Nthambi yapamwamba, imene ili ndi udindo wokhazikitsa malamulo ndi kutsogolera boma la United States, ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri yokhazikitsidwa m’makonzedwe a boma. Imatsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imodzi ya boma imene imakhala yamphamvu kwambiri, kuteteza dongosolo la demokalase limene oyambitsawo anaiganizira. Nthambi yapamwamba, yomwe ili ndi udindo wokhazikitsa malamulo ndi kutsogolera boma, imakhala ndi malamulo ogwirizana kwambiri a malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a boma. Kufufuza kumeneku kunapangidwa kuti kuchepetse ulamuliro wa akuluakulu, kutsekereza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, ndi kusungitsa mlandu.

Kuzindikira Nthambi ya Akuluakulu

Wotsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti wa United States, nthambi yoyang'anira imatumikira monga mkulu wa boma ndi mkulu wa boma. Mathayo ake aakulu amaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress, kuchititsa malamulo achilendo, kulamula magulu ankhondo, ndi kuyang'anira boma. Nthambiyo imaphatikizaponso Pulezidenti, Kabinaba (yokhala ndi mabungwe a boma), ndi mabungwe a boma, mabungwe, ndi maofesi. Malamulo amapatsa Pulezidenti mphamvu zodziŵika bwino . Zonga chuni, kukhazikitsa ulamuliro, ndi ntchito ya Mkulu wa boma ku Chief. Koma zimenezi zimatsutsana dala ndi akuluakulu a boma ndi oweruza kuti aletsene ulamuliro wa anthu oweruza.

Mbali Zazikulu za Machenjezo ndi Kulinganizika

Mayeso ndi maadiresi amagwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zimene zimalola nthambi za malamulo ndi zachiweruzo kuchepetsa mphamvu ya maulamuliro.

  • [[MLT:0] Uyang'aniro wodziwitsa: Congress imayang'anira ntchito za akuluakulu kupyolera m'maweruziro, kufufuza, ndi kufufuza kutsimikizira kugonjera ku malamulo ndi cholinga cha malamulo.
  • Mphamvu ya Phindu: Congress imalamulira ndalama za boma, kupereka kapena kumaniza ndalama zopangira zinthu zofunika ndi zochita.
  • Mphamvu ya kampani: Nyumba za Malamulo zingachotse Prezidenti ndi akuluakulu ena pa upandu waukulu ndi maupandu ena olakwika, kutumikira monga kupenda kwa lamulo pa kusadziletsa kwakukulu.
  • Kutsimikizira: Khoti liyenera kutsimikizira kuika akulu a pulezidenti, kuphatikizapo ziŵalo za Kbitai, oweruza a boma, ndi akazembe.
  • Ukulamulira ndi kusagwira: Prezidenti angapereke lamulo, koma Congress angachotse chiŵiya ndi masuti aŵiri a mphamvu m’zipinda zonse ziŵiri.
  • [[FULT:0] Judicial Review: Makhoti angalengeze machitidwe a mabwana osagwirizana, opanda ukathyali kapena kuswa lamulo.
  • Maulamuliro a Nkhondo: The War Powers Resolution ya 1973 imaletsa Prezidenti kukhoza kwake kutumiza magulu ankhondo kunja popanda chivomerezo cha kukhazikitsa.

Uyang’aniro Walamulo wa Nthambi Yoyang’anira

Nyumba za boma zimachita ntchito yoyang'anira ulamuliro waukulu. Ntchito imeneyi ikuphatikizapo kuyang'anira mmene malamulo amagwiritsidwira ntchito, kufufuza kuti pakhale khalidwe loipa, ndi kutsimikizira kuti mabungwe akugwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wawo. Uyang’aniro umachitidwa ndi makomiti oima, kusankha makomiti, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mabungwe ochirikiza monga ngati Boma Accounting Office (GAO) ndi Congregational Research Service.

