Kupereka Malipiro: Kufuna Kukonzanso Zinthu

Malo a m'mizinda ndi maziko a zachuma, thanzi la anthu, ndi moyo wabwino. Malaŵi, mapulogalamu, madongosolo a madzi, mapulogalamu, ndi magalimoto oyendera anthu onse amapanga dongosolo la kuyenda kwa magazi m’mizinda yamakono. Komabe, kusiyana kwakukulu ndi kuwonjezereka kulipo pakati pa zinthu zofunika za m'mafakitale za m’zaka za zana la 21 ndi kukhoza kwa ndalama za anthu. Makampani a America a Zipani za Azipangizo za U.S. maziko a , pamene mizinda m'maiko omatukuka ayenera kupanga madongosolo athunthu kuchokera ku kukula kwa anthu ambiri. Makampani a zamalonda a zamalonda (makampani a za m'dziko, a boma, amapatsa ndalama, ndi maboma a boma apamwamba kwambiri. Malamulo amasokonezedwa ndi kupikisana kwa anthu otchuka kwa zaka zambiri.

Chitsenderezo cha zachuma chimenechi chachititsa kulinganiza zinthu kwapamwamba pa zachuma. Matauni ndi ochirikiza ntchito za maprojekiti akuyang'ana mowonjezereka kupyola pa chikwama cha anthu onse kuti apeze ndalama zachinsinsi, kugwirizanitsa malonda ndi zolinga za anthu ndi malo okhala, ndi kufalitsa ngozi zambiri. Zotsatira zake ndizo kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosiyanasiyana ndi zopangidwa mwaluso. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mbali zazikulu kwambiri za mafanizo ameneŵa, kulongosola mmene akugwira ntchito, kumene ali ogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti athe kukwaniritsa bwino ntchito zawo. Kumvetsa malo a zachuma ameneŵa n’kofunika kwambiri kwa opanga malamulo, mapulani a m’mizinda, ndi opanga makampani opanga zinthu mosinthasinthasintha, oyenerera, ndi mizinda ya m’tsogolo.

Kugwirizana kwa Anthu: Koposa Kuchiritsa Kwamwambo

Public PPs (PP) imaimira kusintha kwakukulu kwa kugula kwa mwambo. Mmalo mwa kukonza, kumanga, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chuma paokha, PPP imathandizira chipambano, likulu, ndi ukatswiri wa chigawo cha anthu wamba. Chiphunzitso chachikulu ndicho pangano lanthaŵi yaitali kumene mnzakeyo amakhala ndi ngozi yaikulu ndi udindo wopereka utumiki wa onse kapena chuma. Chipangizo chimenechi chasintha kukhala chida champhamvu choperekera zinthu zazikulu, makamaka m'zoyendera, mphamvu, ndi m'magawo a madzi, pamene chikhala cholinganizidwa bwino.

Kusinthasintha kwa Malo a PPP

Mawu akuti "PPP" amaphatikizapo njira zosiyanasiyana za kuvomerezedwa, iliyonse yokhala ndi ngozi yapadera imakhala ndi mbali yake. Kumvetsa kusintha kwake ndi mfungulo yosankhira njira yoyenera yochitira ntchito imene yaperekedwa.

  • Kusunga Malo-Ainjini-Operate-kusunga (DBFOM): Imeneyi ndi chitsanzo chokwanira pamene mnzake wachinsinsi ali ndi thayo la mipata yonse ya ntchito ya moyo wa project. Kagulu ka anthu kamatchula zofunika zotulutsidwa (m'b., "a 10-emphake , msewu waukulu wokhala ndi liŵiro lapadera" pamene mnzake wachinsinsi wasiyidwa kutsegula ndi kutumiza. Zitsanzo zimenezi zimawonjezera kukwera ndi kukwera kwa mtengo kwa nyengo yaitali ya chilengedwe.
  • Mapangano: Polola, boma limapatsa gulu laumwini kuyenera kwa kugwira ntchito, kusunga, ndi kusonkhanitsa ndalama kuchokera ku chuma chomwe chilipo kwa nyengo yakutiyakuti. Mnzakeyo kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga kuwongolera kwakukulu monga mbali ya ntchito. Zimenezi nzofala kwa mabwalo a ndege, madoko, ndi misewu ya ndalama.
  • Kumanga-Operate-Tansfer (BOT): [[FLT ] Mpangidwe wa PPP, kumene mnzake waumwini amamanga malo, amagwiritsira ntchito ilo kwa nyengo yoikizidwa kuwonjezera malonda ake ndi kupezanso ndalama zobwezedwa, ndiyeno kusamutsiranso uniwake ku chigawo cha anthu onse popanda mtengo.

