Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zimene zimachitika pakachitika ngozi, kupenda mbali zosiyanasiyana za mayiko, ntchito za boma, mavuto amene mabungwe a boma, ndiponso njira zabwino zimene amayendera pa nthawi iliyonse.

Kuzindikira Mmene Anthu Adzayankhire Pakagwa Tsoka

Kuyankha tsoka ku United States kumagwira ntchito pa maziko ambiri omangidwa pa mfundo yachikhalidwe: mlingo wa boma wochepa kwambiri umakhala wotsogolera kufikira chuma chake chakuchuluka. Magawo atatu aakulu . malo, boma, ndi boma . Iliyonse imabweretsa maulamuliro, mphamvu, ndi malire a ngozi. Kuyankha kothandiza kumadalira pa kugwirizana kwabwino ndi njira zomveka zolankhulirana pakati pa mizere imeneyi.

Chiyeso cha Kuderali: Anthu Ayamba Kumvetsera

Mabungwe akwawo, kuphatikizapo apolisi, ozimitsa moto, mautumiki a zachipatala (EMS), ndi maofesi a zaumoyo akomweko, ndizo choyamba kufika pamalo a tsoka. Amachititsa kufufuza ndi kupulumutsa, kupereka chisamaliro chamwadzidzidzi, kukhazikitsa lamulo la chochitika, ndi kuyamba kusamuka. Chifukwa chakuti amagwira ntchito m'magawo ozoloŵereka ndi a chitaganya, oyankha a m'malowo akhoza kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga, koma alinso osavuta kukhudzidwa ndi tsokalo. Antchito, zipangizo, ndi kugaŵira zopimirapo kaŵirikaŵiri zimaonekera m'maola oyambirira. Apolisi a National Infident Manage Manage Management System (NMS) ANUNANU:1] ndi [FL:] Lamulo la mchitidwe wotsatira njira (FLP.FFF:3]

Boma: Kugwirizana ndi Kusokonezedwa kwa Chuma

Maboma amatumikira monga mlatho wofunika pakati pa zoyesayesa za kumaloko ndi boma. Pamene tsoka ligonjetsa maluso a kumaloko, kazembe angalengetse boma langozi, limene limavomereza kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama za boma, limachititsa makampani a zangozi (EOC), ndipo limatumiza mabungwe a boma monga National Guard, polisi, ndi madipatimenti a za zachitetezo ndi zaumoyo. Maboma amayang'aniranso mapangano a chithandizo kudzera ku [FLT: 0] . Chivomerezo cha Uyang'anira Umbanja (EMAC) , kuwalola kupempha antchito ndi ziŵiya za boma kuchokera ku maiko ena. Mabomawo ndiwo ntchito yaikulu yothandiza, katundu, ndi kupereka chithandizo cha boma chimene maboma sangathe kuchirikiza. Komabe, boma lingakhoze kuyankha kopanikiza ndi kugoma kwa andale, ndi kuyendetsa polisi.

Kuima kwa Msana ndi Kulimbana ndi Magulu Osiyanasiyana

Boma la boma, makamaka kudzera mwa Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) , imaloŵa pamene tsoka liposa boma ndi malo akwawo. Stafford Act kuchokera kwa Pulezidenti atsegula thandizo la boma, kuphatikizapo chithandizo cha boma, kubwezeredwa kwa zobweza, ndi kuperekedwa kwa chuma cha boma monga kufunafuna m’tauni, ndi kutumiza ntchito, Corut Office, ndi chuma cha asilikali. FMA imagwirizana ndi antchito ena a boma monga [[FLT:] Madera a kuyang'anira matenda ndi Krete (CDC) [FL:3] kwa anthu onse, [FLT], [FFON] ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamphamvu kwa , kukhoza kuthandizira kwaunika kwaumoyo, [FOK:] ndi kuchirikiza kuyendetsa ntchito kwamphamvu kwa .

Kupenda 1: Mphepo Katrina (2005) – Kulephera kwa Mphepo

Mphepo ya Katrina ndi imene inawononga kwambiri anthu ambiri kuposa kale lonse.