Komiti Yoweruza Milandu

Makomiti onse aŵiri m'Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo amavomerezana ndi akuluakulu a boma ponena za zochita zawo, malamulo, ndi zosankha. Mayeso ameneŵa amafuna kuwonana ndi kuŵerengera mlandu, kaŵirikaŵiri kuvumbula kuswa malamulo, kulephera kwa lamulo, kapena kulephera kwa malamulo. Mboni zingafunikire kupereka umboni wa kulumbira, ndipo makomiti angakakamize kutulutsa zikalata kudzera ku staffena. Mwachitsanzo, House Overssion ndi Reformation Committee Komiti yosanting mobwerezabwereza kusanthula ntchito za nthambi zapamwamba za kachilombo. Mphamvu ya kugwiritsa ntchito nyukeena ndi chida chovuta, ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zina kubuka pamene nthambi yaikulu inena kuti ndi udindo wapamwamba, monga mmene ikuonekera m'nkhani zotchuka ngati [FL:] . [Zinthu za Komiti Zosanthula za Boma pa Pulezidenti Active . [Flation]

Mphamvu Zofufuza ndi Zopimira

Congress yaumboni imakhudzanso nkhani iliyonse m'malamulo ake. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kutulutsa mapepala ochitira umboni kapena zikalata, kuchititsa, ndipo ngakhale kunyoza anthu pa Nyumba ya Malamulo chifukwa cha kusagwirizana. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likuchirikiza mphamvu za Congress kwa nthaŵi yaitali, ndi kugamula kuti kufufuza kuyenera kutumikira chifuno cha lamulo chovomerezeka ([[FLD: 0]] [Mcrain v. Daughty , 1927]). Kufufuza kwapamwamba kwaposachedwapa kwafufuza zochita za bungwe zokhudza kukhazikitsa dziko, kuyang'anira dziko, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zangozi. Kufufuzaku kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsogolera ku masinthidwe, m'akulu, m'mabungwe, kapena m'mabungwe a gulu la anthu.

Mphamvu ya Chogulacho

Chilamuliro cha Congress pa kukambirana kwa boma ndi chimodzi cha mayeso amphamvu kwambiri pa mphamvu ya maulamuliro. Malamulo amapereka nthambi yalamulo ku ulamuliro wa kukhoma msonkho ndi kugwiritsa ntchito (Artle I, Chigawo 8, Clause 1). Chifukwa chake, Pulezidenti ndi makampani aakulu sangagwire ntchito popanda chilolezo cha bungwe la Congress. Kugwiritsa ntchito kotereku kumachititsa kuti Nyumba za Ufumu zikhale ndi maprogramu ena, kuchepetsa ena, ndi kuika mikhalidwe pa kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama.

Njira Yopangira Malamulo a Ndalama

Chaka chilichonse, Congress ayenera kutumiza ndalama 12 zimene zimaperekedwa kwa madipatimenti a boma ndi mabungwe. Pulezidenti akupereka chilolezo cha bajeti, koma Congress saali ndi thayo lakutsatira. Mwa njira yopereka malamulo, opanga malamulo angawonjezere, kuchepetsa, kapena kukana ndalama zothandizira kulinganiza zinthu, kuwongolera bwino mfundo za kayendetsedwe ka makampani. Mwachitsanzo, Nyumba ya Malamulo yatseka ndalama zothandizira kumanga khoma, kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pa ntchito zina za asilikali, ndi kuletsa kusungitsa malamulo ena a malo ozungulira. Impondmental Control ya 1974 ingathe kuchepetsa mphamvu ya Pulezidenti yosawononga ndalama zoyenerera. Mwachitsanzo, Nyumba yakhazikitsa malamulo a Prezidenti Nixoundment's .

Kupereka Ndalama ndi Okwera Mahatchi

Nthaŵi zambiri oyendetsa ndege amagwirizanitsa mikhalidwe ku kukambirana, kufuna kuti nthambi yaikulu ikwaniritse ziyeneretso zapadera isanapeze ndalama. Mikhalidwe imeneyi ingaphatikizepo kusimba zofunika, kutsimikizira zolinga za malamulo, kapena ziletso pa ntchito zina. Okwera pa mahatchi ameneŵa amalola Congress kusonkhezera ntchito ya kayendetsedwe ka maulamuliro popanda kudutsa. Komabe, otsutsa amatsutsa kuti mikhalidwe yopambanitsa ingapangitse nthambi ya maulamuliro, kusokoneza mphamvu. Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikiza kugwiritsa ntchito kwanthaŵi yaitali ngati mikhalidweyo ili yomveka bwino ndi yogwirizana ndi programu ya boma pofunsa ([[FLDakota] v. , 1987]

Kuvomereza: Njira Yomalizira

Kufufuza ndi chipangizo champhamvu kwambiri cha Malamulo poyang'ana nthambi ya akuluakulu. Imalola Nyumba ya Malamulo kuchotsa Prezidenti, Pulezidenti, kapena akuluakulu ena a boma a "Mpangi, Chiphuphu, kapena Maupandu ena apamwamba ndi Misdemeor" (Article II, Chigawo 4). Njira imeneyi imateteza ku ku kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molakwika ndipo siigwiritsidwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri, koma imasonyeza kuti palibe munthu wa boma amene ali pamwamba pa lamulo.

