Makonzedwe a boma ku United States ndi dongosolo lokhala ndi malamulo a boma, kumene ulamuliro umagawidwa pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma a boma, ndi maboma akumene akuyang'anira maboma. Kumvetsetsa amene akuchita zimene / "kuyambira pa meya" m’tauni yanu kufikira pulezidenti ku Washington, D.C. . . . . . ndi udindo wosiyana, magwero a ulamuliro, ndi mayeso a kuyang'anira. Mtsogoleri wodziŵa bwino ntchito, maulamuliro, ndi kugwirizana kwa atsogoleri a dziko, malamulo, ndi akuluakulu a boma, kugaŵira malo oonekera bwino kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi anthu oyenera kugawira ntchito.

Atsogoleri a Malo: Atsogoleri Aakulu

Atsogoleri a m’maderawa amathandiza kwambiri anthu a m’derali kuti azilankhulana ndi anthu amene akukhala m’madera oyandikana kwambiri ndi anthu.

Mitundu ya Boma Lakumeneko

Boma la m’dziko la United States limachita zinthu zitatu izi:

  • [[FLT: 0] Matauni, matauni, ndi midzi imene imapereka mautumiki mkati mwa malire ake. Amalamulidwa ndi meya- council, bungwe loyang'anira, kapena bungwe lolamulira.
  • Magawo: Magawo a boma amene amapereka mautumiki pa malo aakulu, kaŵirikaŵiri kuphatikizapo madera amene sanaloŵetsedwemo. Maboma a m'chigawo amachita ntchito monga zolembedwa za katundu, masankho, ndi thanzi la anthu.
  • Magawo opatulika: Mabungwe odziimira okha adalengedwa kuchita ntchito inayake, monga zigawo za sukulu, zigawo za madzi, kapena maulamuliro a zaulendo. Magawo ameneŵa ali ndi mabodi awo osankhidwa ndi okhometsa msonkho.

Malo ndi Udindo wa Atsogoleri a M’deralo

Atsogoleri a m'derali amayang'anira zinthu zambiri zimene anthu akuona kuti n’zofunika kwambiri.

  • Kutetezereka kwa polisi: Kuwona madipatimenti a apolisi, ma kampani yozimitsa moto, ndi chithandizo cha mankhwala chamwadzidzidzi.
  • Malamulo: [[FLT :1] Kusunga misewu, milatho, madzi, kugwiritsa ntchito zonyansa, ndi kutumiza anthu onse.
  • Kuphunzitsa: Mabungwe a sukulu amakhazikitsa malamulo a sukulu za boma zakumaloko, kuphatikizapo maphunziro, ma bajeti, ndi kulembedwa kwa oyang'anira.
  • Kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amene angayang'anizane ndi kumanga ndi kumene, kuyambira m'madera okhala anthu mpaka m'madera a malonda.
  • Mabajeti a malo amodzi: Kulinganiza ndi kuvomereza bajeti ya pachaka, kukhazikitsa ndalama za msonkho wa katundu, ndi kubwereka ndalama kaamba ka ntchito zazikulu.
  • Chipangano cha Chipangano: kugamula milandu ya anthu, kuyankha ku nkhaŵa za gulu, ndi kulimbikitsa kutengamo mbali m’boma.

Zitsanzo za Atsogoleri Akumaloko

  • Mayr: Mkulu wamkulu wa mzinda, amene ali ndi thayo la kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a mzinda, kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kuimira mzinda m’nkhani za chigawo. Mayar atha kukhala amphamvu (wokhala ndi ulamuliro waukulu) kapena wofooka (mwamwambo wowonjezereka) kudalira pa malamulo a mzinda.
  • Komiti ya Malo: Wosankha wopanga malamulo amene amavotera pa malamulo, kuvomereza bajeti, ndi kuimira chipinda kapena chigawo mkati mwa mzinda.
  • Commissiony : Anaimbidwa mlandu ku bungwe la boma, limene linkayang'anira ntchito za m'chigawo chonse monga ndende, makhoti, ndi thanzi la anthu.
  • Komiti ya Board: Ikhazikitsa malamulo a chigawo cha sukulu chakwawo, kuphatikizapo miyezo ya maphunziro, kukonzekera malo, ndi mapangano a aphunzitsi.
  • Trinitye : M'mayiko ena, maboma a tauni amagwira misewu ya kumidzi, manda, ndi chithandizo chopanda pake.