Kusankha kapangidwe ka zinthu zimenezi kumadalira kwambiri pa mtundu wa zinthu zimene zili ndi chumacho, ndalama zimene anthu angapeze (mwachitsanzo, ndalama zimene boma limalipira ndi zimene boma limalipira), ndiponso luso la anthu la kuyendetsa panganolo kwa nthawi yaitali.

Kusamuka Kwawo Kukakhala Pangozi Ndiponso Kupeza Ndalama Zofunika

Chilungamo chachikulu cha kugwiritsira ntchito PPP ndicho lingaliro la Preasure for Money (VfM), limene limaposa mtengo wotsika kwambiri womanga. VfM imapezedwa pamene ngozi zosamutsidwira ku chigawo cha anthu wamba zitulukapo kutsika kwa mtengo wa moyo kuposa ngati boma linapereka ntchitoyo. Maupandu aakulu m'projekiti iliyonse ya zamaziko a zinthu ndi monga kuchedwa kumanga, kulephera kugwira ntchito, ndi kulephera kugula zinthu.

Pa PPP yokonzedwa bwino, maupandu amaperekedwa kwa chipani chokhoza kuyang'anira. Mwachitsanzo, communium yaumwini ili yokonzeka bwinopo kuyang'anira kuopsa kwa kukonza ntchito, pamene boma lingasunge kuopsa kwa ndale zadziko kapena kubwerera m'malo. Ngati mnzakeyo apeputsa mavolo ambiri a galimoto pamsewu (ngozi yoikidwiratu), imakhala ndi zotsatira za ndalama, osati wopereka msonkho. Kulinganiza kumeneku kwa zisonkhezero kumalimbikitsa khama lofunikira ndi kuyendetsa ntchito. Komabe, PPPP si chipolo cha siliva. Zimafunikira mphamvu za anthu kuti athe kukambirana mapangano ovuta ndi ziwitso zalamulo kuti zipitirire. [FL: 0] [FL:]

Kuikiza: Likulu la Chikumbumtima

Mbali yaikulu ya likulu la anthu ikufunafuna mokangalika kusungitsa ndalama zimene zimapanga mapindu a chitaganya ndi malo okhala mogwirizana ndi mapindu a ndalama. Imeneyi ndi ntchito ya kubweretsa chiyambukiro, ndipo maziko a zinthu ngoyenerera ku nzeru imeneyi. Maprojekiti a Urban . Kuchokera ku malo opangira mphamvu zomasulirira ndi kutumiza kwa anthu kwabwino kufikira ku kukhoza kwa nyumba ndi madongosolo a madzi oyera .

Olinganiza achuma sangopeŵa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu (EG kuonera); iwo akufunitsitsa kuthandizira pa zotsatirapo zabwino. Kusintha kumeneku kukutsegula madamu aakulu a likulu, kuphatikizapo ndalama za penshoni ndi ndalama zachuma, zimene zili ndi dongosolo la ndalama zapanthaŵi yaitali lolingana ndendende ndi mkhalidwe wa zinthu zamakono. [FLT][1] INTERN] INTERNT Internet ENDING , [[GAMBIL:2] imayendera malonda akukula, amene tsopano amaimira madola mamiliyoni zikwi zambiri m'ambalidi m'mayang'a ntchito imeneyi yogwiritsira ntchito m'mlengalenga yonga IRIS, kulongosola, ndi lipoti la kuchuluka kwawo, ndi kutulutsa kwa anthu ena.

Kubwereranso kwa Ntchito

Chimodzi cha zitokoso za kulinganiza kukwera kwa malo a zamalonda ndicho kulinganiza chikhumbo cha kupikisana kwa malonda ndi kufunikira kwa anthu. Maprojekiti amene amapatsa anthu otsika kapena ofuna ndalama zambiri zoikizira anthu angapereke ndalama zotsika koma kuwonjezera phindu la anthu. Mwachitsanzo, DFI imapereka chitsimikizo chakuti ogula apadera a kugulitsira ndalama ku kuwonongeka koyamba, kutheketsa ntchito yonga ngati kukonzanso mphamvu yaing'ono ya m'mizinda.

Kuchotsa Ndalama Zoletsa Kuwononga

Kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga ndiponso malamulo kukuthandiza nzika kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zofunika kwambiri zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku lililonse.

Kusangalatsa Anthu Ochuluka

Mapulatifomu oyamwitsa anthu amalola anthu kuperekera ndalama zochepa za malikulu ku ntchito zina. Pamatauni, zimenezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poika magetsi a dzuŵa m’dera, popala, misika ya alimi, kapena milatho ya anthu oyenda pansi. Pamene kuli kwakuti likululo lili laling'ono poyerekezera ndi pulojekiti yaikulu, njirayi imapanga kupita patsogolo kwa ndale ndi kwa anthu. Imasonyeza kuti anthu akufunikira ndalama zambiri ndipo angatsegule ndalama zambiri kuchokera ku mabungwe a boma. Makampani onga Cintizinsenvestor kapena madokotala a boma akumalo alola anthu kukhala a m'mabwinja, kuwasintha kuti asakhale opereka msonkho auletse m'malamulo otsatsa malonda a ntchito zankhondo ndi oyenda bwino ndi chidwi la anthu opambana.

Mabungwe Ang’onoang’ono ndi Malonda Oyendetsera Zinthu

Njira yosavuta ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito mizinda monga Gothenburg, Sweden, kusungitsa maprojekiti a nyengo. Ku United States, Devernal Airport imalola nzika za m'deralo kugula maboo, kulimbikitsa lingaliro la kukhala ndi malo okhala. Maprogramu ameneŵa amapereka mapindu angapo: Amataya ndalama ku Wall Street, ndi kupanga chikole chachilengedwe. Nthaŵi zambiri ofunitsitsa kulandira chiwongola dzanja chochepa chifukwa chakuti amakhulupirira kuti ntchito ya projekiti yakwawo ibweretsa phindu la malowo.

Kukhulupirirana kwa Malo a M’dera ndi Zitsanzo za Othandizana

Malo ndi malo osungiramo nyumba ndi anthu, zitsanzo zatsopano za anthu zakhala zothandiza. Zikalata za za zamalonda za m'dziko zakhala zogwirizana ndi malo ndi kudalira anthu a m'deralo, kuzipatsa anthu okhalamo kapena omanga nyumba kapena omangamanga. Zimenezi zimachotsa malowo kuchuluka kwa nyumba, kutsimikizira kuti nkhongole zachikhalire. Nthaŵi zambiri kuphatikiza CLTs kumaphatikiza mabanki, ndalama za boma, ndi kuyendetsa ndalama. Mofananamo, mphamvu zimalola nzika kukhala ndi mapeyala a dzuŵa kapena mphepo, kupereka mphamvu zonse ziŵirizo ndi kubwerera kwa ndalama. Mafanizo ameneŵa amafuna kulinganiza kwa anthu apadera koma akupanga zinthu zazikulu, zosungitsa ndalama zimene zimasungidwa kuchokera ku malonda amalonda.

Zida za Ndalama za Masiku Ano Zothandiza Kupeza Chithandizo M’matauni

Kuwonjezera pa anthu amene angopeza ndalama zatsopano ndi makalasi oika ndalama, apanganso ziŵiya zamakono zoyendetsera bwino kwambiri ndalama za anthu ku zinthu zina zimene anthu apeza.

