M’nyengo imene kujambula kwa pakompyuta kumasonyeza monga momwe mawu akunenera, kusagwirizana pakati pa kuyang’anira kwa boma ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha kwakhala nkhani yokhudza nthaŵi yathu. Maboma padziko lonse awonjezera mphamvu zawo zoyendera, kaŵirikaŵiri akutchula zofunika za chitetezo cha dziko, pamene nzika ndi ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu amaletsa kuloŵerera pa zachinsinsi za munthu. Nkhaniyi ikupenda malamulo, luso la zopangapanga, ndi malamulo a boma, chitetezo chimene chilipo pa ufulu wa nzika, ndi malo otetezera ufulu wa nzika zimene zidzapanga mikangano yamtsogolo.

Mbiri Yakuchuluka kwa Boma

Kusintha kwa makompyuta sikunayambike; chiyambi chake cha zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo. Maboma oyambirira anagwiritsira ntchito odziŵitsa, kutsekera makalata, ndi kuyang’ana mwakuthupi kutsimikizira kusagwirizana. Zaka za makumi aŵiri zinabweretsa zipangizo zoulutsira mawu ndi zoulutsira zinthu, koma kusintha kwa makompyuta kunasintha kuyang'anira zinthu kukhala kampani yaikulu, yoyendera galimoto. Kumvetsa chisinthiko n’kofunika kwambiri kuti chizindikire kulimba kwa masiku ano pakati pa chisungiko ndi ufulu.

Kuchokera ku Mafoni Kufika ku Kusonkhanitsa Mameseji

Ku United States, nkhondo za lamulo zolimbana ndi kuchotsa mawu a pafoni zinatha mu 1928 ndi mlandu Olstead v. United States [1], kumene Khoti Lalikulu linagamula kuti kugwiritsa ntchito foni sikunapange kufunafuna pansi pa Kukonzanso kwa Four Confternect. Chigamulo chimenecho chinatha mu 1967 ndi Katz v. United States , imene inatsimikizira kuti Kusintha kwa Kambitsiratu kutetezera anthu, osati malo, ndi kuyambitsa “kuyembekeza kwabwino kwa chinsinsi . Lamulo limeneli lidakalibe lamphamvu kuti lipereke chigamulo.

Pambuyo pa 9 /11 C. Act ya USA PARIOTT inathandiza kwambiri kuti boma lizisonkhanitsa makampani, kuchita zinthu zoyendera mafoni, ndi kupeza zilolezo zolankhulirana. Maprogramu monga mameta a metaneti a NSA, amene anaululidwa ndi Edward Snowden mu 2013, anasonyeza kuchuluka kwa kugalamuka kwamakono: marekodi a foni, ma email, ndi Intaneti zinachotsedwa popanda kukayikirana.

Ntchito Zopanga Zokhudza Malamulo Zolamulira

Malamulo osiyanasiyana, zigamulo za khoti, ndi njira zoyang’anira zimayesa kukhazikitsa njira zina zoyendera boma pamene zikuteteza chitetezo cha dziko.

United States: Lamulo lachinayi Losintha Zinthu ndi Lolamulira Malamulo

Chikalata chachinayi cha Lamulo la United States chimaletsa kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri ndipo chimafuna zilolezo zochirikizidwa ndi chothekera. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba lapanga zosiyana, monga “zosoŵa zapadera” chiphunzitso (m’mzera, malo ofufuzira) ndi chiphunzitso chachitatu, chimene chimaphunzitsa kuti chidziŵitsocho chigawana modzifunira ndi mbali yachitatu (monga kampani ya telefoni) yosayembekezera kukhala yachinsinsi. Khoti lomaliziralo lasuliridwa kwambiri m’nyengo ya manambala, monga momwe makampani amachitira chidziŵitso chaumwini.

Malamulo aakulu a boma amaphatikizapo:

  • Kusintha kwa Nzeru kwa Surveillance Act (FASIA) [1] , FISA adapanga khoti lachinsinsi (Khoti la FISA) kuvomereza kuyang'anira maulamuliro achilendo kapena zigamulo. Masinthidwe pambuyo pa 9/11 anafutukula ukulu wake, kuphatikizapo Gawo 215 (mafabedi a malonda) ndi Chigawo 702 (kutsatira anthu osakhala U.S). Zoyesayesa za kusintha, monga USA MBULUMET ya 2015, zinathetsa kusonkhanitsa kwa mametamita a meta ambiri koma zinasiya maulamuliro ena aakulu osawonongeka.
  • PARITIOT Act – maso ofutukulidwa pansi pa FISA ndi lamulo laupandu, kuphatikizapo zikalata zofunsira dziko lonse ndi kuchedwetsa chidziŵitso (“mayeso ndi kuyang'ana”) zilolezo. Makonzedwe ena akuloŵa kwa dzuŵa mu 2020, koma ena akugwirabe ntchito.
  • .Ectronic Communications Iscy Act (ECPA) [[FLT :1] - Maulamuliro kutsekereza njira zolankhulirana zamagetsi ndi zosunga. Osuliza amanena kuti zatha ntchito, makamaka ponena za intaneti yosungidwa kwa masiku 180 (tsopano yokonzedwa ndi CLOUD Act).