Mmene Atsogoleri a Malowo Amadziŵikitsidwira ndi Kuŵerengeredwa Mlandu

Atsogoleri ambiri a kumaloko amasankhidwa m'masankho osakhala apartisantalani kapena opanga masankho, kaŵirikaŵiri pazaka zapambuyo kapena pa masankho a boma (m’chitsanzo, May kapena November). Mawu akusiyana: mamaya amatumikira zaka 2-4, mameya a bungwe zaka 2-4, ndi mamembala a bungwe la sukulu zaka 4-6. Nzika zingapezekepo pamisonkhano yapoyera, kupempha kaamba ka zokambirana, ndi kuvota pa masankhoti a kumaloko . Kaŵirikaŵiri masankhoti ameneŵa amachepetsa mphamvu ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku.

Malamulo a Boma: Omanga Malamulo a Boma

Opanga malamulo a boma amagwira ntchito pakati pa boma lakumaloko ndi la boma. Iwo ali ndi thayo la kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amagwira ntchito ku boma lonse, kuyang'anira mabungwe a boma, ndi kukhazikitsa ndalama za boma. Boma lililonse lili ndi nyumba ya malamulo, yomwe kaŵirikaŵiri imadziwika ndi kampando kamodzi (kusiyapo Nebraska), kopangidwa ndi nyumba ya malamulo ya eni ndi mmodzi), yopangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo (nyumba yapamwamba) ndi Nyumba ya Oimira kapena Amsonkhano (nyumba yapamwamba).

Malo ndi Udindo wa Malamulo a Boma

Opanga malamulo a boma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa nkhani zosaperekedwa ku boma la boma ndi Lamulo la U.S. mathayo awo aakulu amaphatikizapo:

  • Kupanga malamulo: [[FLT:] Kubwezera, kutsutsana, ndi kuvota pa mapepala amene amakhala malamulo a boma. Izi zikukhudza mbali monga miyezo ya maphunziro, malamulo a zaumoyo, chiweruzo cha upandu, kuteteza malo okhala, ndi kutsatsa malonda.
  • Kusintha: [[FLT :1] Kuyang'ana bajeti ya boma, ndalama zimene zili K-12 ya maphunziro apamwamba, maphunziro apamwamba, zoyendera, zowongolera, ndi mautumiki a anthu. Opanga malamulo amasankha mmene angaperekere ndalama kuchokera ku misonkho ya ndalama, misonkho ya malonda, ndi ndalama zolipidwa.
  • [[FLT :0] Kuyang'anira : Mabungwe a boma opima (m’chitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya Moto Vehicles, Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo) kutsimikizira kuti iwo akugwiritsira ntchito malamulo mogwira mtima ndi mwachipambano. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo kumvetsera ndi kufufuza kwa makomiti.
  • Kumasulira: Kutumikira monga mawu a anthu m'likulu la boma, kuyankha mafunso, kuthandiza kuyendetsa boma, ndi kubweretsa nkhaŵa za dziko lonse.
  • Maprinsipulo a Chikalata: Kusintha malamulo a boma, amene kenaka ayenera kuvomerezedwa ndi ovota m'kaundula.

