, kumaletsa kuchokera ku kuchepetsa "mwayi kapena katemera wa nzika," ndi kutsimikizira ntchito yoyenerera ndi kutetezera malamulo. Chikalata choyenerera chagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuphatikiza mbali zambiri za Bill of Rights potsutsana ndi maboma. Chikalata chotetezera chofanana chinali maziko a [FL:] Brown v. Board of Education [1954], chimene chinawononga kugaŵana kwa mafuko m'masukulu a anthu onse, ndi kutetezera ufulu wofanana wa akazi, LGTQ+, ndi magulu ena. Chikalatacho chimakhalanso ndi "chiyenetso cha dziko". Chisasankhana cha boma sichikuphatikizidwa.

Kusintha kwa 15 (1870)

Kuyenera kwa kuvota " sikudzakanidwa kapena kuletsedwa ndi United States kapena ndi Boma lililonse chifukwa cha fuko, mtundu, kapena mkhalidwe wa ukapolo wakale . Mosasamala kanthu za lonjezo limeneli, maboma a Kum’mwera adaika mayeso a kulemba ndi kuŵerenga, misonkho yofunsira, ndi chiwawa kutsendereza kuvota Black mpaka Court of 1965. Lamulo la kukhazikitsa lamulo la kusungitsa lamulo laposachedwapa la kuvomereza malamulo a voti, kupena, ndi njira ya preclatence inaka mu Thelby County v. Haker .

Kufutukula Malamulo a Franchisse: Malamulo 19, 20 - 4, ndi 20

M’mbiri ya Amereka mulinso nkhondo yaitali yokulitsa chivoticho. Kukonzanso kwakukulu kutatu kumasonyeza zochitika zazikulu.

  • Ninetenth Amendment (1920): Pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri za kuvomereza, akazi anapatsidwa ufulu wa kuvota kupyolera mwa kukonza kogwirizana ndi lamulo. Voti yomaliza ku Tennessee inagamulidwa ndi wopanga malamulo mmodzi yemwe anavala maluwa ofiira. Kusinthako kunasintha ndale za America ndi ntchito za akazi m’moyo wa anthu.
  • Ty-Fourth Amendment (1964): [FLT :] Misonkho ya Panthambi, yogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwakukulukulu m'maiko a Kummwera kuchotsapo Black coptions yaumphaŵi, inaletsedwa m'masankho a boma. (Pambuyo pake misonkho yosankhira inachotsedwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba pansi pa chitetezero chofanana mu Harper v. Virginia Board of Evolutions [FT:3], 1966.)
  • [22] Kusinthasintha kwa filimu ndi Sixth (1971: [1] Kuyankha ku mkangano wakuti awo achikulire okhoza kumenya nkhondo ku Vietnam anali achikulire mokwanira kuvota, chivomerezo chinachepetsa zaka zovota kukhala 18 m'masankho onse. Zinavomerezedwa m'nthaŵi ino [1]

Kukonzanso Malamulo: Kusintha Boma Lili Lokha

Si zonse zimene zasintha pa ufulu wa munthu payekha.

  • Supmentteenth Amendment (1913): Ikupereka mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho wa ndalama popanda kugawa pakati pa mayiko. Zimenezi zinagwetsa chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu ndi kutheketsa dongosolo la za msonkho lamakono la boma.
  • Seventeenth Amendment (1913): Yoperekedwa kaamba ka kusanthula mwachindunji kwa anthu a ku United States, kulowa mmalo ndi makhoma a boma. Zimenezi zinawonjezera kuŵerengera kwa democracy ndi kufooketsa kwa makampani.
  • Aŵiri-Second Amendment (1951): Ma prezidenti olekezedwa ku mawu aŵiri, yankho lachindunji kwa Franklin D. Roosevelt ya nthaŵi zinayi yosadziŵika.
  • Kusintha kwa zaka makumi aŵiri ndi chisanu (1992: poyamba kufunidwa mu 1789, kusintha kumeneku kumaletsa kukhazikitsa boma kufikira pambuyo pa chisankho chotsatira. Pomalizira pake linavomerezedwa patapita zaka mazana aŵiri, kukhazikitsa cholembera cha kuchedwa kwa kutchuka.

Kumvetsa Ufulu Wanu Pochita Zinthu

Kudziwa zimene malamulo asintha kumathandiza nzika kuti zizigwiritsa ntchito ufulu wawo komanso kuti zizigwira ntchito m’moyo wa anthu onse.

Mapeto: Choloŵa Chamoyo cha Madeti

Kusintha kwa Malamulo a U.S. sikuli zidutswa za m'mafashoni; iwo ali ziŵiya zogwira ntchito za chilungamo ndi ufulu. Mbadwo uliwonse umawapendanso ndi mavuto atsopano . Kuyang'anira kwa machenjera, uchigaŵenga wapadziko lonse, kusalingana kwa dongosolo, ndi malamulo a chikhalidwe. Bill of Rights poyambirira inatsenderezedwa ndi boma la boma lokha, koma kupyolera pa Demende la 145 Demendment pali chitetezo chachikulu chimene tsopano chikugwira ntchito ku maiko. Kusintha kwa malamulo kolonjeza kulingana koma kumafuna kuti zaka zana la nkhondo zidziŵike. Kulimbanako kutseretsa ma franchise kwa mamiliyoni ambiri. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi, mbiri yawo, ndi zikonzero zawo zamakono zikuchirikiza ufulu wawo ndi kuchirikiza ntchito yothandiza yopanga maufumu a democracy. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi sapereka chikalata chongofunsa, koma chikalata chophunzitsa: