Maziko Amoyo a Ufulu wa ku America

United States Constitution inapangidwa monga chikalata cha malamulo amphamvu, chokhoza kusinthira ku zosoŵa za mtundu womakula. Pamene kuli kwakuti nkhani zake zisanu ndi ziŵiri zoyambirira zinakhazikitsa dongosolo la boma, ndizo kusintha kwa zinthu . Kwakukulukulu zija zimene zimatetezera ufulu wa munthu payekha . Zikalata zimenezi zimatumikira monga chitetezo chosatha kutsutsa boma lochenjeredwa, kulongosola malire a mphamvu za boma ndi ufulu wosatha wa anthu. Kuzindikira zimenezi sikuli chabe kuyesayesa kwa maphunziro; ndiko mbali yofunika kwambiri ya kukhala nzika yodalirana m'dziko la democracy.

Maufulu a nzika ndiwo zitsimikizo zaumwini ndi ufulu zimene boma silingaletse ndi lamulo kapena kumasulira kwachiweruzo. Izo zaikidwa m'Chikalata cha Ufulu Woyenerera ndi kukonzedwanso kotsatira, kupanga maziko a ufulu wa Amereka. Kuyambira kuyenera kulankhula za munthu kufikira ku chitsimikizo cha kuzenga kolungama, makonzedwe ameneŵa amatetezera anthu ku ulamuliro wopanda lamulo. Nkhaniyi imafufuza njira zofunika zimene zimatetezera ufulu umenewu, kupereka kupenda kozama m'mbiri yawo, tanthauzo, ndi kugwirizanitsa kwamakono.

Kaamba ka mawu onse okonzedwa, National Archives imapereka mawu odalirika. Kuwonjezerapo, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)[FLU] imapereka kusanthula kosalekeza kwa mmene ufulu umenewu umagwiritsidwira ntchito m'nkhondo zamakono za lamulo.

Mpukutu Woyamba wa Malamulo Ochepetsa Ufulu wa Anthu

Pa December 15, 1791, Bill of Rights imaimira kulolerana pakati pa Federalists, amene anakhulupirira kuti boma lamphamvu linali lofunikira, ndipo Anti-Fedalist , amene anaopa kuti mphamvu yaikulu idzapondereza ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Zokambirana khumi zimenezi sizinali kuyerekezera koma kuwonjezera dala kutsimikizira kuti malamulo oyambirira sanatetezedwe. Iwo amagwiritsira ntchito mwachindunji boma la boma ndipo, kudzera mwa Genedimetic Reformation, zaikidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito boma ndi maboma a kumaloko.

Kusintha Koyamba: Ufulu Usanu

First Amendment ndi maziko a democracy ya ku America, kutetezera ufulu waukulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, zofalitsa, msonkhano, ndi pembedzero. Ufulu umenewu uli wodalirana: ufulu wa kulankhulana, manyuzipepala aufulu amaŵerengera boma, ndi ufulu wosonkhanitsa anthu kuti akonze zinthu. Chikalata cha Commoment Claus chimaletsa boma kuletsa chipembedzo chilichonse, pamene Free Exenice Clause imateteza ufulu wa anthu kutsatira chikhulupiriro chawo.

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, Khoti Lapamwamba lamasulira ufulu umenewu mokulira. Brandenburg v. Ohio [1] (1969), khoti linanena kuti mawu ochirikiza kusamvera malamulo amatetezedwa pokhapo ngati asonkhezera "kuphwanya malamulo. Khotilo latetezanso mawu onyansa pansi pa Chisinthiko choyamba, lolamulira mu [FLT:] Snyder v. Phelpsions (20) (20) kuti ngakhale kutsutsa kotsutsana ndi nkhani za anthu onse n’kutetezeredwa. Malamulo anavomerezedwa mu [FLT: 4.] New York Times. Cov. United States v.[FLT.5]

Zitokoso zamakono zimaphatikizapo malamulo a mapulogalamu a za mayanjano, kulinganiza pakati pa ufulu wa kulankhula ndi chisungiko cha ku makoleji, ndi kusagwirizana pakati pa ufulu wachipembedzo ndi malamulo otsutsa kugawana.

Kusintha kwachiŵiri: Kuyenera Konyamula Zida

Chikalata chachiŵiri cha Amereka chimanena kuti: "Kusintha kumeneku kunatengedwa bwino kwambiri monga kuyenera kwa boma laufulu, ufulu wa anthu kusunga ndi kunyamula zida, sikudzaswedwa. Pambiri yambiri ya America, kukonza kumeneku kunatengedwa monga kuyenera kogwirizana ndi utumiki wankhondo. Komabe, mu Diquality of Columbia v. Hellar (2008), Khoti Lapamwamba linazindikira kuti munthu ali ndi ufulu wokhala ndi mfuti ya mwiniyo mkati mwa nyumba. Zimenezi zinawonjezeredwa ku mawu kudzera ku [FLT:] MDonald. City of Chicago

Nkhani yokhudza ufulu umenewu ikupitirizabe, kuphatikizapo ziletso pa mitundu ina ya zida, kupima malo, malamulo ofiira a mbendera, ndi kunyamula mfuti poyera.

Kusintha kwachitatu: Kutsogolera Asilikali

Chisinthiko chachitatu chimaletsa boma kukakamiza nzika kumanga nyumba za asilikali m’nyumba zawo popanda chilolezo chawo, ndipo kokha m’njira yoikiziridwa ndi lamulo panthaŵi ya nkhondo. Ngakhale kuti sikwachilendo, kukonza kumeneku kumasonyeza kusakhulupirira kwa Woyambitsa magulu ankhondo oima ndi chikhumbo chawo cha kutetezera kupatulika kwa nyumba. Kwatchulidwa m'nkhani zachinsinsi, monga ngati Griswold v. Connecticut [1] (1965), monga momwe kusonyezera kuyenera kwa lamulo lalamulo kwa kusakhala kwachinsinsi.

Kusintha kwachinayi: Kutetezera Kukufufuza Kopanda Nzeru ndi Kuunika

Chikalata cha Okonzanso chachinayi chimateteza anthu kuti asamafufuze kapena kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri za boma.

Mu Mapp v. Ohio . (1961), Bwalo Lapamwamba linakhazikitsa lamulo lopatula, limene limaletsa umboni wopezedwa woswa Lamulo Lachinayi kuti lisagwiritsidwe ntchito m'mayeso a boma. Kubwera kwa luso lamakono kwayambitsa zinthu zatsopano: Bwalo lamilandu lolamulira mu Ry v. California (University kuti apolisi amafunikira chilo chofufuzira foni kuti agwire, kupereka chiwonkhetso chachikulu cha chidziŵitso chaumwini cha zinthu zimenezi. Momwemo, [FLT:] Courtedum . [FLT] v [FFLT:5]) (20.) adamafuna kuti malo athero a pulogalamu a mbiri yakale, afunikira kudziŵa kuti masamu aike, zisonyezero zachinsinsi chakuya.

Lamulo lamakono la Kusintha kwa Zinthu lachinayi limalimbana ndi nkhani zonga kuyang’anira, luso la zofufuza za kumaso, kufufuza m’malire a zipangizo zamagetsi, ndi kupeza chidziŵitso kwa boma kochitidwa ndi mbali zachitatu zonga opereka chithandizo cha pa Intaneti.

Kusintha kwa Gawo Lachisanu: Ufulu M’milanduwo ya Apandu

Mpando wachisanu umapereka ndandanda ya chitetezo chachikulu kwa anthu oimbidwa mlandu wa upandu. Ilo limatsimikizira kuti palibe aliyense angachotsedwe moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu popanda njira ya lamulo yoyambirira [. Imatetezera ku [[[FLT:] ] kudzipha ] . Imateteza ku kulakwa [[[FLT:] [2] ] , kukwera ku Mirnda yotchuka, kuimbidwa ndi komiti yaikulu ndi kuletsa kunyamula katundu wachinsinsi (" Ukuyenera kukhala chete..."""). Imaletsa [[[FLT:] kulakwa koŵirikiza kaŵiri] chifukwa cha mlandu womwewo. Kufunanso kuti maupandu aakulu a boma aikidwe ndi oweruza aakulu ndi kulanda katundu wa anthu popanda anthu onse [FLT:]

Mwayi wolimbana ndi kudzitetezera unali wofunika kwambiri kwa Miranda v. Arizona (66]), yomwe inalamula kuti oyembekezera kugwidwawo adziŵitsidwe za ufulu wawo. Chiganizo choyenera chagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphatikizapo Bill of Rights kutetezera maboma. Kutenga Claus kumatsimikizira kuti pamene boma lipanga malo otchuka, liyenera kulipira mtengo woyenera wa katundu, ngakhale kuti Klo v. City ya ku New London [FLT:] (2005] motsutsana ndi mafotokozedwe a "kugwiritsira ntchito kofala" kuphatikizapo chitukuko cha chuma.

Kusintha Zinthu Kwachisanu ndi chimodzi: Ufulu Woweruzidwa Bwino

Mpando wa Sikisi Wosintha zinthu umapereka umboni wa mlandu ndi mlandu wa anthu [[FLT: 1] ndi juli yopanda tsankho ya boma ndi chigawo kumene upandu unachitidwa. Ilo limatsimikizira kuyenera kwa [ kwa [[FLT:] (Kulimbana ndi Claus]], [ku] ku kachitidwe kokakamiza kuti mupeze mboni zabwino, ndi kukhala ndi kuperekedwa kwa uphungu ] kwa uphungu wa kutetezera. Uphunguliro unawonjezeredwa modabwitsa [FLT:G.] v.[FT.FFT]

Kuyenera kwa ajuli opanda tsankho kwakhala kotsutsana ndi kusankhana mitundu pa nkhani ya upo pa mlandu wa ajuli ndiponso kufalitsidwa kwa milandu.

Kusintha kwa Seveni: Mayeso a Chiŵeniŵeni

Seventh Amend Amendment imasunga kuyenera kwa mlandu wa ajuli m'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni kumene phindu la mkangano limaposa madola makumi aŵiri. Imaletsanso zopezedwa zenizeni za oweruza kupendedwanso ndi khoti lina kusiyapo malamulo wamba. Pamene kuli kwakuti kusintha kumeneku sikunagwirizanitsidwe ntchito ku maboma, malamulo ambiri a boma ali ndi chitetezo chofanana. Ilo limasonyeza kudzipereka kwakukulu kwa nzika kukhala ndi phande m’kachitidwe ka chiweruzo, kulola anthu wamba kusankha mikangano mmalo mwa kuwasiya iwo okha kwa oweruza.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo Kwachisanu ndi Chisanu: Nkhanza ndi Chilango Chachilendo

Mpando wa Azikole wachisanu ndi chitatu umaletsa [[FLT: 0] beil . Kukonza kwakhala kwa mayendedwe aulemu m'Chilango cha ku America. Khoti Lalikulu lakhulupirira kuti chilango cha imfa ndi kuphwanya malamulo ena, kuphatikizapo zilango zachilendo ([FLT:]5]. [FLT:]] Magalimoto asintha mayendedwe a ku America. [FLT:] 2002], ma detime opasaikana chilango cha imfa ndi magawo ena a anthu opalamula milandu, kuphatikizapo zigamu za luntha ([FLT:]]]. Virginia Virginia , 2002, [FLT], [v:]

Kukonzanso kumachepetsa utali wa zigamulo za ndende: mu [FLT :0] Graham v. Florida (2010), Bwalo lamilandu linaletsa moyo popanda kulamula ana kupezeka ndi milandu yosakhala ya ku mbuye. Lamulo loletsa kulipira ndalama zambiri, kutsimikiziridwanso mu Timbs v. Indiana . (2029), limagwira ntchito ku boma ndi maboma akumalo, kuteteza eni katundu ku ku kulephera. Mapangano akupitirizabe kaya njira zina zophera kapena mikhalidwe ya kutsekera imakhala chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo.