Zitsanzo za Malamulo a Boma

  • State Senator :[FLT :1] Imene imagwira ntchito m'chipinda chaching'ono (20-50 ziwalo) ndi mawu aatali (zaka 4 m'maboma ambiri). Nthawi zambiri mamembala amaimira zigawo zazikulu kuposa oimira ndipo angakhale ndi mbali zapadera monga kutsimikizira kuikidwa kwa yubernator.
  • Woimira Chigawo cha Chigawo (kapena Chigawo cha Msonkhano): Imagwira ntchito m’chipinda chachikulu (50 76 ) ndi mawu afupia (zaka ziŵiri m’maiko ambiri). Zimafikirika kaŵirikaŵiri chifukwa cha zigawo zazing'ono.
  • Governor:[[FLT :1] Pamene kuli kwakuti sali wopanga malamulo, bwanamkubwa ndi nduna ya zaudziko imene ingasaine kapena kuike ndalama, kuimbira magawo apadera, ndi kulinganiza bajeti. Bwanamkubwa amatumikira monga mkulu wa boma.
  • Kazembe wa boma: amatsogolera boma m'maiko ambiri ndipo amaloŵa m’malo bwanamkubwa ngati kuli kofunika.

Mmene Malamulo a Boma Amaphunzitsidwira

Opanga malamulo a boma amasankhidwa ndi ovota m'madera alionse zaka 10 zilizonse pambuyo pa Chrtification ya United States. Kusankha kuli kogwirizana, ndi oyembekezera kuimira zipani zazikulu (Democratic and Republican) limodzi ndi mbali zachitatu. Zilolezo za malamulo zilipo m'maiko ena (m. California, Michigan, Florida), pamene kuli kwakuti ena alibe malire. Magawo a malamulo amasiyana: magawo ena amakumana chaka ndi chaka, ena amakumana, ena mogwirizana ndi magawo okhazikika masiku 30 /90 kapena kuposapo.

Akuluakulu a Maboma: Olamulira Mtunduwo

Akuluakulu a boma amayang'anira dziko lonse, okhala ndi maulamuliro otchulidwa m'Bungwe la Malamulo la United States. Iwo amasamalira nkhani zimene zimapyola malire a boma, monga ngati chitetezo cha dziko, kusamuka, malonda a mayiko ena, malamulo achilendo, ndi ufulu wa anthu. Boma la boma lagawidwa m'mantha atatu: malamulo (Punicerdenti), mkulu (Punicent), ndi khoti lamilandu la boma (Supreme Court ndi la boma).

Maudindo a Akuluakulu a Maboma

Malamulo a Nthambi: Nyumba za Malamulo

Nyumba ya Msonkhano ili ndi zipinda ziŵiri: Nyumba ya Nyumba ya Akulu ndi Nyumba ya Oimira.

  • Kuyala Malamulo: Kuyambitsa, kutsutsana, ndi kuposera ndalama zimene zimakhudza dziko lonse. Msonkhano uli ndi ulamuliro pambali zondandalikidwa m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8 cha Malamulo, monga kupeka ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kuyendetsa malonda a mayiko.
  • Kujambula: Kupatula bajeti ya boma, kuvomereza kuwonongera mabungwe onse a boma, maprogramu, ndi malolezo (Chisungiko, Chisungiko, ndi zinanso). Nyumba za malamulo amakhazikitsanso malamulo a msonkho.
  • Kufufuza: Kufufuza zochita za nthambi ya akulu kupyolera m'makomiti oweruza, kutsimikizira kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti (Sante), ndi mapangano a chivomerezo (Sante).
  • Kuphunzitsa: Nyumba ingapangitse akuluakulu a boma (kuphatikizapo Pulezidenti) kaamba ka "upandu waukulu ndi olakwa," ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo imatsogolera kuzenga mlandu kuwachotsa.

