Mathayo a Maboma: Kuchoka pa Zoyendera Kunka ku Umoyo Wapoyera

Ntchito ya maboma a boma ku United States ndi yozikidwa pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma la boma liyang'anira njira zotetezera dziko, malamulo achilendo, ndi malonda a mayiko ena, maboma ali ndi thayo loyamba la ntchito zambiri zapanyumba. Chifukwa chakuti malamulo a U.S. amapereka maulamuliro a apolisi ambiri. Udindo woyang'anira thanzi la nzika zawo, chisungiko, ndi ubwino wa nzika zawo umaumba ndi kusungitsa njira zamaphunziro, kutetezera thanzi la anthu onse, kuyendetsa zinthu zachilengedwe, ndi kuteteza anthu. Kuzindikira mathayo ameneŵa sikuli chabe maphunziro a boma; nkofunika kuti akhale nzika zodziŵa kukhala ndi nzika, zopanga makampani odziŵa, kukonza maulamuliro, ndi kuyamikira kulinganiza kwa mphamvu za dziko la America.

Zoyendera Ndiponso Zinthu Zowonongeka

Maboma ndiwo osamalira kwambiri mgwirizano wa boma. Amayang'anira ntchito yomanga, kukonza, ndi kuyendetsa misewu, milatho, madoko, mabwalo a ndege, ndi madongosolo a zaulendo. Ntchito imeneyi ndi yaikulu ndiponso yooneka kwambiri, imakhudza mwachindunji chuma ndi moyo wabwino.

Malo Ochezera a Msewu ndi Njira Zapamsewu

Boma lililonse limasunga dipatimenti ya zoyendera (m., Caltrans ku California, TxDOT ku Texas) imene ili ndi udindo wa misewu ya boma ndi mayiko a m’malire ake. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kukonza masiteshoni a mabulogo, kuyang'anira, kusaina, ndi kukonza bwino. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko amagwirizana ndi bungwe la Federal Highway Administration kugaŵira ndalama za boma pa maprojekiti akuluakulu, komanso ayeneranso kugula ndalama zawo mwa misonkhoma ya boma, ndalama zolembera galimoto, ndi ndalama zolipirira. Msewu wa boma kaŵirikaŵiri umakhala nkhani yaikulu ya ndale, monga mabowonde ndi kugwetsa anthu oyenda panja.

Njira Zoyendetsera Anthu ndi Zarail

Kupyola misewu, maboma ambiri amagwira ntchito kapena kuthandizira maulamuliro a zamalonda oyendetsa mabasi, njanji yonyamulika, ndi sitima zoyenda. Zipani zonga Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) ku New York kapena Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) ndi mabungwe a boma. Maboma amachitanso ntchito yochirikiza sitima zapamtunda ndi njanji monga Antrak, kaŵirikaŵiri kupereka ndalama zothandizira njira zimene sizingayendetsedwe ndi malonda koma nzofunika kugwirizanitsa anthu a kumidzi. [[FLT: 0] Department of Transportation .S . . . Komiti ya Transportations [1] Imaperekanso zinthu koma zosankha za boma zoyendera ntchito zapamtunda.

Kutetezeka kwa Magalimoto ndi Kusintha

Maboma amakhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo ambiri a pamsewu. Amakhazikitsa liŵiro, maderesi oledzera, zofunika zapampando, ndi kumaliza madongosolo oyeza a dalaivala a achichepere. Maboma amayendetsanso maprogramu a galimoto ndi kusunga zolembedwa za dalaivala. Kusintha kodabwitsa kulipo . Mayiko ali ndi malamulo a malo okhalirapo anthu (akulu angaimitse galimoto chifukwa chosavala malo opumirapo), pamene ena ali ndi malamulo achiŵiri, kusonyeza mmene malamulo a boma amasiyanirana ndi makhalidwe akwawo ndi zofunika za malamulo.

Njira za Maphunziro

Maphunziro ndi mbali imodzi yaikulu ya ndalama za boma. Pamene magawo a sukulu a m'dziko akugwira ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku, maboma a boma anayambitsa maphunziro opitirira muyezo a K-12 ndi apamwamba, kuphatikizapo njira zothandizira kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, mfundo zamaphunziro, ndi njira zoŵerengera mlandu.

K-12 Maphunziro a Anthu Onse

Maboma amapereka mbali yaikulu ya ndalama za sukulu, ngakhale kuti amatsutsana ndi misonkho ya boma, misonkho, ndi ndalama zoikizira maphunziro. Amakhazikitsanso miyezo [[FLT: 0] yothandiza ya maphunziro onga masamu, sayansi, ndi Chingelezi. Malamulo a Common Common Core State, anali chitsanzo cha kuyesayesa kwa boma (osati boma) kulinganiza zoyembekezeredwa kuphunzira. Kuwonjezerapo, amanena kuti muyang'anire mphunzitsi ziyenero, kutsimikizira aphunzitsi kukwaniritsa ziyeneretso zochepera. Amatsogoleranso maprogramu zopimira, monga ngati ma SAT kapena madeti a ziganizo, kupima ntchito ya sukulu. Kuyendetsa ntchito kwa sukulu, kuphatikizaponso makhadi a sukulu opitirizidwa ndi kuloŵerera m'masukulu, zolinganizidwa bwino, zolinganizidwa ndi zolinganizidwa pa mlingo wolinganizidwa. [F.]