Kuyang’anira zinthu ndi kuyang’anira zinthu kumaphatikizapo bungwe lachinsinsi ndi la Civil Libertes Overst Board (PCLOB), oyang’anira makampani akuluakulu, ndi makomiti a bungwe loyang’anira milandu.

European Union: GDPR ndi Tchata cha Ufulu Woyambirira

EU imachita njira yowonjezereka yopezera ufulu. General Data Protection Regation (GDPR), yogwira ntchito mu 2018, imakhazikitsa malamulo okhwima oletsa kuyendetsa zinthu, kuphatikizapo kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo ndi mabungwe a boma (Awumwi mamembala ake sachita zinthu zachisungiko). Bungwe la EU Charter of Fundamental Rights limazindikira kuti munthu aliyense payekha (Article 7) ndi kutetezedwa kwa chidziŵitso (Giplease 8) monga ufulu waukulu. Khoti la Ulaya la Chigawo cha Chilungamo la malamulo a lamulo ndi bungwe la EU-US Shover Desensive poyang'anira milandu, zikuimira uyang'aniro wamphamvu.

Mwachitsanzo, Khoti Loona za Malamulo la ku Germany laletsa njira zoyang’anira, zofunikira kulinganiza ndi chilolezo cha chiweruzo.

United Kingdom: Mphamvu Zofufuza

Bungwe la UK’Spiegigation Powers Act 2016 (IPA) ndi limodzi la malamulo ofufuza kwambiri m'dziko la demokrase. Imafuna oyendetsa ntchito pa Intaneti kuti apitirize kufunafuna mbiri yakale kwa miyezi 12, amalola kusokonezeka kwa zinthu zambiri ndi zipangizo (kugunda), ndipo amapanga “kiyi yachiwiri ya zilolezo: chilolezo cha nduna ya boma ndi bungwe loweruza. Otsutsa IPA amapatsa mphamvu zopitirira malire ndipo satetezedwa bwino. Lamulo lakhala likuyang'anizana ndi mavuto alamulo kuchokera ku magulu achinsinsi ndipo la Insegatation libunanthetsedwa ndi bungwe la Auniversity.

Zinenezo Zina: Ntchito Yapadziko Lonse

  • Canada [1] – The Charter of Rights and Freedoms imatetezera chinsinsi; Bwalo Lapamwamba lafuna zilolezo za kulowa m'zolembedwa za wolembetsa ndi mameta a pa intaneti.
  • Australia [1] [1] – The Tetractive , (Intercerop and Access) Act ndi 2018 Act ndi Access Act imakakamiza makampani a tekinoloji kupereka chithandizo ndi kufooketsa kumasulira.
  • Chicina [1] + "-""-The National Intelligence Law and Social Credit System imatheketsa kuyang'anira kokulira, ndi kutetezera kwa malamulo kochepera kwa nzika. Ufulu wa kukhala kwaumwini sumaonedwa kukhala wofunika.
  • India [1] [1] - system Aadhaar biometric system ndi 2018 Desection Data Bill (pakali pano) imadzutsa nkhaŵa za kuyang'anira kwaunyinji ndi kusoŵeka kwa uyang'aniro waumwini.

Kusiyanasiyana kumeneku kukusonyeza kuti ngakhale kuti mayiko ena amaonetsetsa kuti anthu akukhala paokha, ena amaika zinthu zofunika kwambiri powayang’anira popanda kuwaletsa.

Mavuto a Kupatulapo Ufulu Wokhala Wekha M’nyengo ya Chiŵerengero cha Masamu

Ngakhale kuti pali malamulo ambiri, anthu akuvutikabe kwambiri chifukwa cha luso la zopangapanga loposa malamulo, ndipo luso lofufuza zinthu lakhala lotsika mtengo, lofala kwambiri, ndiponso lovuta kulizindikira.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Luso la Zaluso

Tsopano pali zipangizo zogawira:

  • Intelligence yopanga [1] - Facezial , polishi, ndi kufufuza kwa zolembedwa za munthu kungapende nkhope mamiliyoni ambiri kapena mauthenga panthaŵi yeniyeni. Madongosolo onga makompyuta a ku China ozindikira nkhope kapena kugwiritsira ntchito kwa US AI kuyang'anira manyuzipepala amakweza nkhaŵa zofunikira.
  • DATA Brokerage [1] - Mabungwe a Boma akugula chidziŵitso cha malo, zolemba, ndi chidziŵitso china chaumwini kuchokera kwa ozembetsa a mabizinesi, kaŵirikaŵiri popanda chilolezo. Izi zimatseka malamulo alamulo, monga momwe zawonedwa m'milandu ya Chigawo Chapamwamba cha 2018 Carbatent v. United States , imene inafuna chilo cha malembo a maselo a pulogalamu a pulogalamu a pulogalamu.
  • Kulengeza za Malo a kumbuyo [1] – kusungitsa lamulo kumapita ku “kufikira kwapadera” ku kulemberana ndi mawu obisika, koma akatswiri a chisungiko akuchenjeza kuti kufooketsa kulembedwa kwa mawu olembedwa kumaika pangozi aliyense. FBI imaimika pa iPhofter ya San Bernardo ndi chitsanzo chachikulu.
  • Internet of zinthu (IOT) [FLT ] -Smart , zotengera zolimbitsa, ndi galimoto zimapanga mitsinje ya chidziŵitso yosatha imene ingafikiridwe kapena kugwidwa ndi maboma.

Kusiyana kwa Malamulo ndi Malamulo

Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amavutika kugwiritsira ntchito ziphunzitso zakale ku tekinoloji yatsopano. Chiphunzitso chachitatu, mwachitsanzo, chimatanthauza kuti chidziŵitso chochitidwa ndi mbali yachitatu (monga ISP kapena mitambo) sichingalandire chitetezo chonse chachinayi Commergate. Panthaŵi ino, makhoti achinsinsi onga ngati FISA Court akugwira ntchito ndi njira yochepetsa; boma ndilo gulu lokha limene limapezeka pa nthaŵi zambiri zokambirana, ndipo malamulo safalitsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri. Uyang'aniro wa bungwelo sunga zinthu zoyendera zinthu zotsatapo zokhala ndi zigamulo (monga Chigawo 702) saloledwanso ndi nkhani zochepa.

Kuzindikira Anthu ndi Chiŵeniŵeni

Zivumbulutso za Snowden zinali nthaŵi yochenjezedwa kuti anthu adziŵe. Chiyambireni pamenepo, magulu onga ngati Expronic Frontive Foundation (EFF) , , American Civil Liberesties Union (ACLU) [1] , ndi Common International yatsogolera mkupiti, puligation, ndi maphunziro a anthu onse amaphatikizapo:

  • Makhoti opambana amatokosa NSA (m., [[FLT: 0] Capper v. Amnesty International yoimirira; ACLU v. Clapper [FLT : 3] pa metam').
  • Malamulo a zachinsinsi a boma, monga ngati Consumer Inficture Act ya California (CCPA).
  • Kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa manambala padziko lonse, kuphatikizapo Nacessary ndi Proportionete Principles

Pa kafukufuku wina amene anachitika ku America, anapeza kuti anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti satha kusamala zinthu zimene akudziwa, koma ochepa okha ndi amene amateteza zinthuzo.

Zimene Mungachite Kuti Muteteze Ufulu Wanu

Munthu aliyense akhoza kuchitapo kanthu kuti achepetse kuonetsedwa ndi munthu amene wachita zimenezi, ngakhale kuti palibe njira yodziwira kuti sakulephera, koma kuchita zinthu zingapo kumathandiza kwambiri kuti munthu akhale ndi zinthu zachinsinsi.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Magetsi Opatsa Ubongo

  • Kupyolera Kulankhulana ] – Gwiritsani ntchito ma appensi olembedwa mobisa monga Chilembo kapena Chitsogozo (ndi njira zachinsinsi). Lolerani kumasulira kwa disiki pa zipangizo.
  • Maneseti achinsinsi (VPN) [1] [1] [1] - A covertifish PP angaphimbe keyala yanu ya IP ndi kuimirira, ngakhale kuti sikukupangitsani kukhala wosadziŵika. Sankhani malo operekera zinthu amene satha kulemba maina.
  • Kudziwitsa zinthu zachinsinsi – Gwiritsani ntchito zofufuzira zokhala ndi mbali zachinsinsi zolimba (Firefox, Brave) ndi zowonjezera zonga uingstom Origin, Amfis Badger, ndi HTTPS Kulikonse. Ganizirani Tor zolembapo za ntchito zamphamvu.
  • Mamanejala a Chilolezo – Molung ndi kusunga ma password amphamvu; gwiritsirani ntchito chitsimikizo cha zinthu ziŵiri (mwachidziŵikire cha magetsi kapena chozikidwa pa SMS).
  • , Kugaŵana [[FLT :1] – Zombo za kubwereramo pa app, peŵani kujambula malo pokhapo ngati kuli kofunika, ndi kusankha ndandanda ya madata (m., kupyola ku mautumiki onga ngati Delete Me).