Nthambi Yoyang’anira: Pulezidenti ndi Maboma

  • Presidenti:[[FLT :1] Mutu wa boma ndi boma, mkulu wa asilikali, mkulu wa asilikali, mkulu wa oimira boma, ndi woyang’anira wamkulu. Pulezidenti amakhazikitsa malamulo a boma, amakhazikitsa malamulo a akuluakulu, amalinganiza bajeti, amaika oweruza ndi akuluakulu a bungwe, ndipo amapereka zikhululukiro.
  • [[FLT :0] Pulezidenti wa VENT: Pulezidenti wa Nyumba ya Malamulo, woyamba mumzera wa kutsatizana, ndi woimira Pulezidenti.
  • Mamembala a Cabinet ndi Agency Heads:[[FL:1] Malo a madipatimenti (Dimense, Boma, Ndalama, ndi zina zotero) ndi akuluakulu a mabungwe odziimira okha (EPA, NASA, ndi zina zotero).

Nthambi Yoweruza: Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu ndi Makhoti Aunyinji

  • Zoweruza za Khoti: Chiweruzo zisanu ndi zinayi (kuphatikizapo Woweruza Wamkulu mmodzi) amene amamasulira Malamulo a Malamulo ndi malamulo a boma, akumva zifunsiro pa milandu yofunika, ndi kukhazikitsa zitsanzo za lamulo zogwirizana pa makhoti ang’ono onse.
  • Oweruza a chigawo: Atumikira pa 13 Makhoti a apilo a United States, kuweruza milandu kuchokera ku makhoti a chigawo.
  • Oweruza a m'bwalo lamilandu: Oweruza m'zigawo 94 za boma, kusamalira milandu yachiŵeniŵeni ndi ya upandu pansi pa lamulo la boma.

Zitsanzo za Akuluakulu Adziko

  • U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • U.S. membala a nyumba: Mamembala ovota 435, akugwiritsa ntchito mawu a zaka ziŵiri. Zili ngati zigawo za mabungwe m'dziko ndi kuyambitsa ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama.
  • Mtsogoleri wa United States: Kuphunzitsidwa zaka zinayi zilizonse kudzera ku Electoral College.
  • Chiweruzo cha Bwalo lamilandu: choikidwa kaamba ka moyo, choikiziridwa ndi Khoti.

Kuyerekezera Maulamuliro Aakulu Atatu

Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku kumathandiza nzika kudziŵa amene ayenera kukambitsirana pankhani zina.

Kusiyana Kofunika

Aspect Local State Federal
Jurisdiction City, county, or special district Entire state Entire nation
Primary Powers Police power, zoning, public works, education (local control) Education, transportation, criminal law, health, licensing National defense, immigration, interstate commerce, currency
Funding Property taxes, fees, state aid, bonds Income taxes, sales taxes, federal grants Income taxes, corporate taxes, tariffs, borrowing
Accessibility High — meetings are frequent and public Moderate — sessions are public but often remote Lower — D.C. is far, but representatives have local offices
Term Length 2–4 years typically 2–4 years (legislators); 4 years (governor) House 2 years, Senate 6 years, President 4 years, judges life

Kugwa ndi Kuloŵerera

Zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti zigwirizane:

  • Fateral Grants-in-Aid: Boma la boma limapereka ndalama ku maboma kaamba ka zifuno zakutizakuti (mlongo, Medicaid, kumangidwa kwa msewu waukulu), kaŵirikaŵiri ndi mikhalidwe yogwirizana ndi lamulo la boma limenelo.
  • Kuwomboledwa: lamulo la Federal ndilo lalikulu pa lamulo la boma pansi pa Supremacy Claus, koma maboma akhoza kuchitapo kanthu m'malo amene sanatayidwe. Mwachitsanzo, miyezo ya boma ya malo okhala imakhala pansi; maboma angatenge malamulo okhwima.
  • Kampani ya Manda pa Maboma Awonse: Maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna maboma a kumaloko kupereka mautumiki ena (m' lekuatiso, ndalama zothandizira maphunziro, thanzi la anthu) ndipo angachepetse ulamuliro wa kumaloko kupyolera mu Ulamuliro wa Dillon (maboma a kumaloko ali ndi mphamvu zoperekedwa ndi boma ) modzionetsera.
  • Mathayo Ogaŵanitsidwa: Kuyankha tsoka kumaphatikizapo anthu oyamba a kumaloko, mabungwe a boma oyang’anira zangozi, ndi FEMA ya boma. Lamulo lokhazikitsa malamulo limagwirizanika mwa kugwiritsa ntchito magulu ankhondo a kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi intaneti.

