Mapepala a Ogwirizana: Chikalata Chosadziŵika cha Demokrase ya America

Pamene United States Constitution inaperekedwa ku maiko kaamba ka kupeputsa mu 1787, inayang'anizana ndi chitsutso chachikulu. Osuliza anaopa kuti boma lamphamvu likhoza kupondereza ufulu wa munthu ndi kutsanzira ulamuliro wankhanza umene analimbana nawo. Poyankha, mamen &mdash ; Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, ndi John Jay — wotchera mpambo wa 85 wa zolemba pansi pa fano la Publim ". Makalatawa, odziŵika monga [[FLT: 0] Federalist Papers , adakali limodzi la mafotokozedwe olemekezeka kwambiri a malamulo a malamulo a malamulo ndi mmene anthu a ku America amadziŵira boma lawo. Pakuti lerolino, kupenda mabuku ameneŵa sikuli njira yamaphunziro wamba ya zapamwamba; kukonzekera kwaundalama teo.

Nkhani Zake ndi Cholinga cha Mapepala a Olemba Mafupa

Nkhani za Confederation, zimene zinavomerezedwa mu 1781, zinakhazikitsa boma lofooka lomwe linalephera kuthetsa mavuto a dziko lachinyamata. Kusakhazikika kwa chuma, mikangano ya mayiko ena, ndi kuopsezana kwa mayiko ena kunavumbula kufunika kwa dongosolo la boma lolimba kwambiri. Msonkhano wa Constitution wa 1787 unayambitsa njira yatsopano, koma chipambano chake chinadalira pa kupangidwa ndi mayiko pafupifupi khumi ndi atatu pa mayiko khumi ndi atatu alionse.

Federalist Papers inafalitsidwa mu manyuzipepala a New York pakati pa October 1787 ndi August 1788, ndi cholinga chenicheni cha kukopa A New York kuti avomereze Malamulo. Komabe, chisonkhezero chawo chinakula kuposa boma la munthu mmodzi. Makalatawo anasindikizidwanso m'madera onsewo ndipo anakhala ofunika kuti nthumwi zilembere misonkhano. Cholinga chachikulu cha zolemba zimenezi chinali kutsutsa mikangano ya Anti-Fedalist, amene anaopa kuti malamulowo adzasumika maganizo kwambiri pa boma la dziko lonse pa kusoŵa ulamuliro ndi ufulu wa boma.

Kuchepetsa Mantha a Kulanda Boma Mopambanitsa

Chimodzi cha zisulizo zopitirizabe za Malamulo olinganizidwa chinali chakuti analibe Bill of Rights . Anti-Federalist ananena kuti popanda chitetezo chotsimikizirika, boma la boma mosapeŵeka likanatsutsa ufulu waukulu. Federalist N'kayi. [84], Hamilton adatsutsa kuti malamulo a Malamulo enieniwo anali lamulo la ufulu, popeza kuti linatchula mphamvu zodziŵika zimene boma linapatsa pamene likusunga mphamvu zina zonse ku mayiko ndi anthu. Ananena kuti kulinganiza ufulu wina ungakhale woopsa, monga momwe kukanachitira kuti ufulu wosaŵerengeredwa sunakhaleko. Maganizo ameneŵa anapereka njira yoyenerera ya kulandirira ufulu wa Bill mu 1791, imene inasonyeza mmene bungwe la Gawolo linaperekera malamulo omalizira.

Nkhanizo zinafotokozanso nkhaŵa za ukulu wa dziko lolingaliridwalo. Otsutsa anakhulupirira kuti boma laumwini lingapambane m'midzi yaing'ono, yaing'ono kumene nzika zimagwirizana. Federalist No. 10 , Madison anatembenuza mfundo imeneyi motchuka, akumati boma lalikulu lingalamulire ngozi za kuchuluka kwa anthu kuposa laling'ono. Anatsutsa kuti m'dziko lalikulu, losiyana, likayesa kufunsana, kupangitsa kuti mfundo iliyonse ikhale yovuta kwambiri. Nzeru yachi idakali yothandiza kumvetsetsa maluso a ndale zadziko a ku America.

Mfundo za Malamulo za Malamulo Otchedwa Core Zikupezeka m’Mapepala a Anthu Ogwirizana

Mfundo zimenezi sizinali za nzeru chabe koma zinali zothandiza kwambiri pa vuto la kukhazikitsa boma lamphamvu kwambiri loti lizigwira ntchito bwinobwino, koma zinakakamizidwa kuti likhalebe ndi ufulu.

Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

Kugawa kwa maulamuliro kumagawa boma la boma kukhala nthambi zitatu zosiyana: malamulo, mkulu wa boma, ndi komiti ya chiweruzo. Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu zake zapadera ndi udindo wake, kuletsa chinthu chilichonse kuti chisapeze ulamuliro wosatsutsika. Federalist No. Madison adagwiritsa ntchito nzeru zandale za Montesquieu kuti anene kuti "kukhazikitsa mphamvu zonse, zolamulira, zolamulira, ndi zolamulira, m’manja amodzi, kaya akhale amodzi, ochepa, kapena ambiri, ndipo kaya akhale abanja, olinganizidwa, kapena osankhidwa, kapena osankhidwa, moyenerera angapereke mafotokozedwe auchitukutukuko a ulamuliro wankhanza.

Malamulo ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti kupanga malamulo nkopanda lamulo mmalo mwa kupupuluma. Nyumba ya Malamulo imavomereza ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo, Pulezidenti akupereka ndi kusungitsa malamulo amenewo, ndipo oweruza amamasulira malamulo awo alamulo. Nthambi iliyonse imagwira ntchito ndi mlingo wa kudziimira, ndipo mamembala ake amasankhidwa kupyolera m'madongosolo osiyanasiyana — kusankha kope lapadera, ndi kugawidwa kwa pulezidenti ndi chitsimikizo cha Khoti. Njira zimenezi zosankha zosiyana zimatetezera nthambizo kwa wina ndi mnzake ndi kwa zikhumbo zotchuka kwakanthaŵi.

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika

Pamene kuli kwakuti kulekana kwa maulamuliro kumagaŵira ulamuliro, kuyang'anira ndi kulinganiza kumapatsa nthambi iliyonse njira zokanizira kuloŵerera malo ena. Madison anafotokoza zimenezi mu [FL:0] Fideralist Ayi. 51 : "Kusankha kuyenera kuchitidwa kuti kuthetse kukhumba malo. Chikondwerero cha munthu chiyenera kukhala chogwirizana ndi ufulu walamulo wa malowo. M’kugwiritsira ntchito, Pulezidenti angapereke malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo ingachotsere ndi unyinji wa magawo aŵiri. Nyumba ya malamulo imatsimikizira kugamula kwa pulezidenti ndi mapangano. Chipangano cha judia chingalenge malamulo osayenderana mwa kupenda, koma oweruza aunjikana ndi ovomerezedwa ndi Pulezilansikulu.

Dongosolo limeneli limayambitsa kusagwirizana mwa kulinganiza. Kulamulira kochedwetsa ndipo kumafuna kulolerana pakati pa zikondwerero zopikisana. Pamene osuliza nthaŵi zina ku Washington, Federalist Papers amatikumbutsa kuti kutsutsana kumeneku kwachitika mwadala. Olemba malamulowo anapangitsa kuti boma livutike dala kuchitapo kanthu, kusankha kulinganiza ndi kuvomerezana mopambanitsa. Monga nzika, kumvetsetsa zimenezi kumatithandiza kupenda ngati kusagwirizana kwa ndale zadziko kuli chizindikiro cha thanzi la lamulo kapena kusweka kwenikweni.

Magulu Ogwirizana

Federalism imaimira maziko apakati pa boma ladziko ndi kugwirizanitsa maboma achifumu. Pansi pa malamulo, mphamvu imagawidwa pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma a boma, ndi ulamuliro uliwonse wolunjika pa nzika m'madera ena. Boma limachita nkhani za nkhaŵa yofanana — lamulo la stac, malonda a mayiko, mayiko oteteza dziko — pamenepa mayiko akukhala ndi ulamuliro pa nkhani za dziko monga maphunziro, lamulo la chuma, ndi chilungamo cha milandu.

Mu M'gulu la [Federali] Ayi. [3 , Madison analongosola boma lolingaliridwalo kukhala "silonse kapena lachigwirizano . Madison adakonzedwa kusungitsa mapindu a boma lakwawo lokha pamene akukhazikitsa mgwirizano wamphamvu wokhoza kugwira ntchito padziko lonse. Kulinganiza pakati pa mphamvu ya dziko ndi boma kwasintha kwambiri pa mbiri ya Amereka, makamaka pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiweniweni ndi New Dec, koma lamulo la chigwirizano cha boma limakhalabe mbali yolongosola ulamuliro wa American.

Chi Republicanism

Mapepala a Federalist amapanga kusiyana koonekeratu pakati pa demokrase ndi republic. M'dziko la demokrase, nzika zimavotera mwachindunji pa malamulo ndi malamulo. M'dziko lina, nzika zimasankha anthu amene amapanga zosankha zawo. Oimira boma la Republic adakhulupirira kuti boma la dzikolo linali lapamwamba pa dziko lalikulu, losiyana chifukwa chakuti likawongolera ndi kukulitsa malingaliro a anthu kupyolera mwa makhofiti a nthumwi osankhidwa.

Mu Fidelist Ayi. 10 , Madison anatsutsa kuti "Republic, imene ndikutanthauza boma limene kakonzedwe ka kuimira kachitika, imatsegula chiyembekezo chosiyana, ndi kulonjeza mankhwala amene tikufunafuna. Kuimira kumatheketsa anthu kusankha anthu "amene nzeru zawo zingaonetse bwino kwambiri chidwi chenicheni cha dziko lawo, ndipo kukonda kwawo dziko ndi chilungamo kudzakhala kosavuta kulolera kuipereka kwa kanthaŵi kapena mwapang'ono. Masomphenyawa amaika thayo la kusankha oimira onse aŵiri amene ali ndi ufulu ndi umphumphu, ndipo amaika thayo kwa oimira kuti apange chiweruzo chaumwini mmalo mwa kungolingalira malingaliro ofala.

Kunyaditsidwa Kokhalitsa kwa Mapepala a Nzika Zamakono

Mapepo a Federalist amaphunzitsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri m’makalasi a boma a ku sekondale ndi maphunziro a sayansi ya zandale ya pakoleji, koma ntchito yawo imapita kutali ndi kalasi. Kwa nzika zofuna kukwaniritsa mathayo awo mu ufumu wa democracy, nkhani zimenezi zimapereka chitsogozo chosatha. Kumvetsetsa malamulo a mapepala a boma kumasintha malingaliro ovuta alamulo kukhala ziŵiya zothandiza kupenda kachitidwe ka boma ndi kupanga chiweruzo chodziŵira.

Kusankha Zinthu Mwanzeru pa Bokosi la Ballot

Kuulutsa kuli mbali yaikulu ya demokrase, koma kuponya pepala la odziŵa bwino kumafuna kumvetsa zimene boma lingachite ndi zimene liyenera kuchita. Mapetsi a Federalist amapereka maziko oŵerengera ofunsira ndi malamulo. Pamene wosankhidwa alonjeza kufutukula mphamvu ya boma m'malo amwambo osungidwa, nzika yozoloŵerana ndi boma ingafunse ngati kufutukuka kumeneku kumagwirizanitsa ndi malamulo a boma. Pamene pulezidenti afuna kuti ulamuliro uchite mosadalira pa nkhani za nkhondo kapena malonda, nzika yozoloŵerana ndi kulekana kwa maulamuliro ingaone ngati zimenezo zili zogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma.

Nkhanizo zimathandizanso ovota kusiyanitsa kusiyana kwa malamulo ovomerezeka ndi kuopseza ulamuliro wa boma. Nkhani zokhudza ukulu woyenera wa ulamuliro wa boma, malire a ulamuliro, ndi ntchito ya achiweruzo si zatsopano. Zakhala mbali ya nkhani za ndale zadziko za ku America kuyambira pamene anakhazikitsa, ndipo Federalist Paper zimapereka poyambira kumvetsetsa mikangano imeneyi.

Kukhala ndi Moyo Wothandiza Kuposa Kusintha

Anthu amene amachita zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga kusonkhana m’holo ya boma, kutumikira m’makhoti, kukumana ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa, kukhala ndi phande m’mabungwe a anthu, ndi kukhala odziŵitsidwa nkhani za anthu. Bungwe la Federalist Papers limalimbikitsa kwambiri anthu kukhala nzika mwa kugogomezera kufunika kwa kukhala ndi anthu odzipereka ndiponso achidziŵitso.