Kulabadira kwa Kumalowo

Mzinda wa New Orleans ndi magawo ozungulira unagonjetsedwa mofulumira. Dipatimenti ya Apolisi a New Orleans inataya njira zolankhulirana, ndipo maofesala ambiri anataya malo awo. Makonzedwe a tauniyo anadalira kwambiri pa galimoto zaumwini, kutsala kwa anthu opanda galimoto. Zoyesayesa zopulumutsa zinachitidwa ndi magulu a anthu wamba ndi othandizira oyamba kugwiritsira ntchito mabwato achinsinsi, koma kusoŵa kwa ogwirizana. Ofesi ya kumaloko yokonzekera zamwadzidzidzi inali yopanda chuma cha kuyang'anira mlingo wa tsokalo. Pamene chigumula chinakwera, Superdome ndi Convention Center inakhala malo osungirako anthu otsala ndi chakudya chopereŵera, madzi, ndi ukhondo.

Chivomerezo cha Boma

Kazembe Kazanle Blanco analengeza za ngozi isanafike pogwa, koma boma linayang'anizana ndi mavuto aakulu. Louisiana National Guard inaikidwa, koma magulu ambiri anali a ku Iraq, kuchepetsa mphamvu za anthu. Kulephera kwa kulankhulana pakati pa boma EOC ndi mabungwe a kumeneko kunachedwetsa kuperekedwa kwa katundu. Pempho la bomalo la chithandizo linachedwa kukwaniritsidwa, ndipo kazembe wa bomayo sanafune kukhazikitsa lamulo lonse la boma lopanga mkangano. Bomalo linalimbananso ndi kulinganiza kwa kutha kwa anthu ambiri ndi kubisa, monga momwe mapulani asanafike a kulephera kwa leve.

Kulabadira kwa Gulu Lankhondo

Chiyankhiro cha boma pansi pa FEMA chinasulizidwa kwambiri kukhala chochedwa, chopatulidwa, ndi chogaŵanitsidwa. Mtsogoleri wa bungwe la FEMA Michael Brown anakhala chizindikiro cha kusagwira ntchito bwino pambuyo pouza atolankhani kuti bungwelo langophunzira za mikhalidwe ya Convention Center pambuyo pa chimphepo. Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security, yongolengedwa kumene pambuyo pa 9 / 11, inalephera kuika pamodzi mabungwe ake othandizira. U.S. Cororty . Coart . . Coart [1] adachita ntchito zamphamvu, koma kuyesayesa kwa boma konse kunaletsedwa ndi kusoŵa zopereka katundu, kulephera kuvomereza kuwopsa kwa mkhalidwewo. Kufufuza kotsatirakutsogolera kukonza kochititsa tsoka, kuphatikizapo kuyankha koopsa kwa [FT.Krometa:]

Phunziro lalikulu: Kumveka kwa njira zolankhulirana, kukonza chuma cha boma, ndi ndandanda ya lamulo yogwirizana n’zofunika.

Phunziro Lachiwiri: Moto wa ku California (208) – Kuphulika kwa Moto Woopsa

Mu 2018, California inakhala ndi nyengo yamoto wamoto woopsa kwambiri panthawiyo, ndipo inathera ku Camp Fire (November) yomwe inawononga tauni ya Paradaiso ndi kupha anthu 85. Kulabadirako kunasonyeza kuti anthu a m’dera la nkhalangoli amagwirizana kwambiri komanso kuti anthu ambiri ayamba kusokonezeka.

Kulabadira kwa Kumalowo

Madipatimenti a moto a kumaloko, kuphatikizapo Cal Fire (bungwe lozimitsa moto) adayamba kuonekera. Ofesi ya Kampu inakula kwambiri chifukwa cha chilala, mphepo yamphamvu, ndi mafuta ouma. Malamulo a boma ndi oyang'anira zangozi anatumiza madalensi opulumukira, koma liŵiro la moto woposa madongosolo ochenjeza. Anthu ena sanalandire chidziŵitso choletsa moto ndipo anafunikira kuthaŵa pansi. Ofesi ya Butte County Sheriff inagwiritsa ntchito kubwezera mafoni 911, koma nyumba zambiri za maselo zinalephera. Ngakhale kuti panali mavutowa, anthu a m'deralo anapulumutsa miyoyo, ndipo pambuyo pa zochitika zawo anaonetsa kuti anthu oyamba kuyankha ndi kuyankha.

Chivomerezo cha Boma

Brochur Jerry Brown analengeza za mkhalidwe wangozi ndi kusonkhezera National Guard , yomwe inapereka chichirikizo cha ndege, kufunafuna ndi kupulumutsa magulu, ndi zofufuza. Komiti ya California ya Emergency Services (Cal OES) inagwirizanitsa chithandizo cha madipatimenti a moto kuzungulira dzikolo ndi kutumiza chuma kuchokera ku [FLT: 0] Calinia Fire and Movement Transpart Aid System [1]. Boma linagwiritsiranso ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito yake yoneneratu ndi mafanizo a pulogalamu a moto kuyang'ana. Komabe, chiŵerengero chachikulu cha moto wovunda wa kamodzi, kuvumbula kuti ngakhale boma lokonzedwa bwino lingawongoletsedwa ndi nyengo yotentha.

Kulabadira kwa Gulu Lankhondo

FEMA Implationd Fire Management Grants (FMAGs) yovomerezedwa m’maola, yokwanira 75% ya mtengo woyenerera wotsekereza moto. . Komiti ya Nkhalango inatumiza zonyamula zowonjezedwa ndi makampani a manja, ndi [[FLT] National Enternational Service [[FMATION]] Service Yopereka zowotcha za nyengo ya mlengalenga yowopsa. Chivomerezo chinatama chifukwa cha liŵiro ndi kugwirizana, makamaka Katrina. Komabe, mbali yowongolera yosonyezedwa: kubwera kwaing'ono ndi opulumuka ndi okalamba anayesayesa kupeza chithandizo cha FEMA, ndi kukonzanso mikangano. Nkhaniyo ikugogomezera kufunika kwa bungwe la boma lopanda kuchirikiza kuchiritsa kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndi kukonzanso.

Phunziro lalikulu: Madongosolo othandizana ndi kuneneratu za nyengo zimene zikukhalapo zimapangitsa kuti anthu azichitapo kanthu, koma kukonzekera kwa anthu ndi zolinga zolimba zothawa n’zofunikanso.

Kufufuza za Apolisi 3: CHOVID-19 Pandemic (20/%2022) – Kuyesa Kupanikizika kwa Dziko Lonse

Mliri wa Chovid-19 sunali wofanana ndi tsoka lililonse m'mbiri yamakono, kuyambukira mlingo uliwonse wa boma panthaŵi imodzi ndi kupitirizabe kwa zaka. Kuyankha kunasonyeza kupereŵera kwa njira ya kulabadira tsoka yolinganizidwira kuopsa, m’madera ambiri kunali ndi zochitika pamene anthu ayang’anizana ndi vuto laumoyo lofalikira kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Kulabadira kwa Kumalowo

Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a kumaloko anakhala ziwiya zopimira, zopimira, ndi katemera. Matauni ndi magawo a mabomba anapereka malamulo, sukulu zotseka ndi mabizinesi, ndi kukhazikitsa zipatala zosakhalitsa. Komabe, ntchito za kumaloko zinasiyanasiyana: madipatimenti okonzedwa bwino m'madera a m'matauni anapambana, pamene madipatimenti akumidzi ndi osoŵa ntchito. Kudalira pa zochita za kumaloko kunatsogolera ku ntchito yosokoneza malamulo a anthu ndi ovuta. Akuluakulu ambiri a kumaloko anayang'anizananso ndi chitsutso ndi ziwopsezo za ndale zandale, kusonyeza kupsinjika maganizo kwa anthu a m'nthaŵi yaitali.