Mpumulo Wachinayi: Ufulu Woyenerera Unalandiridwa ndi Anthu

Ninth Amendment imati: "Kuŵerengera m'Malamulo, kwa ufulu wina, sikudzalingaliridwa kukana kapena kuchotsa ena amene anthu akusunga. Kusintha kumeneku kunakonzedwa kuti kudziŵitse mfundo yakuti ngati kuyenera sikunandandanitsidwe mwachindunji, sikuliko. Kwapemphedwa kuchirikiza ufulu walamulo wa kubisika, makamaka mu [[FLT:] Griswold v. [FLD] [[FLD:1] [195] [65] ponena za kuletsa kulera, ndi [[FLT:] v. Mkangano wa [FLT] sukhalapo. [[FLT] [12:3] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [kuchotsa mimba [FL:] ndi kugwetsa [FL:].KK]

Kusintha kwa Chikhumi: Mphamvu Zotsala ku United States

Demendment ya khumi imagogomezera lamulo la boma: "Maulamuliro osaperekedwa ku United States ndi Malamulo, kapena oletsedwa ndi iwo ku United States, amasungidwa ku United States, kapena kwa anthu. Kusintha kumeneku kumachepetsa ulamuliro wa boma ndi kusungitsa ulamuliro wa boma. Ilo latchulidwa m'nkhani zotokosa malamulo a boma, monga ngati Afford Care Active Médicaid Act ([FT:0] National Federation of Independent Busity v. Selius, 2012). Chigamulo cha khumi chikupitirizabe kukhazikitsa mikangano yokhudza boma, kutha kwa zinthu, ndi kulinganiza kwa mphamvu m'dziko m'madera onga ngati a anabibibi.

Kuchokera pa Malamulo Ochepetsa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe Amene Anawonjezera Ufulu wa Anthu

Pambuyo pa kusintha koyambirira khumi, Konsichushoni inasinthidwa nthaŵi zingapo kufutukula ufulu wa anthu ndi kuwongolera chisalungamo cha m’mbiri. Kusintha kumeneku kuli kofunika mofananamo kumvetsetsa mlingo wonse wa ufulu wa Amereka.

Kusintha kwa mu 1865: Kuchotsa Ukapolo

Demetrie (Phinda malamulo) inaletsa ukapolo ndi ukapolo waufulu kusiyapo chilango cha upandu. Iyi inali yoyamba ya Malamulo okonzanso zinthu ndipo inaimira kusintha kwakukulu kwa anthu a ku America. Pamene kuli kwakuti inathetsa kukambitsirana kwaukapolo, "Chilango cha mlandu" chagwiritsiridwa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yokakamiza m'dongosolo la ndende, nkhani ya zitokoso zopitirizabe. Kusinthaku kunapatsanso bungwe mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito malamulo ake, kutsogolera ku zoyenera za anthu m’zaka zapambuyo pake.

Demetriyo ya 14 (1868): Kukhala nzika, Kuyenera, ndi Chitetezo Cholingana

Chigamulo cha 14 Demetriment ndi chofunika kwambiri kukonzanso dziko pambuyo pa Bill of Rights. Chigawo chake Claus chinasintha chikalata cha Khoti Lapamwamba [[FLT: 0] Dectred Scott mwa kulengeza kuti anthu onse obadwa kapena obadwa ku United States ndi nzika za dzikolo kumene amakhala. [FLT:] Bat Commission Classian Clause imawonjezera chitetezo cha Bill of Rights ku maboma kudzera m'chiphunzitso cha kuwonjezera. [FLT:] ALCIT . [FT:] ALTC] AD SE SECITE SE SE PORD

Kusintha kumeneku kwakhala maziko a kupambana kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe, kuphatikizapo Brown v. Board of Education (544) imene inathetsa tsankho la mafuko m'masukulu a anthu onse, Kusudzuka kwa v. Virginia (1967]) yomwe inathetsa ziletso za ukwati wa mafuko osiyanasiyana, ndi bergefell v. Hodges [FLD:5] (2020) zimene zinavomereza ukwati wofanana ndi Sutexfuture. Comme Calaus imakhalabe chiŵiro champhamvu kaamba ka malamulo otsutsa a CD ndi zochita zokopa, ntchito zonga ngati kuvotera, ntchito, ndi maphunziro.