Dziŵani Ufulu Wanu wa Malamulo

Kuzindikira pamene lamulo losungitsa malamulo lingafune chidziŵitso chanu kumakuthandizani kuyankha moyenerera. Ku United States, muli ndi ufulu wa kukhala chete, kukana kufunafuna (panda chilolezo), ndi kupempha loya. Pamene mukumana ndi nthumwi za boma, kuli bwino kunena chilichonse choposa kupereka chizindikiritso ndi kulankhula ndi loya. ACLU’s Know Know Your Rights tsamba [ imapereka chitsogozo kaamba ka zochitika zosiyanasiyana.

Khalani Wophunzira

[[FLT :] Mabungwe osankhidwa [[FLT:] kuti afotokoze nkhaŵa za malamulo ofufuza. [FLT :1] Ogwirizana omenyera ufulu wachinsinsi, onga ngati EFF ndi ACLU . Osankhidwa kufotokoza nkhaŵa za malamulo ofufuza. [FLT:] Ogwirizana ofunsira ufulu wa anthu. [[FLT:] Ofuna ufulu wa anthu.

Mtsogolo mwa Kusoŵa Zinthu ndi Kukhala Wekha

Zomwe boma limachita pofufuza anthu zikhoza kuchititsa kuti zinthu zina zikhale zosavuta kukhudza anthu ena kapena kuti zikhale zosokoneza kwambiri.

Njira Zothetsera Vutoli

  • [[MLT:0] Zero-Lzivomezi Zimapereka Umboni [1] – Lolani kutsimikizira kwa chidziŵitso popanda kuvumbula chidziŵitsocho, kutheketsa kusunga zitsimikiziro zachinsinsi ndi malonda.
  • Kusokosa kwa Homorphic [[[FL:1] – kutsegulira kuŵerengera pa chidziŵitso cholembedwa, chotero maboma akanatha kukonza chidziŵitso popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosafunika.
  • Manesethi a centraliked [[FT:1] – Blockchain ndi ausinkhu wanu ndi anzanu angachititse kuti asadalire kwambiri maseŵero apakati amene ali mitu yosavuta kuyang’aniridwa.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo Kuyandikira

Mbali Yomakula ya Chiŵeniŵeni

Kubisa zinthu zachinsinsi kwakhala mphamvu yaikulu. Kulankhula ndi boma, kulimbikitsa malamulo, ndi ndawala zodziŵitsa anthu zapeza phindu latanthauzo, monga kutha kwa zopereka za metadata zochuluka ndi kutchula kwamphamvu kochokera ku makampani a tekinoloji. Malo otsatirawa amaphatikizapo kutokosa kugwiritsa ntchito nkhope, kuchepetsa kugula zinthu ndi malamulo, ndi kuŵerengera malamulo.

Ngozi ya Mpikisano wa Zida Zochuluka

Pamene zolembera ndi zipangizo zachinsinsi zikhala zopezeka, maboma ena angafune mphamvu zoloŵa m’malo a kuseri kwa nyumba kapena pulogalamu ya kampani. Bungwe la UK’S Online Safety Bill, limaphatikizapo zinthu zimene zingakakamize mapulatifomu kutsegulira mauthenga otsekeredwa osonyeza nkhanza ya ana, zimene zingawonongetse ogwiritsa ntchito onse. Kusamala kwa anthu ndi chinsinsi kudzakhala kotsutsana.

Mtsogolo mwawo simunalinganizidwetu, chifukwa chakuti kulimba mtima, kukangana kwa anthu onse kodziŵa bwino, ndi mavuto aakulu a zamalamulo adzatsimikizira kaya kufutukuka kwa kuyang’anira kapena kuloŵetsedwa m’malamulo a demokalase ndi zoyenera za anthu.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a boma oyendera boma saikidwa; amatsutsidwa nthaŵi zonse m’makhoti, m'malamulo, ndi m'malo a anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo onga Lachinayi Amendment ndi GDPR amapereka chitetezo chofunika, iwo amayang'anizana ndi chitsenderezo cha kuyambika kwa luso la zopangapanga ndi luso la zachitetezo. Nzika zili ndi ufulu ndi thayo lakumvetsetsa nkhani zimenezi ndi kuchirikiza malire a zachinsinsi. Mwakukhalabe odziŵa, kugwiritsira ntchito zida zotetezera, ndi kuchita ntchito demokrase, anthu angathandizire mtsogolo mmene ufulu sungathere pamtengopo.