Chivomerezo cha Boma

Bwanamkubwa a boma anali ndi ulamuliro waukulu, kupereka malamulo a kukhalabe panyumba, kuyang'anira ntchito yachipatala, ndi kugaŵira zida zotetezera zaumwini (PPE) ndi akatemera. Mayiko ena, monga New York ndi California, anachitapo kanthu mwamsanga; ena anazengereza, kuchititsa kuti pakhale zotsatirapo zochepera. National Guard Livelve] anaikidwa kuti achirikize malo oyesera, zipatala zogwirira ntchito, ndipo pambuyo pake anathandiza ndi mankhwala a katemera. Maboma anapikisananso ndi ena ndi boma la boma kaamba ka kusoŵa kwa zopereka, kuvumbula zofooka mtoko. Kusoŵa kwa buku lapamwamba la m'dziko kaamba ka mliri wa zipolo za dziko lonse, ndi zotulukapo zake.

Kulabadira kwa Gulu Lankhondo

Yankho la boma linalephera. Kuyesa kuyambika kunachedwetsedwa, ndipo mabokosi oyambirira oyesera a CDC anali ndi vuto. Trump Administration adapempha [[FLT:] Defense Production Act kufulumizitsa kupanga ma a opatsira ndi PPPE, koma kugaŵira kunasulizidwa monga kosonkhezeredwa ndi ndale zadziko. Nkhondo yankhondo inapereka zida zambiri zogwira ntchito m'nthaŵi, kupambana kwa boma. FEMA inasinthanso kuchirikiza malo opangirako maupandu, ndi CD . [FLT.] CD . [FLT.5] inatulutsa malangizo amene nthaŵi zinatsutsana ndi malamulo a boma.

Phunziro lalikulu: Zoopsa zaumoyo za anthu zimafunikira akuluakulu odzipereka, kuwonjezereka kwa maluso a zaumoyo, ndi njira yadziko yogwirizana yokhudza ufulu wa kumaloko pamene akutsimikizira kusasintha.

Phunziro la Nkhani 4: Mphepo ya Hurricane Harvey (2017) – Mphamvu ya Kuthandizana ndi Kudzipereka

Mphepo ya Hurricane Harvey inagwetsa mzinda wa Texas mu August 2017, ndipo m’madera ena inagwetsa mvula yokwana masentimita 40 ndipo inagwetsa madzi ambiri ku Houston ndi m’madera ena.

Kulabadira kwa Kumalowo

Opereka chivomerezo choyamba ku Houston anatsogolera zikwi zambiri za zopulumutsa za madzi, kaŵirikaŵiri kugwiritsira ntchito magalimoto a madzi apamwamba ndi mabwato operekedwa ndi nzika zapathengo. Mzindawo unasonkhezera malo ake opulumukira osoŵa madzi, koma kusefukira kwa madzi kofulumira kunachititsa madongosolo a madzi ndi kusiya ambiri osoŵa. Madera a sukulu ndi matchalitchi anatsegula malo ogona, ndipo a Kajun Navy [1] [1] [1] [1] Odzipereka odzifunira a oyendetsa mabwato a anthu wamba.

Chivomerezo cha Boma

Bwanamkubwa wa Texas Greg Abbott anasonkhanitsa magulu onse a ku Texas National Guard , anakhazikitsa magulu opulumutsa a madzi othamanga, ndi kugwirizanitsa ndi Department of Emergency Management . Bomalo linagwiritsira ntchito Texas Intexas Instatefict Aid System kubweretsa madipatimenti a moto kuchokera ku madera ena. Texas inakulitsanso malo obisala ndi kukhazikitsa Boma Center ku Austin kuyang'anira zifuno. Kufufuza kwamphamvu kwa boma kwapasada za chuma, kodziŵitsidwa ndi maphunziro kuchokera ku mphepo zapapitapo, kunayamikiridwa mofala.

Kulabadira kwa Gulu Lankhondo

FEMA yoikidwa pasadakhale katundu ndi antchito asanayambe kugwa, Phunzirani pa kulephera kwa Katrina. Bungwelo linachita ndi boma, ndipo pulezidenti Trump anasaina zilengezo zambiri za tsoka. Gulu la asilikali la ku United States linayang'anira kusefukira kwa madzi ndipo pambuyo pake linathandiza kuchotsa zinyalala. Komabe, kuchira kunatenga zaka zambiri, ndipo mabanja ambiri osoŵa anayesetsa kuyendetsa FAMA . Mkuntho unagogomezeranso kupereŵera kwa National Flood Inshuwalance Program , kutsogolera ku kusintha.