Zomangira Zabiriŵire, Zachikhalidwe, ndi Zosungika (GSS)

Makampani a BS ayamba kugulitsa malonda a bungwe la GSS m'zaka zaposachedwapa, akumapereka magwero odzipereka a ndalama za ntchito za malo okhala kapena za anthu. Mfundo yaikulu ndi kudzipereka kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zimene zaperekedwa pa ntchito zoyenerera. [FLT]] Mabungwe ogwirizana a Chikalata Akugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri yopanga zomanga, kutsimikizira kuti agwirizana ndi zolinga za projekiti ya Paris. Zimenezi zimapereka chitsimikizo kwa osunga ndi kuteteza ku "kuyeretsa ," chigwirizano chabiri, pamene mgwirizano wa anthu ukhoza kuchirikiza ndalama zogulitsa m'masitolo kapena m'masukulu atsopano. Kuwonjezetsa ndi kufotokoza zofunika m'malamulo a GSS kuwongolera ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu za m'mizinda, ndi kuyendetsa bwino ntchito yake.

Zomangira Zokhudza Unansi ndi Malipiro a Zotulukapo

Mwinamwake, chiwiya chotchuka kwambiri chothandizira anthu opanda pokhala ndicho Social Impact Bond (SIB), yodziŵikanso monga Pasul- for Success . M'chitsanzo chimenechi, oikizira a boma amakhazikitsa likulu la maprogramu a anthu (mwachitsanzo, maphunziro a ubwana, kuteteza thanzi, kuchirikiza osoŵa pokhala). Boma limalipira oikizira ndalama zobwerera * kokha ngati pulogalamuyo imakwaniritsa zotsatira za kakhalidwe, zotsimikiziridwa ndi woyang'anira wodziimira paokha. Kwa anthu a m'tauni, zimenezi zagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza maprogramumisiridwe ngati kuyendetsa bwino ntchito yopeza nyumba zothandizira kapena kuthandizira ntchito yosamalira achichepere. SI imasintha ndalama za kulephera kukhoma msonkho kwa oyendetsa ndalama. Pamene kuli kovuta ndi kokwera ndi kokwera ndalama, SB, ndi kukhazikitsa ntchito yothandiza kwambiri, chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito yothandiza kwambiri, chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito yovuta kwambiri.

Zomangira Zotetezera Kudziko ndi Zomangira za M’nyumba (CAT)

Pamene mizinda ikuyang'anizana ndi ziwopsezo zowonjezereka kuchokera ku kusintha kwa nyengo (kusintha kwa nyengo, mikuntho, kutentha kwa magetsi), kulimba kwa ndalama. Kugwirizana kwa mapangano kuli mtundu wa mapangano obiriŵira olinganizidwa mwachindunji kupezera ndalama zothandizira kuthekera kwa ntchito zimene zimawongolera kukhoza kwa mzinda kulimba kwa nyengo, monga ngati zipupa za m'nyanja, ma magetsi, kapena madenga obiriŵira. Chiwiya chofananacho, Catastrophe (CT) chikhoza kuwonjezera ngozi ya ngozi ya ngozi ku misika yamalikulu. Pobwezera ndalama zowonjezereka, oyendetsa zinthu amavomereza kutaya ndalama zawo zazikulu ngati tsoka (m., chimphepo cha chigawo 4) chikupanga mizinda ndi madzi amwayi kuti apeze ndalama popanda kukonza. Mwakuyendetsa ndalama kuti nyengo ya kukhazikika, mizinda ingayende bwino ndi kuisintha kwa malo.

Malo Opezerapo Phindu: Kukopa Njira Zochitira Zinthu

Chimodzi cha ziŵiya zamphamvu kwambiri, koma zosagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndicho Land Lavision Capture (LVC). Mfundo njapafupi: pamene kuikizira kwa anthu onse m'mafashoni , monga ndandanda yatsopano ya pansi panthaka . kumawonjezera mtengo wa malo oyandikana nawo, anthu ayenera kutenga mbali ya kuulutsidwa kwa mphepo yosadziŵika bwino kuti athandize ntchitoyo. Masinthidwe ambiri ndi akuti Mtundu wa Bathoop (TB), kumene mzinda umatchula chigawo ndi kuwonjezera ndalama za msonkho m'tsogolo ku chigawo cha katundu kuti aperekere kuwongolera. Njira zina zimaphatikizapo kulipira, kukonza bwino, ndi kugulitsa kwa ufulu (ailo). [FLC: FLD: [F1] Mitengo ya dziko yothandiza kuwonjezera ndalama za m'dziko: [FFFFOLF] ndi kuwonjezera luso la LV: Kuthandiza kuwongolera zinthu, pamene kuli kothandiza kuwonjezera chidziŵitso kwa mphamvu kwa mphamvu ya dziko, pamene kulipirikitsa mphamvu ya LV.