Zimene Zimachitika Kuti Tithe Kusintha

Ntchitoyo inayamba mu Nyumba ya Oimira, kumene Chigamulo cha Komiti Yapamwamba ya Komiti ya Udindo ndi mavoti pa nkhani za kukana. Ngati Nyumba yonseyo ivomerezedwa, Pulezidenti amafunsidwa . Nkhaniyo imapita ku Nyumba ya Malamulo, imene imayang'anira mlandu ndi Mfumu ya Chigamulo cha Supt Court (pamene Pulezidenti wazengedwa). Chitsimikizo chimafunikira unyinji wa mamembala aŵiri atatu amene alipo, zotsatira zake n’kuchotsedwa pa ofesi ya boma ndi kuchotsedwa ntchito m’tsogolo. Bwalo lingavotinso ligamule mlandu kapena kuletsa. Oyang'anira a m'enga amakhazikitsa mwadala chiletso chapamwamba kuti apeŵe kuchitiridwa nkhanza, koma ntchitoyi ya ndale ya ndale zadziko m'nyengo za kupikisana.

Zitsanzo Zakale

Mapulani atatu aletsedwa ndi Nyumbayo:

  • Andrew Johnson (1868) – adadzudzulidwa chifukwa cha kuswa Lamulo la Ofesi; yolandidwa ndi voti imodzi.
  • BIll Clinton (1998[FLT :1] -'''''''''''''analunjika chifukwa cha kulakwa ndi kutsekereza chilungamo; yopanda mlandu ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo.
  • Drump (2011 ndi 2021) [1] [1] – Imppeed kaŵiri: choyamba kaamba ka kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa mphamvu ndi kutsekereza Congress (manyazi a Ukraine), ndipo pambuyo pake kusonkhezera chipanduko (January 6 kuukira); popanda kuchotseredwa nthaŵi zonse ziŵiri.

Ngakhale kuti palibe pulezidenti amene wachotsedwapo mwa kutsutsana ndi boma, mphamvu zofufuza anthu ndiponso zingafooketse likulu la pulezidenti wandale, monga momwe zaonekera pa zotsatira za kusokonezeka kwa Clinton ndi Trump. Kuwonjezera apo, kuopsa kwa kukana kukhoza kulepheretsa akuluakulu a boma kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu za m'dzikolo.

Kutsimikizira Mapangano kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo

Pulezidenti akusankha anthu kuti akhale ndi maudindo aakulu a boma . Kuphatikizapo alembi a boma, oweruza a boma, oweruza a Khoti Lalikulu, ndi akazembe . Koma kuikidwa kumeneku kumafuna "umboni ndi chivomerezo" cha Nyumba ya Malamulo (Chigawo II, Chigawo 2, Claus 2). Kufufuzaku kumatsimikizira kuti nthambi ya mkuluyo ikuyang'aniridwa ndi anthu oyenerera amene angapirire kutsutsidwa ndi kufufuzidwa kwaponse.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Pulezidenti atalengeza kusankhidwa, komiti ya Bungwe la Malamulo (m., Jadia ya oweruza, Foreign Relations for ambassage) imakhala ndi mayeso pamene mminee amayankha mafunso okhudza chiyambi chawo, ziyeneretso, ndi malingaliro a kayendetsedwe ka lamulo. Komitiyo kenaka imasankha kaya kuvomereza kuikidwa kwa lamulo la lamulo la lamulo. Ngati ivomerezedwa, Nyumba ya Malamulo monga makambitsirano ndi mavoti; yaikulu imatsimikizira malo ambiri, ngakhale kuti mapangano ena onga oweruza a boma amafuna kuti anthu ambiri okha (osati otchuka, otsutsana ndi malingaliro ena). Njirayo ingakhalenso yotsutsana ndi Supreme Courtives. Ndiyonso yosafunika kuti ikhale yotchuka m’zaka makumi angapo. Mwachitsanzo, Justice Karce Kavalue ku Kvagh'ka ogwirizana ndi 501818ne888. Malamulo omvera ambiri angagwiritse ntchito njira zomveka ngati "

Zimene Anachita Kuti Azigwiritsa Ntchito Bwino

Chitsimikiziro cha Nyumba ya Malamulo chimagwira ntchito monga kuyang'anira kosuliza mwakulola atsamunda kutsekereza osadziŵa kapena opambanitsa. Ichonso chimakhala chachikatikati pa mphamvu ya pulezidenti: pulezidenti woyang'anizana ndi nyumba ya malamulo yolamuliridwa ndi gulu lotsutsanalo chingafunikire kutchula ziŵerengero zambiri zowonjezera kuti atsimikizire. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo iyang'aniridwa ndi gulu la pulezidenti, kaŵirikaŵiri mameno amayang'anizana ndi chitsutso chochepa, koma kuthekera kwa kugwira kapena "blue sp" vetoes (mipando yokana kumvetsera makutu) ikali. Zimenezi zimasonyezabe mmene mapendedwe ndi zipimilire ndi zochitika za ndale zadziko.

Mphamvu ya Veto ndi Malamulo Zikusalidwa

Chikalata cha Pulezidenti ndi chinanso chofunika kwambiri m'dongosolo la kupima ndi kulinganiza. Pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo ipereka lamulo, Pulezidenti angasaine lamulolo, kulilola kukhala lamulo popanda kusaina, kapena kuitumiza. Aveto akubwezera lamulo ku Congress ndi uthenga wofotokoza zitsutso. Komabe, Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhoza kuchotsa lamulo la pulezidenti ndi mavoti aŵiri apamwamba m'nyumba ndi Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, mwakutero kukhazikitsa lamulolo pa zitsutso za Pulezidenti.

Mitundu ya Maluŵa

Kuwonjezera pa lamulo lanthaŵi zonse, Pulezidenti ali ndi petrocket vento [FL:1]: ngati Congress iloleza m'masiku khumi akupereka lamulo, Pulezidenti sangasaine, kuletsa kukhala lamulo popanda kutha. Pulezidenti alibe muyezo wa chinthu chakumbuyo. Nthaŵi zambiri Vetoes amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino: potengera, Dreast T. Roveret 35 adaswa lamulo la boma lolamulira m'chombo cha chigawo cha [FOLT:] mu [FOLT:] V. Mzinda wa New York . Mzinda wa Aŵiri wa Pulezidenti .

Kuyang’anira Kwachiweruzo kwa Nthambi Yotsogolera

Chigamulo chimapereka kupenda kofunika kwambiri mwa kumasulira malamulo ndi kutsimikizira kuti machitidwe a akulu agwirizane ndi Malamulo. Mwa mphamvu ya kupenda kwachiweruzo (kukhazikitsidwa mu [[FLT: 0]] Marbury v. Madison , 1803), makhoti angachotse malamulo a akuluakulu a boma, malamulo, ndi machitidwe amene amaposa ulamuliro walamulo kapena kuswa zoyenera za lamulo.

Kupenda Chiweruzo Kuchitidwa

Pamene nthambi yaikulu itsutsidwa m'bwalo, jaji imasanthula ngati ntchitoyo ikhala mkati mwa malamulo a Prezidenti kapena ulamuliro woperekedwa. Nthaŵi zambiri milandu imaphatikizapo kunena kuti Prezidenti anaposa mphamvu zake, monga kulamula kulanda makampani achinsinsi popanda chivomerezo cha bungwelo ([[FLT:]]] Youngstown Comment & Lamp; Tube. V. v. v. v [FLT:]], 1952] kapena kupereka malamulo apamwamba amene amatsutsana ndi malamulo a boma. Khoti Lapamwamba limavomerezanso kuti likhale ndi mwaŵi wa ulamuliro wapamwamba. Pamalo ake, palibe lamulo loyenera kuletsa chidziŵitso ku Courtssiontion kapena mabwalo. [FLT.], mu , mu mlingo wa zachuma. [FLT.UPUS, Suptions , Suptions , Suppo. "6]

Kuima ndi Kulungama

Sichiyeso chirichonse cha ntchito ya ulamuliro chikufika pa mayenere. Makhoti amafuna kuti anthu aikidwe kukhala ndi kuvulala kwa konkiri koyenera kotsatiridwa ndi ntchito yotoleredwa . ndipo nkhaniyo iyenera kukhala yolungama (osati funso la ndale zadziko labwino koposa losiyidwa ku nthambi za ndale zadziko). Mwachitsanzo, Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu lalephera kulamulira za malamulo a maulamuliro ankhondo kapena njira zopimira kuchitika m'milandu ina, kutchula za Congress kapena Pulezidenti. Komabe, pamene mlandu wa kuweruza wa Truccia ukhoza kuchititsa kulanda mlandu wa akuluakulu a boma, monga momwe kwawonetsedwera mu [Foctive Active Active Active Active Act.