Demeterment Yachisanu (1870): Kuyenera Kusintha Mtundu Wonse

Demendment ya 15 imaletsa maboma a boma ndi boma kukana kuvota nzika za mtundu, mtundu, kapena mkhalidwe wa ukapolo. Mosasamala kanthu za kukonza, misonkho yofunsira, maboma akumwera oika mayeso, ndi chiwopsezo chachiwawa kuti achotse ofufuza a ku African centrankchite pa zaka zana limodzi. Boogration of Voting Rights of 1965 inaikidwa kukakamiza Demendment ya 15, ndi zosankha zotsatira za Khoti Lapamwamba zapitirizabe kukhazikitsa lamulo la ufulu wosankha. Komabe, malamulo aposachedwapa monga [FLT: 0] County v. Haker . Haver . [FLT:] (20.3)) yafooketsa malamulo a ufulu womasintha wa Volting Arct, kutsogolera kutsutsa ufulu wovota.

Mpumulo wa 19 (1920): Kuletsa Akazi

Demetrisement ya 19 inalengeza kuti kuyenera kwa kuvota " sikudzakanidwa kapena kuletsedwa ndi United States kapena ndi Boma lililonse chifukwa cha kugonana. Kusintha kumeneku kunali chimake cha nkhondo ya zaka makumi ambiri ya akazi ndi gulu la akazi, lotsogozedwa ndi manambala onga Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, ndi Alice Paul. Kusinthaku kunakulitsa kwambiri chisankho ndi kukhala chitsanzo cha magulu a ufulu wachibadwidwe otsatira. Kusintha kwa zaka makumi ambiri sikunangochititsa akazi onse, monga Eni American, Asian American, ndi Akuda akazi kuyang'anizanabe ndi ziletso kufikira pambuyo pake chilo cha lamulo la boma.

M’pake kuti ana 20 pa ana 1000 anasintha zinthu (1964): Kuchotsa Misonkho Yosafunika

Demetrisement ya makumi aŵiri ndi anayi inaletsa kugwiritsira ntchito misonkho ya kusankho m'masankho a boma. Misonkho ya kukolo inagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'mayiko a kummwera kuletsa anthu a ku Africa kuti asavote. Kubweza chopinga chimenechi cha zachuma, ngakhale kuti maboma anapezabe njira zina zotsendereza chivoti. Khoti Lapamwamba linawonjezera chiletso cha chisankho mu Harper v. Virginia State Board of Ecstations [1] (19666), likugamula kuti chuma sichili chovomerezeka kusanthula chisankhoti.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa Ma 20 ndi 191: Kukopana kwa Zaka 18

M’nyengo ya 20 ndi 6 ya Mpambo Wosintha zinthu unachepetsa zaka zovota kuchokera pa 21 kufika pa 18, ndipo unasonkhezeredwa ndi mkangano wakuti ngati achinyamata anali achikulire kwakuti nkukakamizidwa kukamenya nkhondo ku Vietnam, anali ndi zaka zokwanira kuvota.

Mmene Kukonza Malamulo Kukugwirizanirana ndi Moyo Wamakono

Kusinthaku sikukuchitika popanda kanthu; kumayesedwa tsiku ndi tsiku kutsutsana ndi tekinoloji yatsopano, madongosolo a anthu, ndi zochita za boma. Mwachitsanzo, chinsinsi cha management chachinayi chimagwirizana ndi mfundo zofunikira zogwirizana ndi kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso zochokera kwa makampani a tekinoloji ndi maprogramu a boma. Lamulo la First Amendment limakayikira malamulo a chidani pa mapulogalamu a za mayanjano, kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a malamulo kufalitsa nkhani, ndi kuchirikiza ndawala za ndale monga mtundu wa kulankhula.