Madison analemba mu Mndandanda wa anthu Ayi. kuti chipambano cha Malamulo chinadalira pa "kukhoza kwa anthu kaamba ka ulamuliro wawoyawo". Udindo umenewu sumangochitika mwa chibadwa; uyenera kukulitsidwa mwa maphunziro, kukambirana, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Pamene nzika zitengamo mbali m’moyo wa anthu, iwo amakulitsa zizoloŵezi ndi maluso ofunika kuti adzipezere okha. Amaphunzira kumvetsera maganizo otsutsana, kukwaniritsa malo awo monyengerera, ndi kuvomereza kulolera molakwa kukhala mbali yoyenerera ya ndale zadziko ya demokrase.

Kuŵerengera Mlandu Boma

Dongosolo la macheke ndi malinganizo silimagwira ntchito modzifunira. Imafuna nzika zatcheru zimene zimayang'anira ntchito za boma ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Mapetsi a Federalist alingalira kuti nzika zidzakhala oyang'anira odikira ufulu wawo. Mu Federalist Ayi. 51, Madison adanena kuti "kudalira anthu ndiko, mosakaikira, kulamulira kwakukulu boma; koma chokumana nacho chaphunzitsa anthu kufunika kwa njira zothandizira.

Kusamala kothandiza kumeneku kumaphatikizapo mbali za malamulo a Konsichushoni, komanso kudalira pa makampani aulere, mabungwe a anthu, ndi ntchito za nzika zokangalika. Pamene nzika zisamalira zimene boma lawo likuchita, pamene zifunsa zochita zalamulo, ndi pamene zilinganiza kufotokoza nkhaŵa zawo, zimagwiritsira ntchito malamulo a boma. Mapesenti amatikumbutsa kuti Lamulo sili makina odziphera okha; limafunikira kuyesayesa kwa munthu kuti azichita monga momwe afunira.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Malamulo a Mkhalidwe a Ogwirizana pa Nkhani za Pambuyo Pake

Mfundo zofotokozedwa m’manyuzipepala za pa mafaelo a zinthu zakale zidakali zothandiza pafupifupi pa mkangano uliwonse waukulu wa ndale mu United States. Nzika zimene zimamvetsetsa malamulo ameneŵa zingalingalire mozama zochitika zamakono ndi kuthandiza kwambiri kukamba nkhani yapoyera.

Mphamvu ya Olamulira ndi Chisungiko cha Dziko

Matsutsano onena za ukulu wa ulamuliro wa pulezidenti awonjezeka m'zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa, makamaka pankhani za chisungiko cha dziko. Pamene nthambi yaikulu inena mphamvu zachibadwa zoyang'anira, kutumiza adani, kapena kuyambitsa ntchito zankhondo popanda chilolezo cha bungwe, izi zingatsutsidwe motsutsana ndi madongosolo okhazikitsidwa mu Federal List Papers. Hamilton adatsutsa mu [Folera] [audindo] Ayi. 70 kuti mphamvu mu bwanamkulu ndizo zofunika kutetezera mtunduwo, komanso adaganizanso kuti Nyumba ya Maulamuliro akeyake kutsendereza ntchito ya pulezidenti. Anthu amene amamvetsa bwino ngati ntchito zaudindo zikuimira kumasulira koyenera kapena koopsa.

Mphamvu ya Chiweruzo ndi Kumasulira Koikidwiratu

Ntchito ya judiary yakhala magwero a mkangano m'mbiri yonse ya America. Mapepala a Federalist akupereka chidziŵitso cha mmene oweruza alingalirira mphamvu zachiweruzo. Mu [FLT: 0] Federalist No. , Hamilton analongosola jasitiary kukhala "yowopsa kwambiri" chifukwa chakuti ili ndi mphamvu kapena ikufuna, koma chiweruzo chabe. Iye anatsutsa kuti makhoti ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yolengeza malamulo osagwirizana ndi malamulo, komanso anagogomezeranso kuti ulamuliro wa chiweruzo umadalira pa kuyenera kwa opanga zosankha.

Nkhani zamakono zonena za kuletsa chiweruzo ndi kuweruza, kuyambitsa ndi malamulo alamulo okhala ndi moyo, ndi kupenda koyenera kwa chiweruzo mitu yonse yotchulidwa choyamba m’Federalist Papers. Nzika zimene zimamvetsetsa mikangano imeneyi m’mbiri yawo zingapange kaimidwe kocholoŵana pa nkhani za ufulu wa kuchotsa mimba ndi malamulo a zandalama.