Maphunziro Apamwamba ndi Zomwe Boma Limachita

Boma lililonse limachita ntchito ya mayunivesite a boma ndi makoleji a anthu, kuyambira pa Yunivesite ya California mpaka ku yunivesite ya State University of New York (SUNY). Boma limakhazikitsa malamulo a zachuma, kupatsa ndalama, ndi kuika mabungwe a anthu odalirika. Limachititsanso maprogramu othandizira anthu ofunikira ndi ofunikira kwambiri a ndalama, monga ngati THEIRY Schlarship ku Georgia kapena Cal Grant ku California. Boma limasankha zopereka ndalama zoyendetsera maphunziro apamwamba pa ndalama zoyendetsera ndi kulipira anthu okhala m’dzikolo.

Thanzi la Onse Limayamba Kuthandiza

Maboma ndiwo amathandiza kwambiri pa thanzi la anthu ku America. Amayang'anira matenda, amayang'anira, amakonzanso maprogramu opititsa patsogolo zaumoyo amene amakhudza munthu aliyense wokhalamo. Panthaŵi ya ngozi monga mliri wapamwamba wa Covid, machitidwe a boma apamwamba . Malamulo, katemera, ndi mayeso ndizo zina zaumoyo wa anthu.

Kuteteza Matenda

Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma amafufuza matenda opatsirana, amachititsa kufufuza kwa maselo, ndi kusungitsa mapulogalamu a katemera, kuphatikizapo zofunika za sukulu, ndipo amayang'anira njira zosatha zotetezera matenda a shuga, nthenda ya mtima, ndi kunenepa. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ambiri ayambitsa mkupiti wolimbana ndi kusuta fodya kapena ziletso za ecigarettes. Kamera ya m'dziko imachitanso mbali yaikulu yodziŵira poizo za malo okhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Kusintha Njira Zosamalira Thanzi

Maboma amayang'anira zipatala, nyumba zosamalira okalamba, zipatala, ndi akatswiri a zaumoyo kudzera m'mabungwe ogulitsa zaumoyo. Iwo amayang'aniranso misika ya inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, ndi maboma ena amene amagwira ntchito yosinthasinthana zinthu zawo pansi pa Afford Care Act. Médiid, programu ya inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo ya anthu otsika ndi mabanja, imathandizidwa ndi boma ndi maboma, koma boma lililonse limasankha njira zake zopimira, mautumiki ophikira, ndi ndalama zolipirira. Kusintha kumeneku kumatsogolera ku kusiyana kwakukulu; mwachitsanzo, kuti Medicaid pansi pa ACA ikulitsira milingo yosiyana kwambiri poyerekezera ndi maboma osalingana ndi maulamuliro a boma. [FLD:0] American Medical Association Association of American Medical Association [FFF1]

Thanzi la Akazi ndi la Ana

Maboma amayendetsa maprogramu monga Special Amenoral Nutrition Program ya Akazi, Infants, ndi Children (WIC), komanso amayi ndi ana. Amakhazikitsanso malamulo okhudza thanzi la kubala, kuphatikizapo malamulo ochotsa mimba, kulera, ndi mabungwe oyendera imfa za amayi. Zigamulo za boma m’dera limeneli zimasonyeza kuti anthu a m’deralo ali ndi makhalidwe abwino ndipo zikhoza kukhala nkhani yaikulu ya mkangano wa ndale.

Kuteteza Malo Okhala ndi Zachilengedwe

Mayiko ali ndi ulamuliro woteteza zachilengedwe ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe m’malire awo. Pamene kuli kwakuti bungwe loona za malo okhala limakhazikitsa malamulo a dzikolo, mabungwe a boma a boma ali ndi udindo wogwiritsa ntchito ndiponso kukhazikitsa malamulowo, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri amawonjezera malamulo a boma.

Kuletsa Kuipitsa ndi Ubwino wa Mpweya

Mabungwe a boma alola kuti mafakitale azitulutsa mpweya woipa, ayang’anira kutaya zinthu zowononga, ndiponso ayang’anira kuchuluka kwa madzi m’mitsinje ndi m’nyanja. Mayiko ambiri atengera kwambiri mfundo zapamwamba kuposa zimene boma limatsatira, makamaka zoipitsa mpweya. Mwachitsanzo, California wakhazikitsa malamulo oopsa oletsa kutulutsa magalimoto ndiponso kuyendetsa mafuta a galimoto, ndipo athandiza kuti achepetse mphamvu ya EPA, ndiponso mayiko ena atsatira njira zochepetsera kutha kwa madzi ndi madera a m’matauni kuti atetezere ku mitsinje ndi kunyanja.