Mpando wachiŵiri wa Amereka udakali pachimake pa mkangano wotsutsana wokhudza kuletsa mfuti, ndipo makhoti akulinganiza ufulu wa munthu ndi malamulo a zachitetezo. Mlandu wa Eighth Amendment ukupitirizabe kudziŵitsa kuti apandu asintha, kuphatikizapo kukambirana za zigamulo zofunikira, kutsekedwa, ndi chilango cha imfa. Malamulo a 144th Expressial Protection Claus amapemphedwa m'nkhondo ya LGBTQ, kuvomereza, ndi malamulo a za kusamukira ku maiko.

Kaamba ka kusanthula kwakukulu kwa milandu ya khoti Lapamwamba lamakono yophatikizapo kukonza zinthu kumeneku, Project imapereka kufupikitsa kwa mlandu ndi kujambula mawu a pakamwa. Kuwonjezerapo, Malamulo a Dzikoli [ akumapereka ziŵiya zothandizira ndi ndemanga za akatswiri.

Kulimbikira Kuteteza Chikhululukiro cha Anthu

Maufulu a nzika samadzikakamiza; amafuna kukhala maso, kuyang’anira, ndi kuweruza kofunitsitsa kuchirikiza malamulo alamulo ngakhale poyang'anizana ndi malingaliro ofala. Maziko asintha nkhondo zambiri za ku America zolongosola mikangano ya anthu. Kuwopseza ufulu umenewu kungabwere kuchokera kwa onse aŵiri a boma ozembera ndi oseŵera achinsinsi, ngakhale kuti Konsichushoni imaletsa kwenikweni ntchito za boma. Mabungwe a chilungamo cha fuko, kulingana kwa akazi, LBTQ + zoyenera, ndi zoyenera za anthu osamukira kumaiko ena onse amadalira pa chinenero cha Bill of Rights ndi Reconvotionsmestment.

Aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika ziyenera kumvetsetsa osati kokha malembo a kusintha kumeneku komanso nkhani za m'mbiri imene anatengedwamo ndi mafotokozedwe amene aumba tanthauzo lawo. Lamulo loikidwiratu limene siliphunziridwa ndi kutetezedwa ndilo lamulo limene limawononga. Mwa kuloŵetsamo zikalata zimenezi za maziko, Aamereka amatengamo mbali m’projekiti yomapanga mgwirizano wangwiro kwambiri.

Mapeto: Mphamvu Yokhalitsa ya Zisungiro za Malamulo

Kusintha kwakukulu kwa Malamulo a United States sikuli zotsala za m'nyengo yakale; iwo ali malonjezo amoyo amene ayenera kukonzedwanso ndi mbadwo uliwonse. Kuchokera ku kutetezera kwa First Amendment kwa mawu otsutsa ndi chitsimikizo cha 144th Amendment cha kutetezeredwa, makonzedwe ameneŵa amapanga mapangidwe alamulo a ufulu wa Amereka. Pamene kuli kwakuti mikangano pa malire awo ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwawo ipitirizabe, chifuno chawo chachikulu sichisintha: kuchepetsa mphamvu za boma ndi kutetezera ulemu wa munthu aliyense.

Kuzindikira kusintha kumeneku kumachititsa nzika kukhala ndi mlandu wa boma, kuzindikira pamene ufulu ukupotozedwa, ndi kuchirikiza kusintha koyenerera. Nkhondo ya ufulu wa anthu siitha, koma Malamulo amapereka zida za nkhondoyo. Monga momwe Woweruza wa Supreme Court William Brennan ananenera, Konsichushoni "ndilo malamulo a ufulu wosayenera . Imauza zimene maboma sangachite kwa inu. Kuteteza anthu a "Ufulu wa Chipulumutso" kuli ntchito yabwino kwa onse amene amasunga ufulu.

Kwa awo amene akufuna kufufuza mowonjezereka, [[FLT: 0] Institute ya Chidziŵitso pa Chilamulo cha Cornell imapereka matembenuzidwe olembedwa a Malamulo ndi kugwirizana kwa zochitika zapadera.