Kulimbana ndi Magulu Osiyanasiyana Ndiponso Lamulo la M’tsogolo

Malamulo ambiri oletsa kuyendetsa zinthu a boma amabuka: kusamalira zaumoyo, maphunziro, malamulo a malo okhala, lamulo la ukwati, ndi chiweruzo chaupandu, kungotchulapo zochepa chabe. Pamene boma la boma lilamula boma kuchitapo kanthu mowopsezedwa ndi kupatsidwa ndalama, kodi zimenezi zimalemekeza kulinganiza kwa lamulo pakati pa ulamuliro wa dziko ndi boma? Pamene maboma akhazikitsa malamulo amene amatsutsana ndi malamulo a boma, kodi makhoti ayenera kukakamiza ulamuliro wa boma kapena kusiya malo a kuyesako boma?

Mapepo a Federalist samayankha motsimikiza mafunso ameneŵa, koma amapereka maziko a kupenda. nzika zimene zimamvetsetsa mapindu operekedwa ndi boma la Nazi — kusinthika, kuyesa, kuvomereza mikhalidwe ya kumaloko, kutetezera ku nkhalwe yolamulidwa ndi ankhanza a — Acan amapenda malamulo ndi kumvetsetsa ndi kumvetsetsa kokulirapo.

Njira Zothandiza Zolimbitsira Kumvetsa Kwanu

Kuŵerenga nyuzipepala za Federal Papers mwachindunji ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yomvetsetsera mfundo zawo ndi kuyamikira kufunika kwake. Nkhanizo n’zofala pa Intaneti kuti zikhale zaulere, ndipo zolembedwazo zimapereka nkhani za m'mbiri yothandiza. Kuwerenga nkhani imodzi mlungu uliwonse kungathetse nkhani zonsezo m’zaka zosakwanira ziŵiri, ndipo ngakhale kuŵerenga mabuku otchuka kwambiri a — Manum , 39,51,7,70, 78, ndi 84— kudzakhala maziko olimba.

Mabungwe a m’magulu a anthu okambirana ndiponso maphunziro a boma amapereka mpata wogwirizana ndi malemba amenewa.

Pomalizira pake, nzika zingagwiritsire ntchito chidziŵitso chawo mwa kutengamo mbali m'kukambitsirana kopitirizabe kwa lamulo. Kulemba makalata kwa akonzi, kulankhula pa misonkhano yapoyera, kugawana ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa, ndi kukambitsirana nkhani za lamulo ndi mabwenzi ndi banja zonsezo zimathandizira ku chikhalidwe cha boma chimene chimachirikiza boma. Mapetsi a Federalist akutikumbutsa kuti malamulo a m'Chilamulo si chikalata chalamulo chokha koma ntchito yogwirizana imene imafunikira kutengamo mbali mokangalika kwa mbadwo uliwonse.

Kumaliza

Federalist Papers imaimira chipambano chodabwitsa m’malingaliro andale zadziko ndi maphunziro a boma. Olembedwa m’kutentha kwa nkhondo ya ndale zadziko, iwo apezabe chidziŵitso ndi luso limene lalandira malo awo m'ndandanda wa nthanthi za ndale zadziko za Amereka. Kwa nzika lerolino, zolemba zimenezi zimapereka chikondwerero choposa cha m’mbiri; zimapereka maziko a kuzindikira boma lalamulo ndi chitsogozo cha kukwaniritsa mathayo a unzika wa democracy.

Kuzindikira mapulinsipulo a kulekana kwa maulamuliro, kuyang'anira ndi kulinganiza, boma, ndi lipabuliki kumakonzekeretsa nzika kupenda ntchito ya boma, kukhala ndi phande m’moyo wa anthu, ndi kuchititsa oimira awo kuŵerengera. Federalist Papers amatikumbutsanso kuti boma likufuna zinthu zambiri. Kufunikira chidziŵitso, kukhala maso, ndi pangano lamphamvu. Koma ndiko mkhalidwe wofunadi kuti unzika wa demokrase ukhale wofunika. Mphotho la kukhala ndi moyo m’chitaganya chaufulu limapezedwa mwa kuyesayesa kofunikira kuuchirikiza.