Phunziro lalikulu: Kuika mitu ya zopereka ndi kugwirizanitsa makampani a antchito odzifunira kungawongolere kwambiri zotulukapo, koma kuchira kumafuna kudzipereka kwa boma.

Maphunziro Ophunziridwa pa Kufufuza Zotsatirapo za Ngozi

Kumapeto kwa kufufuza kwa milandu inayi kumeneku, pabuka nkhani zingapo zimene zingatsogolere kuyendetsedwa kwa machitidwe, maphunziro, ndi kuikizira ndalama:

  • Kukonzekera kuli ntchito yopitirizabe, osati chochitika. Mlingo uliwonse wa boma uyenera kuchititsa kuyeseza kokhazikika, mapulani okonza zinthu, ndi kusungitsa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zisanagwe m’tsoka. Katrina ndi Harvey onse aŵiri amasonyeza kuti chuma choikidwa pasadakhale chimapulumutsa miyoyo.
  • Kugwirizana ndi kugwirizana ndizo maziko a yankho. Kulephera kwa Katrina ndi kuyambiriro kwa COVID ndi kuyankha kotsutsana. KUSANKHANA kwa bungwe ndi mauthenga otsutsana. NIMS ndi ICS kumapereka maziko, koma kugwirizana kwenikweni kumafuna kukhulupirirana ndi kuzindikirana kwa zochitika.
  • Kulimba ndi kukonza nkofunika kwambiri. Mliri wa M'kampu wa Moto ndi mliri wa CVOVID-19 zonse ziŵiri zinafuna kuti oyankhawo asinthe mapulani panthaŵi yeniyeni. Malamulo a Rigid angaletse mmalo mwa thandizo.
  • [[FLT : 0] Kuyenera kumangidwa kukhala yankho ndi kuchira. Mamudzi otsika olandira, anthu a mitundu, ndi okalamba amayambukiridwa mokulira ndipo amayang'anizana ndi zopinga zazikulu za kupeza chithandizo. Kufikitsa ndi njira zofeŵetsa nzofunika.
  • Kuthandizana ndi kugwirizana kwa anthu onse modzifunira kuwonjezera zinthu. EMAC, Navy Cajun, ndi makampani aunyolo onse anasonyeza kuti palibe mlingo umodzi wa boma umene ungachite zimenezi. Kupanga mayanjano ameneŵa asanadzetse vuto kumawononga ndalama.
  • Kusintha kwa zinthu kukuwonjezera masoka. Moto wa mkuntho, ndi miliri ikuwonjezereka kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kuopsa. Maselo a kusintha ayenera kusintha kuti aone zinthu zimene zikuchitika.

Kumaliza

Tsoka la tsoka m'mayiko onse ndilo kuchuluka kwa anthu oyesayesa, madongosolo a boma, ndi cholinga cha ndale. Kufufuza kokhudza mphepo Katrina, nkhalango za California, mliri wa CHOVID-19, ndi mphepo ya mkuntho Harvey kuvumbula zonse ziŵiri kuthekera kwa kugwirizana kwapadera ndi ngozi ya kusakonzekera. Pamlingo wa kumaloko, ngwazi zimatuluka koma chuma chimachepa. Pamlingo wa boma, makina ogwirizanitsa zinthu ayenera kukhala achangu ndi ogwiritsidwa bwino ntchito bwino. Pamlingo wa boma, liŵiro ndi mlingo ziyenera kulinganizidwa ndi ulemu kaamba ka ulamuliro ndi chitaganya. Mwa kuphunzira zochitika zimenezi . Zomwe zimalephera kwawo ndi kupambana kwawo, mabwana a makampani, opanga malamulo, ndi nzika zingapange madongosolo olimba kwambiri kaamba ka mavuto apamwamba.

Kuti muŵerenge mowonjezereka, fufuzani FEMA’s . gov [FLT :1] zotsogolera za kukonzekera, [[FLT :2] CDC's Center for Listen and Respoir , ndi NAMBA ya magetsi a nyukiliya . Maphunziro a masoka ameneŵa sali chabe mbiri yakale [1]