Kusamalira Nkhalango ndi Nyama

Boma liyang'anira mapaki a boma, nkhalango, ndi malo osamalira nyama. Iwo amayang'anira malo osaka ndi osodza, kutsatiridwa kwa malamulo a nyama, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makonzedwe a kutetezera nyama. Madipatimenti onga Texas Parks ndi Wildlife Department kapena New York State Department apatsidwa thayo la kutetezera zamoyo ndi kupereka mwaŵi wa panja. Makonzedwe a nyengo ya chigawo cha chigawo cha dziko lapansi ali ofala kwambiri, ndi maboma okhazikitsa miyezo yokonzanso, kuyendetsa bwino kwa mphamvu, ndi kuchepetsa kwa mafuta a m'madzi omwe amaloŵa kunja kwa dziko lapansi kupyola pa zopereka za boma.

Kusamala Anthu Onse ndi Mautumiki a Zamsanga

Kusunga dongosolo la anthu ndi kuchitapo kanthu pakachitika ngozi ndi ntchito zazikulu za maboma a boma, kuphatikizapo kusungitsa malamulo, kuteteza moto, ndi kukonzekera ngozi.

Apolisi a Boma ndi Kukakamiza Lamulo

Pafupifupi boma lililonse lili ndi gulu la apolisi kapena mabwana a boma okhala ndi ulamuliro pa misewu ya boma ndi ulamuliro wothandizira kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Boma limayang'anira milandu yovuta ya upandu, ma assensic labs, ndi maluso. Maboma amayang'aniranso apolisi akumaloko kudzera m'mabungwe ndi maphunziro, ndipo amagwira ntchito madongosolo owongolera boma , parole, ndi maprogramu ofufuza. zapamwamba za chigamulo chachigamulo, monga kusintha kapena kugamula, ndizo zikalata zazikulu zimene zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa opereka chilango.

Mautumiki Oyaka Moto ndi Kulabadira Kwadzidzidzi kwa Zamankhwala

Maboma nthawi zambiri amayang’anira ntchito yoteteza moto kudzera m’nkhalango (zoopsa za m’nkhalango) ndiponso maofesi ozimitsa moto amene amafufuza ndi kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo a moto atheke. Maboma ambiri ali ndi mabungwe othandiza anthu pangozi amene amakhazikitsa malamulo a anthu othandiza anthu pangozi, kuika malamulo a ambulansi, ndiponso kuyendetsa njira zowachititsa kusokonezeka maganizo kuti ayende mofulumira pachipatala.

Kukonzekera ndi Kulabadira Ngozi

Mabungwe oyang’anira zangozi a boma (m., Office of Emergency Services Florida’s Division of Emergency Management) amakonzekera masoka achilengedwe monga mphepo zamkuntho, zivomezi, mafunde, ndi moto wa mlengalenga. Iwo amasunga zinthu, zothandizira, ndi kugwirizanitsa zoyesayesa za kumaloko. Pamene tsoka liposa mphamvu ya malowo, boma lingapemphe thandizo la boma ku FEMA, koma yankho loyamba limakhala likutsogozedwa nthaŵi zonse ndi boma ndi maulamuliro a kumaloko. [[FLT: 0] Liverygov . Limapereka chitsogozo cha boma, koma makonzedwe a boma a boma angayendetsedwe ku ngozi za chigawo.

Kupita Patsogolo Kwa za Chuma ndi Kukhazikitsanso Mabizinesi

Maboma amapikisana kwambiri kuti apange mikhalidwe yabwino ya mabizinesi ndi kuwonjezereka kwa ntchito.

Malonda ndi Lamulo la Msonkho

Mayiko ambiri amapereka ngongole za msonkho, zopereka, ndi ndalama zothandizira makampani amene amapanga ntchito kapena kukonza ndalama m'madera akuno. Zinthu zimenezi zimalimbikitsa kuyambira pa ngongole zopanga mafilimu ku Georgia ndi ku New Mexico kufika pa kufufuza ndi kupititsa patsogolo zinthu ku California. Maboma amakhazikitsanso ndalama zimene makampani amalipira msonkho ndi ndalama zimene amalipira, zimene zimasonkhezera anthu kuyang’anira malo a malonda. Komabe, otsutsa amanena kuti zinthu zina zimene zimawalimbikitsa kuti aziona bwino ndi kuti adziimbidwa mlandu; akuluakulu a boma nthaŵi zambiri amatsutsana za pulogalamu yotero.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Ntchito