Chifukwa Chake Kumvetsetsa Mbali Izi Kuli Kofunika

Demokrase yogwira bwino ntchito imadalira pa voti yodziŵa bwino. Kudziŵa mlingo wa boma umene umathandiza nzika:

  • Nkhaŵa za Akuluakulu Oyenera: Chiboo ndi nkhani yakwanuko; msewu wa boma ufunikira boma; boma likuloŵa pansi pa Dipatimenti ya Transports ya U.S.
  • Paricipate Mokhutiritsa: Kulankhula m'masankho a kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri kumakhala ndi chiyambukiro cha mwamsanga pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku kuposa mpikisano wa pulezidenti. Masankho a sukulu amasankha masukulu ndi ndalama.
  • Akuluakulu oŵerengera mlandu: Ngati wopanga malamulo wa boma alephera kusamalira chosoŵa cha chitaganya, ogwirizana angawavomere kapena kuthamangira ku udindo iwo eni.
  • Mautumiki a Boma a Komiti ya Boma: Kuchokera ku laisensi ya dalaivala (boma) ku ku Social Security (federal) kumanga zilolezo (malo ake), kuzindikira miyaloyo kumachepetsa kugwiritsidwa mwala.

Zitsanzo Zothandiza: Amene Ayenera Kukambirana Nkhani Zofanana

  • Msewu wanu uli ndi magetsi osweka a m'khwalala: Kuitana dipatimenti ya univesiti ya mzinda kapena chiŵalo cha bungwe la mzinda wanu.
  • Sukulu ya sekondale yakumaloko imafunikira ndalama zambiri zothandizira: kupezeka pa msonkhano wa sukulu ndi kuchirikiza; komanso funsani woimira boma lanu ponena za njira za maphunziro.
  • Mufuna kuyambitsa bizinesi yaing'ono: Kupeza laisensi ya bizinesi yakwanuko (mzinda/'doko) ndi kulembetsa ndi boma kaamba ka misonkho.
  • A malamulo a boma akuvulaza indasitale yanu: Kulankhulani ndi chiŵalo chanu cha Nyumba ya United States kapena Senator; iwo angasunge mayeso kapena kukhazikitsa lamulo.
  • Mumada nkhaŵa ndi malamulo a kusintha kwa nyengo: Kugwirizana pa milingo yonse: malo akuno kaamba ka nyumba yobiriŵira, malamulo a mphamvu zokhalanso ndi mphamvu, ndi malamulo a boma a carbon.

Kumaliza

Maulamuliro apadera pakati pa dziko, boma, ndi akuluakulu a boma ndiwo chizindikiro cha ulamuliro wa Amereka. Pamene kuli kwakuti dongosololi lingaoneke kukhala lovuta, limalinganizidwa kulinganiza ulamuliro, kutetezera ufulu, ndi kulola kuti zigamulo zoyeneretsedwa pamiyeso yosiyana. Atsogoleri a kumaloko asamalira zosoŵa za anthu; okhazikitsa malamulo apakati pa zikondwerero za chigawo ndi malamulo owonjezereka; akuluakulu a boma amasamalira zinthu zofunika za dziko ndi kupereka malo ogwirizanitsa. Mwakumvetsetsa ntchito zimenezi, nzika zingagwirizanitse mokhutiritsa kwambiri boma lawo, kuchirikiza kusintha, ndi kuthandizira thanzi la dziko. Kuŵerenganso, kupenda chuma cha boma [[FL:] U. [FFLT:]. [FFF:1], chivomezi cha chivomezi chachikulu. [FUT]