Kufufuza Kowonjezereka pa Mphamvu Yauyang’aniro

Kupyola pa njira za maziko a lamulo, malamulo angapo ndi kupenda kowonjezereka kwa nthambi ya akuluakulu.

Kugamulapo pa Nkhondo

Atalembedwa mu 1973 pa Pulezidenti Nixon’s Resolution , Pangano la Nkhondo limafuna Pulezidenti kudziŵitsa Congress pasanathe maola 48 kuti amenye nkhondo ndi kuchepetsa ntchito ya nkhondo kwa masiku 60 (ndi nyengo ya masiku 30) kusiyapo ngati Congress ikana kupitiriza ntchito yake. Pamene kuli kwakuti mapresidenti kaŵirikaŵiri atsutsa kulimba kwake kwa malamulo, chigamulocho chasintha mmene nkhondo monga kuloŵerera kwa mu 2011 Libya ndi ndawala yolimbana ndi 2014 yolimbana ndi IS six inachitidwira. Bungwe la Likupereka malamulo oletsa kutsutsa kulowa mpikisana kwa asilikali koletsedwa.

Ofufuza Aunyinji ndi Otetezera Oimba

Bungwe lalikulu lililonse lili ndi bungwe loyang'anira limene lili ndi udindo wofufuza ndi kufufuza milandu ya kutaya zinthu, chinyengo, kuzunza, ndi kusatsatira malamulo. IGs imagwira ntchito ndi ufulu wochepa ndipo ikuchitira lipoti kwa onse aŵiri akuluakulu a bungwe ndi Congress. Bungwe la Whistleer Protection Act (202) ndi malamulo ena amateteza antchito a boma amene amalemba milandu yopanda kubwezera. Malamulo ameneŵa amathandiza kuti anthu a m’kati aone ngati akulephera kuyendetsa bwino nthambi, monga mmene anadandaulira kuti aulule mlandu woyamba wa Prezidenti Trump.

Ntchito ya Maboma Odziimira paokha

Mabungwe ena a boma . monga Federal Reserve, Secturation and Exchange Commission , ndi Federal Evotion Commission , amalinganizidwira kutetezeredwa ku ulamuliro wa pulezidenti . Oimira awo amatumikira kaamba ka mawu oikidwa ndipo sangachotsedwe popanda chochititsa, nyumba imene Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza mu [FLT: 0] Suprver's Sucreat v. United States (1935) ndipo pambuyo pake linawongoyeza lamulo la LLC v. Conficial Bureal Bureault [FLT:] 2020. Mabungwe ameneŵa akudziyang'anira ntchito ya boma mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo a ndalensiyo popanda kuopa chilango, makamaka m'zachuma ndi ndale.

Maganizo a Anthu ndi Ofalitsa Nkhani

Pamene kuli kwakuti si kupenda kochitidwa mwalamulo, malingaliro a anthu ndi manyuzipepala aufulu amatumikira monga zitsenderezo zamphamvu pa mphamvu ya ulamuliro wa akuluakulu. Kufufuza Media, kufufuza manyuzipepala, ndi mikangano ya ndale zadziko youmba kuwona kwa anthu ndipo ingachititse Congress kapena makhoti kuchitapo kanthu. Nkhani ya Pentagon Papers ( New York Times Co. v. United States[FLT], 1971) inasonyeza mmene kupenda kwa maofesi a nthambi kuti atetezere zochita zake, ndi kukhoza kwa anthu kuvota prezidenti kapena kuti avomerezere mlandu wa democrase.

Kumaliza

Macheke ndi malingana pa nthambi ya akuluakulu si malamulo okhazikika koma njira yogwira ntchito imene imasintha ndi kusintha kwa ndale zadziko, lamulo, ndi kakhalidwe ka anthu. Kuchokera ku uyang'aniro wa malamulo ndi mphamvu ya chikwama kubwerera ku chiweruzo ndi kufunsira, njira zimenezi zonse pamodzi zimaletsa kuikidwa kwa mphamvu ndi kuteteza malamulo. Kuzimvetsa nkofunika kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi nzika zofanana, monga momwe zimachitira chithunzi kufunika kosatha kwa kuyang'anira ndi kuonekera kwa ulamuliro. Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, kuyang'ana [[FLT: 0].S. Constitution [FLT: 1], [FL:], [FLT:], [FLT] [C2] [zithunzi] [ziyezonse]] [ziyene] zalamulo la malamulo, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mphamvu zonse zoyendera ntchito.