Maboma amapanga maprogramu a ntchito kupyolera m'makoleji a chitaganya, masukulu a zopangapanga, ndi masukulu a boma. Amayendetsa madipatimenti a ntchito amene amasamalira inshuwalansi ya ulova, mautumiki a ntchito, ndi kusonkhanitsa ndalama za ntchito. Mwa kusintha ku chuma chozikidwa pa chidziŵitso, maboma akuwonjezera kuwongolera maprogramu a antchito othaŵa ntchito chifukwa cha kuyendayenda kapena maindasitale. Makomiti a ntchito a kudziko-onzika agwirizana ndi olemba ntchito a anthu antchito achinsinsi kuti agwirizane ndi maphunziro a maluso amakono.

Kuwongolera Malonda ndi Kugulitsa

Maboma amalamulira ndandanda yaikulu ya ntchito zachuma kuposa kupangidwa kwa malonda. Amapereka malaisensi a akatswiri a madokotala, maloya, oŵerengera ndalama, ometa tsitsi, ndi ntchito zina zambiri. Amayang'aniranso inshuwalansi, kubanki, ndi kubisa zinthu m'malire awo. Kusunga malo okhala osungiramo anthu ovutika kumasintha kwambiri ndi boma, ndipo maboma ena asintha kuti achepetsetse zopinga za antchito oyenda m'mabungwe a boma. Kuwonjezera apo, mabwalo la boma lakusungitsa malamulo otetezera ogulitsa ku chinyengo ndi malonda achinyengo.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Nyumba ndi Chitukuko cha Anthu

Pamene kuli kwakuti kukonza malo kuli kwenikweni ntchito ya boma lakumaloko, maboma ali ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu pa misika ya nyumba ndi kutukuka kwa chitaganya. Amakhazikitsa malamulo omanga, amapereka ndalama za ntchito zotha kugula nyumba, ndi kupereka makampani operekera nyumba. Maboma ambiri adapanga makampani a zandalama za nyumba zimene zimapereka zikole za nyumba za pansi pa mapepala a nthaŵi yoyamba. Poyankha kukwera kwa kusoŵa pokhala, maboma ena akhazikitsa chitetezo cha boma cha dziko lonse, monga ngati kulipira nyumba kapena kuchotsa zofunika, pamene kuli kwakuti ena achotsa malamulo olamulira malo ochitirako nyumba. [[FLT: 0]] malamulo a nyumba a pabanja akhoza kuyambukira mwachindunji kusoŵa ndi kupezeka kwa nyumba, ndipo ali malo owonjezereka a bungwe la opanga malamulo.

Kutengamo Mbali m’Zosankha ndi Ntchito

Maboma ndiwo otsogolera a masankho aakulu, kuphatikizapo masankho a boma. Amasankha njira zovota, monga ngati nyengo zoyambirira za kuvota, kupezeka kwa makalata, ziyeneretso za ovota, ndi kutsimikizira. Nyumba iliyonse ya boma imakhazikitsa malamulo ake a kukhazikitsa ndi zigawo za boma, zoyang'aniridwa ndi malamulo a boma a ufulu wa anthu. Njira imene maboma amasamalira masankho [1] kuchokera ku zolembera zolembera kuti afufuze malo ovota ndi kudalirika kwa masankhoti. Akuluakulu a masankhoti ndi aleviti ndi aleviko a boma ali ndi manambala aakulu kwambiri m'dongosolo la democracy , kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi mavuto aakulu ndi a lamulo. National Association of Secreal covertestertees of State ([FLD:][FF1]] []][FFF1]]) imatumikira monga chikalata chapamwamba cha chisankhoti cha mavoti.

Kumaliza

Maboma ali ndi udindo waukulu ndiponso waukulu. Zimakhudza pafupifupi mbali zonse za moyo . Kuchokera ku misewu imene anthu amayendetsa ndi sukulu zimene ana awo amapitako, ku mpweya umene amapuma, chisamaliro chaumoyo chimene amapatsidwa, ndi chitetezo chimene amadalira pa nthaŵi ya ngozi. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma limachita mbali yaikulu m'nkhani za mayiko, maboma ndiwo malaboratorishoni a demokrase kumene malamulo ambiri a boma amayesedwa ndi kuyengedwa. Kumvetsetsa ukulu ndi ukulu wa ulamuliro wa boma nkofunika kwa nzika zimene zimafuna kuti akuluakulu a boma awo osankhidwa akhale ndi kuchirikiza kusintha, ndi kutengamo mbali yogwira nawo ntchito yolamulira m'madera awo. Pamene mikangano yopitirizabe pa ulamuliro wa boma ikupitirizabe, mphamvu ya pakati pa maiko ndi dziko zikukhalabe chimodzi mwa mbali zazikulu ndi zofunika kwambiri za boma la America.