Kupereka Ndalama ndi Kuika Maupandu

Maprojekiti ambiri a zachuma a m'mizinda apamwamba m'mabizinesi amene akubuka kapena m'misika yosafunika kwambiri saikonda chifukwa amaonedwa kukhala oopsa kwambiri ndi okongoletsa malonda. Ndalama zogulitsidwa ndi njira yothandiza kugwiritsa ntchito malo aakulu (kuchokera ku mamaziko a chithandizo cha anthu, DF Ism, kapena maboma) ku de-riski malonda, kupangitsa kukhala kokongola kwa eni makampani amene amafuna kubwezedwa ndalama za malonda.

Kapangidwe kake kamaphatikizapo "kapena " Pansi pali trans tranche yoyambirira . kaŵirikaŵiri yochirikizidwa ndi bungwe la zotumbula . limene limaloŵetsapo kutayikiridwa koyamba ngati ntchitoyo yalephera. Koposa pamenepo ndi thanche yokhala ndi mlingo woyenerera / kubwezera. Pamwamba pali ngongole yaikulu ya ndalama, yopangidwa ndi ndalama zoikizira ndalama. Mwa kukhala ndi likulu loyamba la maloskosi latenga [1], tatu, tatuche ikhoza kukwaniritsa mlingo wa kukwera mtengo, kutsegula likulu kuchokera ku ndalama za penshoni ndi inshuwalansi. [FL:0] [FLD] [1] Malamulo apamwamba kwambiri a . [FLP]

Kuthandiza Anthu Ochuluka

Nyengo ya kudalira pa magwero amodzi okha a ndalama zoyendetsera malo apamwamba a m'mizinda yatha. Matauni achipambano kwambiri adzakhala aja amene amadziŵa bwino luso la "kukonza " [1] Kuphatikiza pamodzi mawonekedwe ambiri atsopano kumanga nyumba yamalikulu yolimba ndi yogwira ntchito yomanga nyumba iliyonse. Kugulitsa katundu wambiri kungayendetsedwe ndi likulu la nyumba yaikulu: ngongole yaikulu kuchokera ku banki ya zapamwamba, ngongole yaing'ono kuchokera ku thumba logubankitsa, ku PPPPcceteraire, kupatsa mphatso kuchokera ku programu ya boma yokhazikitsa zinthu, ndi mabomba a anthu aang'ono ogulitsidwa kwa anthu akwawo. Kuyandikira kumeneku kungayendetse ngozi, ku malo a likulu, ndi kusungitsa ndalama.

Komabe, makampani ovuta kwambiri ameneŵa amafuna kuti anthu akhale ndi luso lochuluka. Maboma ayenera kukulitsa luso la kukonza mapangano, kukambirana, kulinganiza, ndi kuyendetsa mavuto a nthaŵi yaitali. Ayeneranso kuonetsetsa kuti kufunafuna likulu laumwini sikulepheretsa anthu kuŵerengera kapena kukwaniritsa. Anthu ayenera kuzindikira zimene adzipereka kuchita kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Kuphatikizapo ntchito zaumwini ndi cholinga cha anthu, zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwaluso kwambiri popanga ndalama, kumathandiza kutulukira ndalama mamiliyoni zikwi zambiri zofunikira kumanga mizinda yodalirika, yosagaŵanika, ndi yolimba ya mtsogolo. Mwa kudutsa malire a mwambo ndi kutsatira anthu opereka ndalama zosiyanasiyana ameneŵa, atsogoleri a m’mizinda angasinthe vuto la zinthu zofunika kwambiri m’mavuto a ndalama kukhala chuma chodyera pamodzi.